Using an allergist task, Uengoer, Lotz and Pearce (2013) found that in a design A+/AX+/BY+/CY-, the blocked cue X was indicated to cause the outcome to a greater extent than the uncorrelated cue Y. This finding has been termed “the redundancy effect” by Pearce and Jones (2015). According to Vogel and Wagner (2017), the redundancy effect “presents a serious challenge for those theories of conditioning that compute learning through a global error-term” (p. 119). One such theory is the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) model, which predicts the opposite result, that Y will have a stronger association with the outcome than X. This thesis explored the basis of the redundancy effect in human causal learning. Evidence from Chapter 2 suggested that the redundancy effect was unlikely to have been due to differences in attention between X and Y. Chapter 3 explored whether differences in participants’ certainty about the causal status of X and of Y contributed to the redundancy effect. Manipulations aimed at disambiguating the effects that X had on the outcome, including outcome-additivity training and low outcome rate, resulted in lower ratings for this cue and a smaller redundancy effect. However, the redundancy effect was still significant with both manipulations, suggesting that while participants’ uncertainty about the causal status of X contributed to it, there may have been other factors. Chapter 4 investigated whether another factor was a lack of inhibition for cue C. In a scenario where inhibition was more plausible than in an allergist task, a negative correlation between causal ratings for C and for Y, and a positive correlation between ratings for C and the magnitude of the redundancy effect, were found. In addition, establishing C as inhibitory resulted in a smaller redundancy effect than establishing C as neutral. Overall, findings of this thesis suggest that the redundancy effect in human causal learning is the result of participants’ uncertainty about the causal status of X, and a lack of inhibition for C. Further work is recommended to explore whether combining manipulations targeting X and Y would reverse the redundancy effect, whether effects of outcome additivity and outcome rate on X are the result of participants’ uncertainty about this cue, and the extent to which participants rely on single versus summed error.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ar_dr_prud.pdf: 1448576 bytes, checksum: a8decca511b298c6626e09aca000ed0b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / PROPG / O tema da pesquisa se configura na compreensão das formas de organização coletiva da produção familiar em associações e federações agrícolas e suas relações com as políticas de desenvolvimento rural desencadeadas na região do Pontal do Paranapanema-SP no período de 1990 a 2010. A análise do associativismo foi fundamentada na investigação das práticas associativas de dois grupos sociais que compõem este segmento social caracterizado como integrantes da produção familiar: os pequenos produtores rurais que tiveram acesso a terra pela compra ou pela herança e os produtores rurais assentados em projetos de reforma agrária. As associações vêm sendo estruturadas na região a partir da atuação de duas federações que foram constituídas no intuito de organizar os produtores rurais para terem acesso às políticas públicas provenientes das diferentes escalas governamentais. A Federação das Associações de Produtores Rurais das Microbacias Hidrográficas do Estado de São Paulo (Famhesp) foi constituída por influência da Secretaria da Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de São Paulo que por meio da Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral busca dinamizar o Programa Estadual de Microbacias Hidrográficas com a participação dos produtores rurais em associações criadas ou incentivadas nas microbacias hidrográficas dos municípios selecionados pelo programa. A Federação das Associações de Assentados e Agricultores Familiares do Oeste Paulista (Faafop) foi criada pela atuação de um segmento dos movimentos sociais de luta pela terra no intuito de estruturar as associações para facilitar o acesso às políticas públicas de desenvolvimento rural elaboradas pelo governo federal a exemplo... / This research aims to understand the collective organization of family production in associations and agricultural federations and their relationships with the policies of rural development in Pontal of Paranapanema-SP. The analysis of associations was based on research of associative practices of two social groups: Small farms, which had access to land by purchase or by inheritance and the farmers settled in agrarian reform projects. The associations have been structured in the region for two federations that were created with the objective of organizing farmers to have access to public policies from different governmental scales. The Associative Federation of Agricultural Producers of the Sao Paulo State Watersheds was established by the Secretary of Agriculture through the Coordination of Integral Technical Assistance which aims to improve the State Program of Watersheds with the participation of farmers in associations created or encouraged in the watersheds of the districts selected by the program. The Associative Federation of Settlers and Family Farmers of Sao Paulo West was created by the performance of a segment of the social movements in the fight for land, with the objective of structuring the associations to facilitate access to public policies for rural development prepared by the Federal Government such as the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

