Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation d'un réseau de câbles coaxiaux et multi-conducteurs. Ce dernier peut être mathématiquement traduit par les équations aux dérivées partielles de Maxwell qui régissent la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques en son sein ou par un modèle type circuit électrique d'inconnues - les potentiels et courants électriques- qui vérifient sur les branches du circuit l'équation des télégraphistes et sur les noeuds les lois de Kirchhoff.Si la première méthode est assez générale pour comprendre toutes sortes de défauts, elle néanmoins trop couteuse pour les applications que nous avons en tête, à savoir le contrôle non destructif. La seconde quant à elle est obtenue par une modélisation non issue de la théorie de Maxwell et est valide que si les câbles sont parfaits (cylindriques, sans pertes...). Nous avons établi diverses modèles 1D venant généraliser l'équation des télégraphistes et les lois de Kirchhoff pour y incorporer diverses défauts (géométrie, pertes, effet de peau, caractéristique des matériaux variables) tant sur les câbles que dans les jonctions. Ceux-ci sont obtenus via des analyses asymptotiques (classiques, multi-échelles, raccordées) des équations 3D de Maxwell en considérant certains paramètres (dimensions transverses des câbles par rapport à leurs longueurs, conductivité du milieu diélectrique par rapport à celle du métal des âmes, petite taille de la zone de jonction par rapport à l'ensemble du réseau) extrêmement petits.Une des difficultés mathématiques tient en ce que les domaines que nous prendrons en compte (sections des câbles, jonctions) ne sont aucunement simplement connexes, nous obligeant ainsi à remanier quelques outils standard tel les décompositions en potentiels. / This thesis aim to modelize network made of coaxial and multi-conductors cables.It could be mathematically represent with the Maxwell equations which deals on electromagnetic waves propagating in the network or an electrical circuit whose unknowns - the electrical potentials and currents - satisfy the telegrapher's equation on each branches and the Kirchhoff's laws on each knots.The first method is enough general to integrate many defaults but numerically too expansive for the application we have in mind, namely non destructive testing. The second one is not obtained from the Maxwell theory and it is valid if and only if the cable are perfect (cylindrical, lossless...). We derive some 1D models generalizing the usual telegrapher's equation and Kirchhoff's rules from Maxwell's equation. This new models integrate plenty of defects (geometry, losses, skin-effect, materials' characteristics varying) and are derive via asymptotic analysis (classical ones, multi-scales ones, matched ones) by considering very small parameters (transverse dimensions of the cables relative to length of the cables, conductivity of the dielectric part relative to the metal of the inner-wires, size of the junction part relative to the whole network).One of the mathematical difficult is due to the fact that the geometry we will consider (sections of the cables, junctions) are not simply connected. Thus we will generalize usual tools such as the Helmholtz decompositions.

No description available.

Human cancers exhibit the common phenotype of elevated glycolytic metabolism, which causes acidification of the tissue microenvironment and may facilitate tumour invasion. In this thesis, we use mathematical models to address a series of open problems underlying the glycolytic tumour phenotype and its attendant acidity. We first explore tissue-scale consequences of metabolically-derived acid. Incorporating more biological detail into a canonical model of acidity at the tumour-host interface, we extend the range of tumour behaviours captured by the modelling framework. We then carry out an asymptotic travelling wave analysis to express invasive tumour properties in terms of fundamental parameters, and find that interstitial gaps between an advancing tumour and retreating healthy tissue, characteristic of aggressive invasion and comprising a controversial feature of the original model, are less significant under our generalised formulation. Subsequently, we evaluate a potential role of lactate---historically assumed to be a passive byproduct of glycolytic metabolism---in a perfusion-dependent metabolic symbiosis that was recently proposed as a beneficial tumour behaviour. Upon developing a minimal model of dual glucose-lactate consumption in vivo and employing a multidimensional sensitivity analysis, we find that symbiosis may not be straightforwardly beneficial for our model tumour. Moreover, new in vitro experiments, carried out by an experimental collaborator, place U87 glioblastoma tumours in a weakly symbiotic parameter regime despite their clinical malignancy. These results suggest that intratumoural metabolic cooperation is unlikely to be an important role for lactate. Finally, we examine the complex pH regulation system that governs expulsion of metabolically derived acid loads across tumour cell membranes. This system differs from the healthy system by expression of only a few key proteins, yet its dynamics are non-intuitive in the crowded and poorly perfused in vivo environment. We systematically develop a model of tumour pH regulation, beginning with a single-cell scenario and progressing to a spheroid, within a Bayesian framework that incorporates information from in vitro data contributed by a second experimental collaborator. We predict that a net effect of pH regulation is a straightforward transmembrane pH gradient, but also that existing treatments are unable to disrupt the system strongly enough to cause tumour cell death. Taken together, our models help to elucidate previously unresolved features of glycolytic tumour metabolism, and illustrate the utility of a combined mathematical, statistical, and experimental approach for testing biological hypotheses. Opportunities for further investigation are discussed.

