Denna uppsats är en studie som har för avsikt att beskriva, undersöka hur fem pedagogertolkat och förmedlat begreppen elevdelaktighet och elevinflytande inom en top-down styrdimplementering av ett UNICEF-projekt.I intervjumaterialet framkom att pedagogernas tolkning och förmedlande av ordendelaktighet och inflytande inte är helt samstämmig. Uppsatsen belyser och diskuterar någraverkningar en otydlig/oklar implementering kan innebära för pedagoger och elever.Nyckelord: Barnkonventionen, Artikel 12, Delaktighet, Implementering, Inflytande / AbstractThe purpose of this essay is to describe five teachers’ attempt to interpret and present whatdetermines and restricts students’ participation and influence within a top-down managedimplementation of a UNICEF project. The interview material shows that the projectindicates that the teachers’ interpretation and presentation of the words “participation” and“influence” are not totally consistent. The essay highlights and discusses some of theconsequences students and teachers due to an unclear implementation.Keywords: Convention on the rights of a child, Article 12, Implementation, Influence,Participation

Detta arbete handlar om barnrättigheter och främst om den rättighet som barn har att få sina röster och åsikter hörda.

Children´s rights to participation is a widely discussed topic within social workers all over the world. The convention on the rights of children was legislated 2020 and since then children´s rights to participation been a requirement. This means that all children should have the right to both information but also the right to express their opinions, which must be considered in all decisions concerning them. The purpose of this study is to examine how family therapist in social services experiences the implementation of children´s participation and what obstacles it may entail for children´s right to participation. This studies method is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews. Six interviews were conducted with family therapist working in the social services. To analyze the results, previous research was used as well as the systems theory and childhood sociological perspectives. The results show that family therapist have a good knowledge of/understanding of what participation can entail and how to apply the right in their practice. The family therapists describes that they always aim to involve the child through one-to-one conversations to elicit the child´s perspective in a safe environment. However, in cases where it is not possible to meet the child alone, they always provide the child with information about the intervention. The result also shows that family therapist experience challenges in how toaccommodate children’s participation in their practice. The challenges expressed by the family therapists included the parents voice often are out shadowing the child´s voice. And not all children can participate in an individual conversation, so family therapists often try to find alternative ways to involve the child. The familytherapists also expressed that they always try to keep the child´s perspective throughout the intervention, with reference to article 12 of the convention on the rights of the child. The result also shows that family therapists are perceived to use a systemic approach in their work with children, but they also try to highlight the child as an individual agency. Based on this, the result can be interpreted in terms of family therapists experiencing children’s participation as important but sometimes challenging. However, despite the challenge they face, they always strive to bring out the children´s perspective and right´s in the light of the convention on the rights of the child. / Barns rätt till delaktighet är ett omtalat ämne inom det sociala arbetet. Barns rätt till delaktighet lagstadgades 2020 i och med att barnkonventionen blev lag. Det innebär att alla barn ska ha rätt till information och en röst som tas i beaktning i alla beslut som rör dem. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur familjebehandlare i den sociala öppenvården upplever appliceringen av barns delaktighet. Samt vilka möjligheter eller begränsningar det kan innebära för barnets rätt till delaktighet. Studiens metod grundar sig på kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det genomfördes 6 stycken intervjuer med familjebehandlare som arbetar inom socialtjänstens öppenvård. För att kunna analysera resultatet användes dels tidigare forskning men även teorin systemteori och barndomssociologiska perspektiv. Resultatet visar på att familjebehandlarna har en god förståelse kring vad delaktighet kan innebära och hur man applicerar rättigheten i praktiken. Familjebehandlarna beskriver att de alltid har en målsättning att göra barnet delaktigt via enskilda samtal för att kunna få fram barnets perspektiv i en trygg miljö. Men i fall där det inte är möjligt att träffa barnet ensam, ger de alltid barnet information om insatsen.  Men det visar även på att familjebehandlarna upplever utmaningar att tillgodose rättigheten. De uttalade utmaningarna som familjebehandlarna berättade om var att föräldrarnas röst ofta kunde ta över barnets. Samt att det inte är alla barn som har förmågan att delta i ett enskilt samtal, då försöker familjebehandlarna hitta alternativa sätt att göra barnet delaktigt. Familjebehandlarna uttrycker även att de alltid försöker ha barnet perspektiv i främsta rummet med hänvisning till barnkonventionen artikel 12. Resultatet visar även på att familjebehandlarna upplevs använda sig av ett systemiskt förhållningssätt i sitt arbete med barnen, men att de även försöker lyfta fram barnet som en enskild aktör. Baserat på det kan resultatet tolkas i termer av att familjebehandlarna upplever barns delaktighet som viktigt men i vissa fall utmanande. Men trots de utmaningar som de möter alltid försöker få fram barnets perspektiv och barnets rättigheter med hänvisning till artikel 12 barnkonventionen.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur barnkonventionens artikel 12, barns rätt att komma till tals tillämpas i familjebehandling genom att göra en pilotstudie. Familjebehandlare inom kommunens öppenvård fick svara på hur de gjorde barn delaktiga, på vilket sätt barn kom till tals och ifall det fanns tillfällen när barn inte skulle delta i familjebehandlingen. För att få svar på dessa frågor gjordes en semistrukturerad telefonintervju. Den valda teorin var systemteori.  Studien innefattade även familjebehandling, barnkonventionen och BBIC. Resultatet visade att familjebehandlarna använde olika arbetsmetoder för att få barn att komma till tals. Det fanns en stor flexibilitet kring metoderna att göra barn delaktiga och kring att skapa möjlighet för att få barn att prata. Det fanns tillfällen då barn inte skulle delta i familjebehandlingen till exempel när föräldrarna hade egna svårigheter och när det är fanns övervägande vuxenproblem. / The purpose of the study was to investigate if the article 12 of the Convention of the Rights of the Child to be heard is applied in family treatment by making a pilot study. Family practitioners within the municipal outpatients care had to answer how they did involve the children, the manner in which children were heard and if there were times when children should not be participate in family treatment. To get answers to these questions a semi-structured survey was made. The selected theory was systems theory.  The study also included the Convention of the Rights of the Child, family treatment and BBIC. The results showed that family practitioners used various methods to get children to be heard. There was a lot of flexibility around these practices making children involved and creating the opportunity to get children to talk. There were times when children should not participate in family therapy for example when parents had their own difficulties and when it was a predominantly adult problem.