abstract: Watanabe, Náñez, and Sasaki (2001) introduced a phenomenon they named “task-irrelevant perceptual learning” in which near-threshold stimuli that are not essential to a given task can be associatively learned when consistently and concurrently paired with the focal task. The present study employs a visual paired-shapes recognition task, using colored polygon targets as salient attended focal stimuli, with the goal of comparing the increases in perceptual sensitivity observed when near-threshold stimuli are temporally paired in varying manners with focal targets. Experiment 1 separated and compared the target-acquisition and target-recognition phases and revealed that sensitivity improved most when the near-threshold motion stimuli were paired with the focal target-acquisition phase. The parameters of sensitivity improvement were motion detection, critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), and letter-orientation decoding. Experiment 2 tested perceptual learning of near-threshold stimuli when they were offset from the focal stimuli presentation by ±350 ms. Performance improvements in motion detection, CFFT, and decoding were significantly greater for the group in which near-threshold motion was presented after the focal target. Experiment 3 showed that participants with reading difficulties who were exposed to focal target-acquisition training improved in sensitivity in all visual measures. Experiment 4 tested whether near-threshold stimulus learning occurred cross-modally with auditory stimuli and served as an active control for the first, second, and third experiments. Here, a tone was paired with all focal stimuli, but the tone was 1 Hz higher or lower when paired with the targeted focal stimuli associated with recognition. In Experiment 4, there was no improvement in visual sensitivity, but there was significant improvement in tone discrimination. Thus, this study, as a whole, confirms that pairing near-threshold stimuli with focal stimuli can improve performance in just tone discrimination, or in motion detection, CFFT, and letter decoding. Findings further support the thesis that the act of trying to remember a focal target also elicited greater associative learning of correlated near-threshold stimulus than the act of recognizing a target. Finally, these findings support that we have developed a visual learning paradigm that may potentially mitigate some of the visual deficits that are often experienced by the reading disabled. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2016

L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser théorique, expérimentale et empiriquement des rationalités des actions collectives au sein de microsystèmes économiques associatifs, particulièrement l'étude de las ferias ou les marchés libres au Chili et les marchés agro-écologiques dans l'Etat Fédéral du Paraná, Brésil. Notre point de départ a été l'analyse systémique, parce que ces phénomènes économiques et sociaux contiennent une grande complexité. D'abord parce qu'il s'agit d'un univers qui contient des expériences particulières et que passer de l'expérience locale vers le global ou théorique n'est pas évident. Et, ensuite, parce que ces expériences doivent être comprises à l'intérieur de l'ensemble systémique dans lequel elles s'insèrent, qui ne peut pas se réduire à un simple agrégat d'individus ou d'institutions. Par conséquent, au niveau de la recherche, cela implique un regard bifocal qui redessine l'univers total au fur et à mesure que l'on entre dans les particularités. Les travaux de terrain ont été réalisés dans la région de Paraná, Brésil, ainsi que dans celle de Valparaíso et dans la région métropolitaine du Chili, mais aussi on a un petit échantillon d'agriculteurs et organisations au Chili pour analyser des hypothèses du capital social, comportement coopératifs, et d'administration de recours communs. En considération que l'action collective implique le développement de un contexte coopérative, qu'involucre des processus de construction de “confiance” dans un monde où l'information n'est pas disponible et/ou elle est coûteuse, surtout quand il s'agit de collectifs qui travaillent dans des réseaux très vastes du point de vue territorial, comme c'est le cas des deux réseaux que nous présenterons dans cette recherche. Alors, la foi en l'autre et le pari sur son honnêteté deviennent importants. En effet, l'évidence signale que dans les marchés collectifs, toujours il y a une tension entre l'individualisme et la génération de confiance et coopération. A partir de cela, nous avons formulé cette