Les « gels attractifs » constituent une catégorie particulière de fluides complexes. Ces gels sont formés à partir d’une suspension de particules attractives en faible concentration volumique. La microstructure du gel est très facilement modifiée par l’application d’une contrainte. Ainsi, il est possible de structurer ces gels par un cisaillement dans une géométrie suffisamment confinée. Nous avons étudié en détail ce phénomène dans des gels de noirs de carbone ainsi que dans des suspensions de billes de verre dans de l’huile rendues attractives par la présence d’une faible quantité d’eau. Nous avons reproduit ce phénomène dans des simulations numériques de dynamique moléculaire, ce qui permet d’étudier les conditions nécessaires à l’apparition de telles structures. Enfin, en géométrie peu confinée, le mécanisme de rupture et d’écoulement de ces gels en volume est complexe puisque leur rupture est en perpétuelle compétition avec leurcinétique de reformation. Nous avons étudié la rupture des gels de noir de carbone en couplant des techniques classiques de rhéologie avec une technique de mesure locale de déplacement par ultrasons. Ces expériences nous ont permis d’établir un lien entre le comportement global du matériau (sa rhéologie macroscopique) et la dynamique locale de fluidification. / Attractive gels are made of weakly aggregated colloidal particles dispersed in a liquid at lowvolume fraction. Their microstructure can easily be modified when submittedto a shear stress. For instance, those gel can form structures in response to flow under strong confinement. This work is a detailed study of this phenomenon in carbon black gels and in glass beads suspensions in oil made attractive by addition of a small amount water. Those structures are also reproduced in molecular dynamics numerical simulations which allow us to study the conditions for such structures to appear. When sheared in a large gap, yielding and flow of those gels is complex due to the competition between shear-induced aggregation and breakup. Yielding of carbon black gels has been studied by coupling global rheological measurements with local ultrasonic velocimetry providing a link between the global (macroscopic) behaviour and the local dynamics.

El presente trabajo de investigación trata de una mejora y ampliación de operaciones para el otorgamiento de créditos a clientes o potenciales clientes de instituciones financieras que deseen adquirir bienes inmuebles objeto de un remate judicial, que a la fecha no se contemplan como una posibilidad viable de financiamiento y que lleve a ampliar el abanico de colocaciones sino a atender a esas personas que buscan adquirir inmuebles en subasta judicial cuyo valor de adquisición es muy inferior al valor comercial del mercado. En este contexto, hemos dividido nuestro trabajo de tesis en cuatro capítulos, en cuyo capítulo I, analizamos las razones por las que es interesante adquirir un bien objeto de remate, explicando las razones por las instituciones financieras no financian la adquisición de bienes inmuebles objeto de un remate judicial, estableciendo las pautas generales de lo que importa en un proceso judicial, un acto de ejecución judicial vía remate, lo que señala la legislación comparada sobre el particular, no obstante que podemos señalar sin duda a equivocarnos que es una propuesta novedosa, en el capítulo II, hacemos referencia a los materiales y la metodología, explicando que importa en un remate judicial y resaltando en este punto la entrevista realizada a personas conocedoras del tema, en el capítulo III los tiempos, como debe realizarse el financiamiento para la minimizar los riegos y finalmente en el capítulo IV donde cerramos nuestra tesis con la conclusiones y recomendaciones, que indudablemente son congruentes con lo que sostenemos en presente trabajo y confirmación nuestra propuesta. / This research work is an improvement and extension of operations for the granting of credits to clients or potential clients of financial institutions that wish to acquire real estate object of a judicial auction, which to date are not contemplate as a viable possibility of financing and that it leads to broaden the range of placements but to serve those people who seeks to acquire real estate in judicial auction whose acquisition value is much less than commercial value of the market. In this context, we have divided our thesis work into four chapters, in chapter I, we analyze the reasons why it is important to acquire a good object of auction, explaining the reasons why financial institutions do not finance the acquisition of real estate object of a judicial auction, establishing the general guidelines of what matters in a judicial process, an act of judicial execution via auction, which indicates the legislation compared to the particular, however we can clearly point out that it is a novel proposal, in chapter II, we refer to materials and methodology, explaining that matters in a judicial auction and highlighting at this point the interview with people who are knowledgeable about the topic, in chapter III the times, as the financing should be made for minimizing irrigation and finally in chapter IV where we close our thesis with the conclusions and recommendations, which are undoubtedly congruent with what we hold in this work and confirm our proposal. / Trabajo de investigación