This study aims to describe and analyse the ideas behind and the function of the NGO Maskrosbarn’s advocate services for children (barnombud) during child welfare investigations. The main focus is the advocate services relation to children’s participation. The study has a qualitative case-study approach and contains documents from the local authorities and interviews with eight representatives in six different positions such as child advocates, youth and social workers. An analysis has been made using Shier’ (2001) and Hart’s (1992) theories of child participation and theories about human service organisations (Hasenfeldt, 1983), the New Institutional Theory (Meyer & Rowan, 1977) and the street-level bureaucrat theory (Lipsky, 1980). One main obstacle for child participation in child welfare investigation, shown in the study, is organisational conditions and social workers’ position in public authority. By creating a relationship built on trust, the child advocate supports the child in the investigation process and has the ability to increase the child’s participation and thereby overcome the gap between the social worker and the child. This study highlights the importance of an active cooperation between the child advocate services and the social services, and also of a shared view on the meaning of participation.

When young people are placed in residential care, the staff have a responsibility to ensure that the youth have a safe environment where they can thrive and develop. Residential staff also have responsibilities to ensure the rights of youth during the residential care. This study aims to examine how staff consider themselves to treat the youth in residential care. Furthermore the study aims to examine how the staff consider themselves to ensure youth their right to be heard and have an impact on their own lives, in agreement with Article 12 of the UN convention on the rights of the child (CRC). A qualitative method has been used in order to answer the study's purpose and issues. Five interviews were conducted with residential staff, four of which were environmental therapists and one who was a manager. The results show that the staff consider themselves to respond well to the youth, however, a good treatment is difficult to define and therefore hard to achieve. Furthermore, it appears that the knowledge about children’s rights varies among the staff, which can have negative effects on how they manage to reassure youth their rights to be heard and have an impact on their own lives, in agreement with Article 12 of the CRC.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att utifrån socialsekreterares upplevelser och erfarenheter få en fördjupad förståelse för vad som påverkar delaktighet för barn som ska placeras i eller redan är placerade i familjehem. Studien har genomförts utifrån sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialsekreterare i Kalmar län. Analysen har gjorts utifrån ett maktperspektiv samt begreppen being och becoming. Resultatet av vår studie visar att barnens delaktighet i mångt och mycket ligger i socialsekreterarnas händer. Socialsekreterarna kan genom sin makt påverka i vilken utsträckning barnen kan vara delaktiga. Det handlar också om deras sätt att se på barnen som being eller becoming; som kompetenta aktörer eller barn i behov av skydd. / The aim of this study has been to get an in-depth understanding of what affects children's participation for those about to be placed in, or already placed in care, from social workers point of view and experiences. The study has been made through six semi-structured interviews with social workers in Kalmar county. The analysis has been made from a power perspective and by using the concepts of being and becoming. Our result show that children's participation in many ways lays in the hands of the social workers. They can trough their authority influence in which extend the children can be participants. It also lays within the social workers way of seeing the children as being or becomings; as qualified actors or children in need of protection.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how the Convention on the Rights of the Child [CRC] as a new law is perceived in financial aid. Furthermore, the study aimed to examine how the employees in financial aid perceive their work with the participation of children since the CRC became law. The study has all throughout been analysed with the perspective of social constructivism.   Six social workers with different roles in financial aid were interviewed. The gathered material was then analysed with content analysis. Through the content analysis, three categories developed: how “participation” is constructed; the construction of the perspective of the child and “the best interest of the child”; perception of the implementation process of article 12. The material was then analysed with the perspective of social constructivism and with the Lundy model. The results indicate that the social workers find it hard to implement article 12 in financial aid. The social workers also seem to have different constructions for the word “participation”.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how children who have been exposed to violence between their parents are involved in the social workers investigation process. For this study the empirical material has been collected through six qualitative and semi-structured interviews with social workers who are working with child protection cases. Through the study we explore social workers' descriptions of the children's involvement, and what factors they emphasize as limiting and enabling for the children's participation in the investigation process. By an analysis with the help of The Lundy model and Shier’s model of participation, we found out that children's age and maturity are a recurring pattern in terms of the extent to which children become involved and how their opinions are taken into account in the investigation process. The interviewees emphasize that there are different ways to involve the children based on children's different conditions, for example through observations and conversation methods. There are no one-sided explanations of how children exposed to violence were involved in social workers' investigation processes, but participation was influenced by a number of factors. The factors that the interviewees describe as limiting and enabling are structures in the organization, laws and methods, and parents.

The aim of this study is to examine how social workers within the child protective services define children’s participation and what the strategies are to achieve it. Our method was to interview six social workers about their experiences of their pursuit to make children participate during a child protection investigation. The theoretical framework we used to analyze our results was Shier’s pathways to participation. This model is based on five levels of participation, which has different degrees of participation for children. The main finding of this study was that the social workers define children participation as that they should be listen to, be informed and have the ability to choose in what way they participate. Furthermore, we can see from the social workers descriptions about their strategies and the structure of the organisation that they live up to parts of Shier’s criterias for level one, two and tree. Our results both confirm and contrast international and national studies in this field of research.