hypothèse : la probabilité de survivre davantage dans le temps qui pour nous, est un indicateur de réussite, est en rapport avec les réseaux de voisinage et d'institutionnalité et avec les types de réseaux. Si ces réseaux apparaissaient dans une ambiance qui stimule la coopération, la probabilité de durer augmente. Pour faire cette analyse nous utilisons l'encadrement théorique de l'économie institutionnel, spécifiquement sur l'influence de Commons, Veblen et Ostrom, et à partir des méthodologies identifiées de « deuxième génération » , en analysant des comportements économiques avec les outils de la théorie des jeux et en incorporant un nouvel outil qui est l'analyse des réseaux sociaux, comme proposition pour modeler une rationalité collective dans un contexte institutionnel. Puis, nous reviendrons aux territoires, en reprenant les outils méthodologiques qualitatifs identifiés comme dépêche de la « première génération », en cherchant à approfondir les concepts de coopération, de confiance et les mécanismes d'auto-organisation, à partir de la signification depuis l'expérience des collectivités. Pour réaliser finalement une proposition méthodologique qui permet de faire dialoguer tant les dynamiques institutionnelles depuis sa profondeur, comme aussi la scène expérimentale, en incorporant l'analyse des réseaux sociaux pour la construction des modèles analytiques. En cherchant des méthodes d'analyses pour les différentes rationalités des actions collectives au sein de microsystèmes économiques associatifs. Une réflexion sur les méthodes d'analyses de terrain et d'interactions entre travail de terrain et résultats obtenus pour la réflexion dans la science économique. / The aim of this study is to analyze the theoretical, experimental and empirical rationalities underlying collective actions within associative economic microsystems. In particular, in the study of fairs and free markets in Chile and of agro-ecological markets in the Federal State of Paraná, Brazil. Due to the high complexity as it rises from these economic and social phenomena, our starting point has been the systemic analysis. It is about a universe with particular experiences, in which inferences from local level -the experiences- to global level -the theory- are not obvious. Furthermore, these experiences must be understood from the systemic set, which in its turn, cannot be reduced to the mere aggregation of individuals and institutions. Thus, at a research level, it implies the use of a bifocal gaze, with which the whole universe is reconfigured as someone enters into the details of its particularities. The field works were conducted in Valparaíso and Metropolitan Regions of Chile and in regions of Paraná Federal State of Brazil. In addition, a small sample of farmers and organizations in Chile was also considered to test hypothesis on social capital, cooperative behavior and shared resources management. The evidence suggests that sustainable collective actions require of a cooperative context which, at the time, involves processes to build up “confidence relations”. On another hand, information in that world is unavailable, scarce and/or costly. In addition, collective communities -as is the case analyzed in this Thesis- may be working over extended territorial networks. In these cases, the declaration, construction and commitment to the honesty of the other and to the whole become very relevant. Thus the evidence shows that in collective markets, there is always a tension between individualism and necessarily generation of trust and cooperation. Therefore the following hypothesis is stated: the probability of surviving during the time -which can be considered an indicator of success-, was related to neighborhood and the kind of institutional networks. If these networks are in an environment that fosters cooperation, the probability of survival is increased. Institutional economics are used as a theoretical framework for the analysis. More specifically, those influenced by Commons, Veblen and Ostrom. In addition, methodologies identified as those of "second generation" are also used. These methodologies allow the analysis of economic behavior using the tools of game theory. Finally, we propose to incorporate social network analysis as a way to model collective rationality in an institutional context. Then we shall turn over to the territories where “first generation” methodological tools are applied to look further on the concept of cooperation, trust and self-organizing mechanisms from the significance of the acquired collective experiences. Finally, efforts are made to elaborate a methodological proposal that allows enforcing dialogs about institutional dynamics from its depth, as well as about the experimental stage, and to incorporate social network analysis, in order to build up analytical models. In the search of analytical methods for the different rationalities of collective action within associative economic microsystems a reflection is required on the methods of field analysis and on the interactions between fieldworks and results obtained for theoretical reflection in economics.