In studies of the ocean it has become conventional to retain only the component of the Coriolis force associated with the radial component of the Earth’s rotation vector, the so-called “traditional approximation”. We investigate the role of the “non-traditional” component of the Coriolis force, corresponding to the non-radial component of the rotation vector, in transporting abyssal waters across the equator. We first derive a non-traditional generalisation of the multi-layer shallow water equations, which describe the flow of multiple superposed layers of inviscid, incompressible fluid with constant densities over prescribed topography in a rotating frame. We derive these equations both by averaging the three-dimensional governing equations over each layer, and via Hamilton’s principle. The latter derivation guarantees that conservation laws for mass, momentum, energy and potential vorticity are preserved. Within geophysically realistic parameters, including the complete Coriolis force modifies the domain of hyperbolicity of the multi-layer equations by no more than 5%. By contrast, long linear plane waves exhibit dramatic structural changes due to reconnection of the surface and internal wave modes in the long-wave limit. We use our non-traditional shallow water equations as an idealised model of an abyssal current flowing beneath a less dense upper ocean. We focus on the Antarctic Bottom Water, which crosses the equator in the western Atlantic ocean, where the bathymetry forms an almost-westward channel. Cross-equatorial flow is strongly constrained by potential vorticity conservation, which requires fluid to acquire a large relative vorticity in order to move between hemispheres. Including the complete Coriolis force accounts for the fact that fluid crossing the equator in an eastward/westward channel experiences a smaller change in angular momentum, and therefore acquires less relative vorticity. Our analytical and numerical solutions for shallow water flow over idealised channel topography show that the non-traditional component of the Coriolis force facilitates cross-equatorial flow through an almost-westward channel.

The retina is the ocular tissue responsible for the detection of light. Its extensive demand for oxygen, coupled with a concomitant elevated supply, renders this tissue prone to both hypoxia and hyperoxia. In this thesis, we construct mathematical models of the retina, formulated as systems of reaction-diffusion equations, investigating its oxygen-related dynamics in healthy and diseased states. In the healthy state, we model the oxygen distribution across the human retina, examining the efficacy of the protein neuroglobin in the prevention of hypoxia. It has been suggested that neuroglobin could prevent hypoxia, either by transporting oxygen from regions where it is rich to those where it is poor, or by storing oxygen during periods of diminished supply or increased uptake. Numerical solutions demonstrate that neuroglobin may be effective in preventing or alleviating hypoxia via oxygen transport, but that its capacity for oxygen storage is essentially negligible, whilst asymptotic analysis reveals that, contrary to the prevailing assumption, neuroglobin's oxygen affinity is near optimal for oxygen transport. A further asymptotic analysis justifies the common approximation of a piecewise constant oxygen uptake across the retina, placing existing models upon a stronger theoretical foundation. In the diseased state, we explore the effect of hyperoxia upon the progression of the inherited retinal diseases, known collectively as retinitis pigmentosa. Both numerical solutions and asymptotic analyses show that this mechanism may replicate many of the patterns of retinal degeneration seen in vivo, but that others are inaccessible to it, demonstrating both the strengths and weaknesses of the oxygen toxicity hypothesis. It is shown that the wave speed of hyperoxic degeneration is negatively correlated with the local photoreceptor density, high density regions acting as a barrier to the spread of photoreceptor loss. The effects of capillary degeneration and treatment with antioxidants or trophic factors are also investigated, demonstrating that each has the potential to delay, halt or partially reverse photoreceptor loss. In addition to answering questions that are not accessible to experimental investigation, these models generate a number of experimentally testable predictions, forming the first loop in what has the potential to be a fruitful experimental/modelling cycle.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T18:50:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Jairo.pdf: 2924101 bytes, checksum: 8a9716b369188f13960e4f2bc2fbbacb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-16 / Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior / The topological derivative provides the sensitivity of a given shape functional with respect to an infinitesimal non-smooth domain pertubation (insertion of hole or inclusion, for instance). Classically, this derivative comes from the second term of the topological asymptotic expansion, dealing only with inifinitesimal pertubations. However, for pratical applications, we need to insert pertubations of finite sizes.Therefore, we consider other terms in the expansion, leading to the concept of higher-order topological derivatives. In a