Cities work to create attractive environments to increase population growth. Attracting people to a place is only the beginning, however, the hard part is getting the people to see the city as an attractive place, to live throughout their lives. This study has investigated how the concept of attractiveness is applied to different age groups in urban planning, and how young adults, families with children and pensioners, interpret the concept of attractiveness. The focus of this study is on the city of Härnösand. To investigate this, interviews were conducted with a planning coordinator and a business developer at Härnösand municipality, as well as with two people from each age group from Härnösand's population. A total of eight interviews have been conducted. The results showed that there are differences and similarities between how people in different life stages interpret what is attractive in a city. The pensioners considered culture to be one of the most attractive things in Härnösand, while the other respondents did not place much value on it. All age groups found it attractive that Härnösand is a small town, which means that it is close to everything. All respondents also agreed that the sea and nature in Härnösand create attractiveness, and that areas with very hard surfaces, such as industrial areas, are not seen as attractive. The young adults found indoor activities attractive, while families with children placed more importance on outdoor activities. The retirees did not emphasize the range of activities as an attractive attribute. Safety was something that all age groups believed created attractiveness in a place, but the pensioners were the group that valued safety the most and the young adults valued safety the least. The result showed that the municipality of Härnösand thinks it is important to get the opinions of the citizens in order to create environments that suit everyone, which in the long run can have a positive effect on population development. The study indicates that Härnösand municipality has ambitions to create attractive environments for different age groups. It shows an example of work with a planning program for an area called Skeppsbron in Härnösand where the municipality used the 8 80 method in the citizen dialogue to try to create an equally attractive place for all ages. The method assumes that if a city is as attractive to an 8-year-old as to an 80-year-old, then it is equally attractive to everyone in a city. However, it emerged that there may be challenges in gathering opinions from a wide range of citizens. The results of this survey showed that all respondents actively chose not to participate in citizen dialogues due to lack of time and lack of interest, which creates difficulties for the municipality of Härnösand to create attractiveness for everyone. This study therefore concludes that Härnösand may have to change its citizen dialogues in some way in order to gather more people's opinions. By doing this, the quality of community planning can be improved and Härnösand can be developed into an even more attractive place for more people in different life stages, which in turn could perhaps have a positive effect on population development.

Studiens syfte var att få kunskap om hur en statlig militär myndighet arbetar för att vara en attraktiv arbetsgivare, internt som externt. För att kunna utvärdera det arbete som görs av organisationen undersöktes rekryters uppfattning av organisationens arbetsgivarvarumärke och arbete med employer branding. Frågeställningarna som används för att uppnå syftet var följande: Hur kan en statlig myndighet arbeta för att vara en attraktiv arbetsgivare? Hur arbetar organisationen med employer branding internt och externt för att stärka arbetsgivarvarumärket? Hur uppfattas organisationens arbete med att vara en attraktiv arbetsgivare av medarbetare? Metoden som användes var en kvalitativ analys som bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer. I studien deltog fyra individer med ledarpositioner, som ansvar för olika delar av organisationens employer branding, internt och externt. Samt fem rekryter som vid tillfället genomförde Grundläggande Militär Utbildning (GMU). Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av teori och tidigare forskning om arbetsgivarvarumärke, employer branding och generation Y. Resultatet visar att organisationen arbetar med arbetsgivarvarumärket genom bland annat reklam, besök på skolor/evenemang och medverkan i sociala medier. Internt anordnas bland annat tävlingar och andra aktiviteter med vilket stärkte trivseln på arbetsplatsen. / The study's purpose was to examine how a state military authority could work towards being an attractive employer, internally and externally. In order to evaluate the work done by the organization, new recruits were interviewed to examine their perception of the organization's work with employer branding. The questions used to fulfill the purpose were: How does a government agency work towards being an attractive employer? How does the organization work with employer branding, internally and externally, to strengthen the employer brand? How do recruits perceive the organization’s work with employer branding? The method used was a qualitative analysis, consisting of semi-structured interviews. The study involved four individuals with leadership positions, who had responsibility for different parts of the organizations employer branding, and five recruits who were participating in the Swedish basic military training program (GMU). The results were analyzed by using theory and previous research on employer brand, employer branding and generation Y. The results show that the organization works with employer branding by advertising, visiting schools, participating in events and in social media. Internally the organization works with employer branding by, among other things, organizing competitions and other activities for employees, which seemed to boost their job satisfaction.

Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur rekryteringsprocessen inom offentlig förvaltning går till samt vilka aspekter som kan komma att påverka processens genomförande och utfall. Till denna studie har kvalitativ metod använts där en fallstudie har genomförts. I fallstudien har intervjuer kombinerats med vinjettstudier för att ge en djupare bild av respondenternas erfarenheter kring rekrytering. Sammanlagt har sju personer som alla arbetar med rekrytering intervjuats. De teoretiska utgångspunkter som ligger till grund för denna studie speglar områdena rekrytering, subjektivitet, hållbarhet, offentliga förvaltning, ledarskap samt organisationskultur. Resultatet av denna studie har analyserats genom en tematisk innehållsanalys som fokuserar på att se mönster mellan intervjuerna och i enskilda intervjuer i syfte av att få en större förståelse för respondenternas utsago. Denna studie visar att det finns flera faktorer som påverka rekryteringsprocessen inom offentlig förvaltning och som blir avgörande för dess utfall. Exempelvis är subjektivitet en faktor som alltid är närvarande oavsett respondenternas försök till absolut objektivitet. Subjektiva faktorer som utstrålning och första intryck vägs in i den sammantagna bedömningen av kandidaten. I förhållande till detta visar resultatet att respondenternas kunskaper och erfarenhet kring rekrytering också påverkar och får betydelse för rekryteringsprocessen. Slutligen visar studien betydelsen av HR-funktionen som en nyckelroll i organisationen, dels genom att stödja de rekryterande cheferna i deras arbete men också för att utveckla och driva arbetet med hållbarhet inom hela organisationen, vilket även innefattar arbete med rekrytering. / The aim of this study is thus to see how the recruitment process is made in the context of public administration and what kind of aspects that can affect the implementation and outcome of the recruitment process. To this study qualitative method has been used. A case study has been combined with interviews and a vignette to explore the respondent’s approaches and experiences of recruitment. A total of seven people who all work with recruitment have been interviewed. The theoretical starting points that underpin this study reflect areas of recruitment and selection, subjectivity, sustainability, public sector management, leadership and organizational culture. The results of this study has been analysed by a content analysis that focuses on patternmaking to get a greater understanding of the answers given by the respondents. This study shows that there are several crucial factors that can interrupt and affect the recruitment process in the context of public administration and therefore important to take in consideration. For instance is subjectivity a factor that’s always present and therefore inevitable. No matter how much work the respondents put in to making the process of recruitment objective and competence- based, subjective factors like personal charismas and first impressions still takes in consideration in the overall evaluation of the candidate. This factor also has a lot to do with the competence, knowledge and experience that the recruiting managers possess. The study also shows the importance of the HR-function as a key role in the organization both to support the recruiting managers and for the development of sustainability in recruitment as well as in the whole organization.