L’ONG Surfrider Foundation Europe (SFE) s’interroge sur son modèle d’organisation, le rôle et la place de l’action bénévole après une très forte phase de professionnalisation. Autour de la question de la construction du sens pour les individus et les organisations, nous regarderons comment les processus de professionnalisation sont susceptibles de transformer le projet associatif. Ces transformations et ce changement de nature peuvent être source de sens ou de perte de sens pour les bénévoles. L’étude de ce cas unique nous permettra de proposer un modèle de pilotage qui tient compte de la spécificité et de la complexité des organisations associatives. Ces situations hybridées de travail, entre contributions de travail salarié, inscrites sous le registre de l’échange marchand, et contributions de travail bénévole, inscrites sous le registre du don, sont particulièrement riches d’enseignements pour d’autres « situations de gestion » (Girin, 1990). / The NGO Surfrider Foundation Europe questions its organisational model and more specifically the role and the place of volunteer action after a strong phase of professionalisation within the organisation. Regarding the question of the « sensemaking » both for the individuals and for the organisations, we will study how the processes of professionalisation are likely to transform the project of the association. These transformations and this change of constitution could either be a source of meaning or a loss of meaning for the volunteers. The study of this unique case will allow us to offer a steering model that will take into account the specifics and complexity of the associative organisations. These hybridized work situations, benefitting from paid employment input (registered as trade exchange) and from volunteer work input (registered as donation) are particularly instructive for other management situations (Girin, 1990).

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Orientador: Antonio Nivaldo Hespanhol / Banca: Antonio Lázaro Sant'ana / Banca: Eliane Tomiasi Paulino / Banca: Claudecir Gonçales / Banca: Júlio César Suzuki / Resumo: O tema da pesquisa se configura na compreensão das formas de organização coletiva da produção familiar em associações e federações agrícolas e suas relações com as políticas de desenvolvimento rural desencadeadas na região do Pontal do Paranapanema-SP no período de 1990 a 2010. A análise do associativismo foi fundamentada na investigação das práticas associativas de dois grupos sociais que compõem este segmento social caracterizado como integrantes da produção familiar: os pequenos produtores rurais que tiveram acesso a terra pela compra ou pela herança e os produtores rurais assentados em projetos de reforma agrária. As associações vêm sendo estruturadas na região a partir da atuação de duas federações que foram constituídas no intuito de organizar os produtores rurais para terem acesso às políticas públicas provenientes das diferentes escalas governamentais. A Federação das Associações de Produtores Rurais das Microbacias Hidrográficas do Estado de São Paulo (Famhesp) foi constituída por influência da Secretaria da Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de São Paulo que por meio da Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral busca dinamizar o Programa Estadual de Microbacias Hidrográficas com a participação dos produtores rurais em associações criadas ou incentivadas nas microbacias hidrográficas dos municípios selecionados pelo programa. A Federação das Associações de Assentados e Agricultores Familiares do Oeste Paulista (Faafop) foi criada pela atuação de um segmento dos movimentos sociais de luta pela terra no intuito de estruturar as associações para facilitar o acesso às políticas públicas de desenvolvimento rural elaboradas pelo governo federal a exemplo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research aims to understand the collective organization of family production in associations and agricultural federations and their relationships with the policies of rural development in Pontal of Paranapanema-SP. The analysis of associations was based on research of associative practices of two social groups: Small farms, which had access to land by purchase or by inheritance and the farmers settled in agrarian reform projects. The associations have been structured in the region for two federations that were created with the objective of organizing farmers to have access to public policies from different governmental scales. The Associative Federation of Agricultural Producers of the Sao Paulo State Watersheds was established by the Secretary of Agriculture through the Coordination of Integral Technical Assistance which aims to improve the State Program of Watersheds with the participation of farmers in associations created or encouraged in the