particular, we observe that the topological-shape sensitivity method can be naturally extended to calculate these new terms, resulting in a systematic methodology to obtain higher-order topological derivatives. In order to present these ideas, initially we apply this technique in some problems with exact solution, where the topological asymptotic expansion is obtained until third order. Later, we calculate first as well as second order topological derivative for the total potential energy associated to the Laplace equation in two-dimensional domain pertubed with the insertion of a hole, considering homogeneous Neumann or Dirichlet boundary conditions, or an inclusion with thermal conductivity coefficient value different from the bulk material. With these results, we present some numerical experiments showing the influence of the second order topological derivative in the topological asymptotic expansion, which has two main features:it allows us to deal with pertubations of finite sizes and provides a better descent direction in optimization and reconstruction algorithms. / A derivada topológica fornece a sensibilidade de uma dada função custo quando uma pertubação não suave e infinitesimal (furo ou inclusão, por exemplo) é introduzida. Classicamente, esta derivada vem do segundo termo da expansão assintótica topológica considerando-se apenas pertubações infinitesimais. No entanto, em aplicações práticas, é necessário considerar pertubação de tamanho finito. Motivado por este fato, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo fundamental introduzir o conceito de derivadas topológicas de ordem superiores, o que permite considerar mais termos na expansão assintótica topológica. Em particular, observa-se que o topological-shape sensitivity method pode ser naturalmente estendido para o cálculo destes novos termos, resultando em uma metodologia sistemática de análise de sensibilidade topológica de ordem superior. Para se apresentar essas idéias, inicialmente essa técnica é verificada através de alguns problemas que admitem solução exata, onde se calcula explicitamente a expansão assintótica topológica até terceira ordem. Posteriormente, considera-se a equação de Laplace bidimensional, cujo domínio é topologicamente pertubado pela introdução de um furo com condição de contorno de Neumann ou de Dirichlet homogêneas, ou ainda de uma inclusão com propriedade física distinta do meio. Nesse caso, são calculadas explicitamente as derivadas topológicas de primeira e segunda ordens. Com os resultados obtidos em todos os casos, estuda-se a influência dos termos de ordem superiores na expansão assintótica topológica, através de experimentos numéricos. Em particular, observa-se que esses novos termos, além de permitir considerar pertubações de tamanho finito, desempenham ainda um importante papel tanto como fator de correção da expansão assintótica topológica, quanto como direção de descida em processos de otimização. Finalmente, cabe mencionar que a metodologia desenvolvida neste trabalho apresenta um grande potencial para aplicação na otimização e em algoritimos de reconstrução.

Ce travail de thèse a concerné la modélisation mathématique et l’approximation numérique de l’influence d‘une inclusion très fine sur un substrat élastique de différente rigidité. L’étude est motivée par les applications dans les pneumatiques et ne se base pas sur des techniques d’homogénéisation classiques. En effet, l’objectif a été de traiter l’interaction entre une seule inclusion et son milieu élastique et non une densité d’inclusions. L’étude a comporté trois volets, le premier concernant une modélisation mathématique pour des lois de comportement linéaires aboutissant à une expression de la contribution de l’inclusion sous la forme du champ sans inclusion corrigé par des correcteurs à différents ordres. Ces correcteurs sont indépendants de la taille caractéristique de l’inclusion, Le second a concerné l’approximation numérique de cette influence moyennant la méthode des éléments finis et celle des éléments finis inversés. Une stratégie numérique de prise en compte de l’influence de plusieurs inclusions y est aussi présentée. Le dernier volet est prospectif et discute de la possibilité de l’extension de l’approche pour des lois de comportement non linéaires. / This work focused on mathematical modeling and numerical approximation of the influence of a very thin inclusion on an elastic substrate of different stiffness. The study is motivated by applications in tires and is not based on conventional homogenization techniques. Indeed, the objective was to treat the interaction between a single inclusion and its elastic medium and not a density of inclusions. The study consisted of three parts, the first concerning mathematical modeling for linear behavior laws leading to an expression of the contribution of the inclusion in the form of the inclusion-free field corrected by correctors at different orders. These correctors are independent of the characteristic size of the inclusion. The second relates to the numerical approximation of this influence by means of the finite element method and that of the inverted finite elements. A numerical strategy for taking into account the influence of several inclusions is also presented. The last part is prospective and discusses the possibility of extending the approach for nonlinear behavioral laws.