Studiens syfte var att i samarbete med en kommun i Mellansverige genomföra en studie om kommunens arbete vad gällde deras arbetsgivarvarumärke samt upplevelsen av en attraktiv arbetsgivare. Detta har undersökts ur arbetsgivarens respektive medarbetarnas perspektiv. Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ metod och byggde på semistrukturerade intervjuer. Data analyserades med hjälp av en induktiv tematisk analys. I resultatet framkom olika teman till respektive frågeställning. De teman som framkom angående hur kommunen arbetar med sitt arbetsgivarvarumärke var Kommunens varumärke och Värdegrundsarbetet. De teman som framkom kring frågeställningen om vad som kännetecknar en attraktiv arbetsgivare enligt medarbetarna var Kollegor och stöttande chefer, Arbetsmiljö och trygghet, Personlig utveckling, Möjlighet till att påverka, förändra och bidra, Personalvård, Kommunikation och struktur samt Introduktion. De teman som framkom enligt kommunens representanter var Stöttande chefer och kommunikation, Personlig utveckling och möjlighet att påverka samt Arbetets innehåll. Arbetsgivarens och medarbetarnas uppfattning av en attraktiv arbetsgivare visade sig ha många gemensamma nämnare, däremot lyfte medarbetarna ytterligare teman. De teman som utkristalliserades som faktorer för att vara en attraktiv arbetsgivare stämde väl överens med synen på ett starkt arbetsgivarvarumärke, något som stärkte syftet med studien. / The aim of this study was to, in collaboration with a municipality in Central Sweden, carry out a study on the municipality's work regarding their employer brand and the experience of an attractive employer. This has been examined from the perspective of the employer and the employees. The study was conducted with a qualitative method and was based on semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis. In the result, various themes emerged from each question. The themes that emerged regarding how the municipality works with its employer brand were the Municipality's brand and the overall Values. The themes that emerged about the issue of what characterizes an attractive employer according to the employees were Colleagues and supportive managers, Work environment and security, Personal development, Opportunity to influence, change and contribute, Staff welfare, Communication and structure, and Orientation. The themes that emerged according to the municipality's representatives were Supportive managers and communication, Personal development and the opportunity to influence, and Work content. The employer's and employees' perception of an attractive employer turned out to have many common themes. However, the employees highlighted additional themes. The themes present in the study for being an attractive employer matched well with the view of a strong employer brand, which strengthened the purpose of the study.

Nesta dissertação são estudados Condensados de Bose-Einstein de átomos com pseudo-spin 1/2 cuja dinâmica orbital está acoplada a estes dois níveis de energia internos. A geração de tal sistema é possível induzindo transições entre os subníveis m_f = -1 e m_f = 0 do estado hiperfino atômico f = 1 usando um arranjo de lasers, os quais também introduzem junto uma dependência espacial dada por suas fases, as quais estão relacionadas a posição do átomo no campo, levando assim à interação acoplando spin e órbita. É considerado então um sistema unidimensional efetivo na mesma direção do acoplamento dos lasers, onde são estudado diferentes observáveis do estado fundamental, para uma varredura dos parâmetros presentes na equação, dando origem a três fases diferenciadas pela distribuição do momento. Foram determinadas estas fases do estado fundamental para interação atrativa, sendo elas modulada(striped), onda plana e de momento nulo, mostrando a localização onde cada uma ocorre no domínio de parâmetros da equação, através de diagramas de fase. São também mostrados, separadamente, observáveis relevantes como momento e desbalanço entre os estados internos nestas transições, os quais apresentaram variações bruscas, ditando valores críticos nos parâmetros, onde ocorrem. Posteriormente é estudado a dinâmica através de soluções do tipo sóliton, as quais não se propagam linearmente e são ditadas por oscilações do centro de massa e das populações, explorando diferentes situações iniciais. / In the present dissertation it has been studied Bose-Einstein Condensation of atoms with 1/2 pseudo-spin whose the orbital dynamics is coupled to these two internal energy levels. The generation of such a system is done by inducing transitions between the sub-levels m_f = -1 and m_f = 0 from the hyperfine atomic state f = 1 using an arrangement of lasers, that also introduce a spacial dependence due to their phases, that changes accordingly the atom\'s position in the light field, conducting in this way to a interaction that couples orbital motion with spin. It is then considered an effective one dimensional system in the same direction of the laser coupling, where it has been studied different ground state observables, making a sweeping in the equation parameters, showing three typical phases based on momentum distribution. So far, it was determined these phases for attractive interactions, named striped, plane wave and zero momentum, determining as well the location where each one occurs in the equation\'s parameters through a phase diagram. It is also reported, separately, a few relevant observables as individual momentum of each population and the unbalance between the internal spin states, in the transition among these phases, whose the values present abrupt variations, dictating critical values for the parameters, where it occurs. Lately is presented a dynamical study with soliton like solutions, that do not linearly propagate and instead, shows a center of mass and unbalance oscillation, probing different initial conditions.