watersheds of the districts selected by the program. The Associative Federation of Settlers and Family Farmers of Sao Paulo West was created by the performance of a segment of the social movements in the fight for land, with the objective of structuring the associations to facilitate access to public policies for rural development prepared by the Federal Government such as the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Vidros de spins são sistemas extremamente complexos caracterizados por um número enorme de estados estáveis e meta estáveis. Se identificarmos cada um desses estados com uma informação memorizada, esses sistemas podem ser utilizados como memórias associativas ou endereçáveis por conteúdo. O modelo de vidro de spins passa então a ser chamado de rede de neurônios. Neste trabalho estudamos a termodinâmica e alguns aspectos dinâmicos de uma rede de neurônios com processamento paralelo ou síncrono - o Modelo de Little de memória associativa - no regime em que o número de informações memorizadas p cresce como p = αN, onde N é o número de neurônios. Usando a teoria simétrica em relação às réplicas obtemos o diagrama de fases no espaço de parâmetros do modelo no qual incluímos um termo de autointeração dos neurônios.A riqueza do diagrama de fases que possui uma superfície de pontos tricríticos é devida à competição entre os dois regimes assintóticos da dinâmica síncrona: pontos fixos e ciclos de período dois. / Spin glasses are very complex systems characterized by a huge number of stable and metastable states. If we identify each state with a memorized information then spin glasses may be used as associative or content addressable memories. This spin glass model is then called a neural network. In this work we study the thermodynamics and some dynamical aspects of a neural network with parallel or synchronous processing - Little\'s model of associative memory -in the regime where the number of memorized informations p grows as p = αN, where N is the number of neurons. Using the replica symmetric theory we determine the phase diagram in the space of the model\'s parameters, in which we include a neural self interaction term. The richness of the phase diagram which possesses a surface of tricritical points is due to the competition between the two asymptotic dynamical behaviours of the synchronous dynamics: fixed points and cycles of lenght two.

Esta dissertação é uma pesquisa qualitativa em Psicologia Social. Seu objetivo concentrou-se em investigar se a inserção de imigrantes portugueses, em espaços associativos lusitanos da cidade de São Paulo, pode ser visto como uma tentativa destes de resistirem aos processos de desenraizamento, ocasionados pela ruptura proveniente do ato de emigrar de seu país de origem. O método escolhido pautou-se na análise das histórias de vida transmitidas pelas narrativas orais. Desse modo, embarcamos nas vicissitudes da vida de seis portugueses, nascidos nas décadas de 1920 e 1930 e percorremos três tempos de suas biografias: tempos da infância, período de mudança e, por último, a vida no Brasil. O conceito de enraizamento e de desenraizamento, que rege o aporte teórico da pesquisa, foi extraído da obra da filósofa francesa Simone Weil, difundida no Brasil pela psicóloga social Éclea Bosi. Ademais, ao longo desta dissertação, dialogamos com estudiosos de diversos campos de conhecimento, como sociólogos, historiadores, filósofos e psicólogos, a fim de refletir a respeito da hipótese desta pesquisa, a saber se a participação em uma organização coletiva pode ser considerada um ponto favorável para que o sofrimento da ruptura biográfica não esfacele a memória do passado, preservando os vínculos e as lembranças destes portugueses. Por fim, apontamos que estas organizações foram criadas e mantidas como formas de enfrentar o sofrimento psicossocial gerado pela emigração. Constatamos que a inserção dos seis idosos portugueses nas entidades estudadas foi considerada como um movimento de ir ao encontro do familiar. Concluímos que, ao articular nesses espaços experiências do passado que os impulsionaram para o futuro, provendo ancoramento por meio do respaldo identitário, cultural e memorialístico, estes tiveram, novamente, a oportunidade se re-enraizar / This master thesis is a qualitative research in Social Psychology. Its aim was to investigate whether the insertion of portuguese immigrants into lusitanian associative spaces in the city of São Paulo can be seen as an attempt by these to resist the uprooting processes caused by the rupture resulting from the emigration of their country of origin. The method chosen was based on the analysis of the life histories transmitted by the oral narratives. In this way, we embark on the vicissitudes of the life of six portuguese, born in the 1920s and 1930s and go through three times of their