Les mesures de résistivité en forage sont communément utilisées pour obtenirune meilleure caractérisation du sous-sol. L’utilisation d’un tube métallique pourcouvrir le puits complique énormément les simulations numériques pour lepotentiel électrique à cause de la faible épaisseur du tube et de sa conductivitéélevée par rapport à celle des formations du sous-sol. Dans ce travail, motivé pardes configurations réalistes, le tube est modélisé par une couche mincecylindrique d’épaisseur uniforme et la résistivité du tube est proportionnelle aucube de son épaisseur.Dans cette thèse, on se concentre sur ce problème pour obtenir des Conditionsde transmission (ITCs) approchées pour le potentiel électrique à travers le tubemétallique. Pour ce faire, on considère dans une première approche, un modèle2D en coordonnées cartésiennes, puis on résout le problème 3D axisymétriquequi est considéré dans la majorité des simulations de mesures de résistivité enforage à travers un tube. On considère d’abord le cas statique (fréquence nulle),puis on obtient des ITCs pour des fréquences non-nulles, lesquelles sontimportantes pour comprendre certains phénomènes physiques, comme les effetsDelaware et Groningen. Ensuite, on analyse les modèles en prouvant desrésultats de stabilité et convergence, et on évalue la performance numérique deces modèles en utilisant la méthode des éléments finis. Enfin, on construit dessolutions semi-analytiques pour ces modèles, lesquelles nous fournissent unemanière plus efficace d’évaluer nos modèles approchés par rapport aux solutionsnumériques (éléments finis). / Through-casing borehole resistivity measurements are commonly acquired inorder to characterize the Earth’s subsurface. The use of a casing surrounding theborehole highly complicates numerical simulations of the electric potential due toits thinness and a large contrast between casing conductivity and surroundingrock formation conductivity. In this work, we model the casing as a thin cylindricallayer of uniform thickness. Motivated by realistic scenarios, we realize that theconductivity of the case is typically proportional to its thickness to the power ofminus three.In this Ph.D. Dissertation, we focus on the above problem to derive ImpedanceTransmission Conditions (ITCs) in order to replace the metallic casing. To do so,we start by considering a 2D model in Cartesian coordinates that serves as aninitial approximation to solve the more realistic 3D axi-symmetric model (usingcylindrical coordinates) considered in most realistic through casing boreholesimulations. We start by considering the static (zero frequency) case, and we alsoderive ITCs for nonzero frequencies, which are important to understand certainphysical phenomena occurring in through casing borehole measurements,namely, the so called Delaware and Groningen effects. Then, we analyze thesemodels by proving stability and convergence results, and we asses the numericalperformance of these models by employing a Finite Element Method. Finally, wederive semi-analytical solutions for such models, which provide a more efficientway of evaluating our approximate models as in comparison with full numericalsolutions. / Las medidas de resistividad en perforaciones a traves de tubos se utilizan demanera común para obtener una mejor caracterización del subsuelo de la tierra.El uso de un tubo que cubre el pozo complica enormemente las simulacionesnuméricas debido a su finura y al gran contraste entre la conductividad del tuboy la de las formaciones rocosas. En este trabajo, modelizamos el tubo como unamembrana cilíndrica fina de grosor uniforme. Basándonos en configuracionesrealistas, consideramos que la conductividad del tubo es proporcional a su grosora la potencia de menos tres.En esta tesis doctoral, nos concentramos en el problema anterior para obtenercodiciones de transmisión de impedancia (ITCs) que sirvan para reemplazar eltubo metálico. Para ello, empezamos por considerar un modelo 2D encoordenadas cartesianas, que sirve como una primera aproximación pararesolver el problema 3D con simetría axial (empleando coordenadas cilíndricas)considerado en la mayoría de las simulaciones realistas de perforaciones contubos. Empezamos por considerar el caso estático (frecuencia nula), y más tardeobtenemos ITCs para frecuencias no nulas, las cuales son importantes paraentender ciertos fenómenos físicos que ocurren al obtener medidas deresistividad en pozos a través de tubos, como por ejemplo, los efectos deDelaware y Groningen. Después, analizamos estos modelos demostrandoresultados de estabilidad y convergencia, y evaluamos el rendimiento numéricode estos modelos empleando el método de elementos finitos. Por último,obetnemos soluciones semi-analíticas para dichos modelos, las cualesproporcionan una manera más eficiente de evaluar las soluciones a nuestrosmodelos aproximados en comparación con soluciones puramente numéricas.