biographies: childhood times, the period of change and, finally, life in Brazil. The concept of rooting and rootlessness, which governs the theoretical contribution of the research, was extracted from the work of the french philosopher Simone Weil, spread in Brazil by the social psychologist Éclea Bosi. Furthermore, throughout this dissertation, we have dialogues with researchers from different fields of knowledge, such as sociologists, historians, philosophers and psychologists, in order to reflect on the hypothesis of this research, to know if the participation in a collective organization can be considered a favorable point for what the suffering of the biographical rupture does not exclude the memory of the past, preserving the ties and the memories of these portuguese. Finally, we point out that these organizations were created and maintained as ways of facing the psychosocial suffering generated by emigration. We found that the inclusion of the six Portuguese elderly in the studied entities was considered as a movement to meet the familiar. We conclude that by articulating in these spaces past experiences that propelled them into the future, providing anchoring through the support of identity, culture and memorialism, they again had the opportunity to re-rooted

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / nÃo hà / Neste trabalho, abordamos as anÃforas indiretas e associativas, fazendo uma rediscussÃo dos critÃrios classificatÃrios desses tipos de anÃfora. Analisamos o fenÃmeno anafÃrico, indo alÃm do que à determinado nas classificaÃÃes encontradas. Observamos que considerar apenas o aspecto formal como fator definicional ou distintivo das anÃforas indiretas e associativas à insuficiente para descrever um fenÃmeno tÃo amplo quanto o anafÃrico. Temos como objetivo comprovar que o que distingue uma anÃfora da outra sÃo os nÃveis de inferÃncia realizados nas suas realizaÃÃes/interpretaÃÃes. Para embasar a tese de que nÃo hà uma classificaÃÃo bipolar de anÃfora indireta e anÃfora associativa, utilizamos como base teÃrica a Teoria da Acessibilidade, de Ariel (1996, 1998, 2001), por considerarmos o aspecto cognitivo do processo anafÃrico o mais relevante. Argumentamos que o que ocorre nas diferentes formas existentes de tais expressÃes anafÃricas sÃo nÃveis diferentes de inferenciaÃÃo, estabelecendo, de acordo com o percurso cognitivo feito para a interpretaÃÃo da anÃfora, uma escalaridade, e nÃo uma distinÃÃo. Utilizamos como procedimentos metodolÃgicos a anÃlise das definiÃÃes e dos critÃrios dados pelos autores para diferenciar uma anÃfora indireta de uma associativa; a verificaÃÃo dos aspectos relevantes nessas definiÃÃes e a reconsideraÃÃo dos conceitos e dos exemplos da literatura sobre o assunto a partir da Teoria da Acessibilidade, enfatizando os aspectos cognitivo e interacional na realizaÃÃo e/ou interpretaÃÃo de uma anÃfora. Constatamos que nÃo à a forma que distingue tais expressÃes, mas, sim, os aspectos sociocognitivos interacionais, o que trouxe um alargamento nos critÃrios que devem ser considerados para a classificaÃÃo das anÃforas. / In this study we work with indirect and associative anaphors, making a rediscussion of its classificatory criteria. We analyze the anaphoric phenomenon, going beyond what is determined in the found classification. We observed that considering only the formal aspect as a definition or a distinctive factor of indirect and associative anaphors is insufficient to describe such a wide phenomenon as the anaphoric one is. Our aims are to prove that what distinguishes one anaphor from the other are the levels of inference which are applied in its realizations/interpretations. To support the thesis that there is no bipolar classification between indirect and associate anaphors, we use the Theory of Accessibility (ARIEL, 1996, 1998, 2001), because we consider the cognitive aspect of the anaphoric process as the most important one. We argue that what happens in the different existent forms of these anaphoric expressions are different levels of inferentiation, establishing a scale, and not a distinction, according to the cognitive course which is done to interpret the anaphor. Our methodological procedures are the analyzes of the definitions and the criteria used by the authors to differ one indirect anaphor from an associative one; the verification of relevant aspects in these definitions; and the reconsideration of the concepts and examples of the literature about this theme based on the Theory of Accessibility, emphasizing the cognitive and interactional aspects in the realization/interpretation of an anaphor. We conclude that the form does not distinguish those expressions, but the interactional sociocognitive aspects, which brought an expansion of the criteria that must be considered in the anaphor classification.