On s’intéresse ici aux erreurs de modélisation liées à l’usage de modèles de flammelette sous-maille en combustion turbulente non prémélangée. Le but de cette thèse est de développer une stratégie d’estimation d’erreur a posteriori pour déterminer le meilleur modèle parmi une hiérarchie, à un coût numérique similaire à l’utilisation de ces mêmes modèles. Dans un premier temps, une stratégie faisant appel à un estimateur basé sur les résidus pondérés est développée et testée sur un système d’équations d’advection-diffusion-réaction. Dans un deuxième temps, on teste la méthodologie d’estimation d’erreur sur un autre système d’équations, où des effets d’extinction et de réallumage sont ajoutés. Lorsqu’il n’y a pas d’advection, une analyse asymptotique rigoureuse montre l’existence de plusieurs régimes de combustion déjà observés dans les simulations numériques. Nous obtenons une approximation des paramètres de réallumage et d’extinction avec la courbe en «S», un graphe de la température maximale de la flamme en fonction du nombre de Damköhler, composée de trois branches et d’une double courbure. En ajoutant des effets advectifs, on obtient également une courbe en «S» correspondant aux régimes de combustion déjà identifiés. Nous comparons les erreurs de modélisation liées aux approximations asymptotiques dans les deux régimes stables et établissons une nouvelle hiérarchie des modèles en fonction du régime de combustion. Ces erreurs sont comparées aux estimations données par la stratégie d’estimation d’erreur. Si un seul régime stable de combustion existe, l’estimateur d’erreur l’identifie correctement ; si plus d’un régime est possible, on obtient une fac˛on systématique de choisir un régime. Pour les régimes où plus d’un modèle est approprié, la hiérarchie prédite par l’estimateur est correcte. / We are interested here in the modeling errors of subgrid flamelet models in nonpremixed turbulent combustion. The goal of this thesis is to develop an a posteriori error estimation strategy to determine the best model within a hierarchy, with a numerical cost at most that of using the models in the first place. Firstly, we develop and test a dual-weighted residual estimator strategy on a system of advection-diffusion-reaction equations. Secondly, we test that methodology on another system of equations, where quenching and ignition effects are added. In the absence of advection, a rigorous asymptotic analysis shows the existence of many combustion regimes already observed in numerical simulations. We obtain approximations of the quenching and ignition parameters, alongside the S-shaped curve, a plot of the maximal flame temperature as a function of the Damköhler number, consisting of three branches and two bends. When advection effects are added, we still obtain a S-shaped curve corresponding to the known combustion regimes. We compare the modeling errors of the asymptotic approximations in the two stable regimes and establish new model hierarchies for each combustion regime. These errors are compared with the estimations obtained by using the error estimation strategy. When only one stable combustion regime exists, the error estimator correctly identifies that regime; when two or more regimes are possible, it gives a systematic way of choosing one regime. For regimes where more than one model is appropriate, the error estimator’s predicted hierarchy is correct.

Sedimentary basins form when water-borne sediments in shallow seas are deposited over periods of millions of years. Sediments compact under their own weight, causing the expulsion of pore water. If this expulsion is sufficiently slow, overpressuring can result, a phenomenon which is of concern in oil drilling operations. The competition between pore water expulsion and burial is complicated by a variety of factors, which include diagenesis (clay dewatering), and different modes (elastic or viscous) of rheological deformation via compaction and pressure solution, which may also include hysteresis in the constitutive behaviours. This thesis is concerned with models which can describe the evolution of porosity and pore pressure in sedimentary basins. We begin by analysing the simplest case of poroelastic compaction which in a 1-D case results in a nonlinear diffusion equation, controlled principally by a dimensionless parameter lambda, which is the ratio of the hydraulic conductivity to the sedimentation rate. We provide analytic and numerical results for both large and small lambda in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. We then put a more realistic rheological relation with hysteresis into the model and investigate its effects during loading and unloading in Chapter 5. A discontinuous porosity profile may occur if the unloaded system is reloaded. We pursue the model further by considering diagenesis as a dehydration model in Chapter 6, then we extend it to a more realistic dissolution-precipitation reaction-transport model in Chapter 7 by including most of the known physics and chemistry derived from experimental studies. We eventually derive a viscous compaction model for pressure solution in sedimentary basins in Chapter 8, and show how the model suggests radically different behaviours in the distinct limits of slow and fast compaction. When lambda << 1, compaction is limited to a basal boundary layer. When lambda >> 1, compaction occurs throughout the basin, and the basic equilibrium solution near the surface is a near parabolic profile of porosity. But it is only valid to a finite depth where the permeability has decreased sufficiently, and a transition occurs, marking a switch from a normally pressured environment to one with high pore pressures.