Problemformuleringen som ligger till grund för denna undersökning är att det förväntas bli brist på sjuksköterskor i hela landet och att tidigare undersökningar har visat att kommuner generellt anses vara mindre attraktiva arbetsgivare. Syftet med den här studien utgår från att undersöka vilka faktorer sjuksköterskor anser är attraktiva i ett kommunalt arbete. Vidare är syftet att jämföra synen på attraktivt arbete mellan sjuksköterskor och deras arbetsgivare för att se om bilden överensstämmer utifrån de båda perspektiven.   Tidigare forskning har visat att faktorer som är viktiga för en individ att lockas och stanna på en arbetsplats berör ett brett spektrum av faktorer. Viktiga faktorer berör bland annat arbetsmiljö, ledarskap, autonomi, uppskattning och möjlighet till utveckling. Studier som tidigare jämfört sjuksköterskornas och arbetsgivarens syn på attraktivt arbete har inte tagit hänsyn till arbetsmiljö som faktor och har mestadels genomförts i sjukhusmiljö. Den föreliggande studien har genomförts inom en kommunal verksamhet och utgått från individens uppfattning från deras egen livsvärld.  Studien grundar sig i ett fenomenologiskt förhållningssätt och använder en kvalitativ metod då datainsamling skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Undersökningen har genomförts på två urvalsgrupper: sjuksköterskor och representanter från arbetsgivaren.   Faktorer som visar sig viktiga för sjuksköterskor i kommunal verksamhet är bland annat arbetsklimat, kollegor och ersättning. Synen stämmer till stor del överens med arbetsgivarens men skillnader återfinns i hur yrket betraktas, ersättningens betydelse samt vilken möjlighet som finns för utveckling och inflytande. Det finns ett behov av uppskattning och en ökad förståelse för den vård som sjuksköterskor bedriver. För den kommunala sjukvården är det två faktorer att fokusera på för att attrahera och behålla sjuksköterskor. / The background that forms the basis of this study is an expected shortage of nurses nationwide and earlier research that implies that public sector organizations generally are perceived as less attractive organizations. This study intend to obtain knowledge about which factors nurses perceive as attractive in a public sector organization. The aim of this study is to compare nurses and their managers perceptions of which factors that are important to attract and retain nurses, and further if these perceptions differ from each other.   Previous research have shown that there is a wide range of factors that are important to attract and retain nurses. The important factors are for example work environment, leadership, autonomy, appreciation and opportunity for development. Studies that previously been comparing the perceptions of nurses and their employers have not considered work environment as a factor, and they have been carried out mainly in a hospital environment. The present study is made in a public sector and the starting point is how the individual comprehend its reality.   The study has a phenomenological approach and uses an qualitative method on basis that the data collection has been done through semi structured interviews. The research have focused on two groups of candidates: nurses and representatives of the employer.  Factors that have shown to be important for nurses in a public sector is for example work climate, colleagues and salary. The nurse perceptions does in most parts correspond with the employers perception. Contradictions is found in how the profession is valued, the significance of salary and also the opportunity for development and autonomy. There is a clear need for appraisal and understanding for the care that is given by the nurses from the leaders and politicians in the organization. For the public sector healthcare that is two factors that should be focused on to attract and retain nurses.

Nesta dissertação são estudados Condensados de Bose-Einstein de átomos com pseudo-spin 1/2 cuja dinâmica orbital está acoplada a estes dois níveis de energia internos. A geração de tal sistema é possível induzindo transições entre os subníveis m_f = -1 e m_f = 0 do estado hiperfino atômico f = 1 usando um arranjo de lasers, os quais também introduzem junto uma dependência espacial dada por suas fases, as quais estão relacionadas a posição do átomo no campo, levando assim à interação acoplando spin e órbita. É considerado então um sistema unidimensional efetivo na mesma direção do acoplamento dos lasers, onde são estudado diferentes observáveis do estado fundamental, para uma varredura dos parâmetros presentes na equação, dando origem a três fases diferenciadas pela distribuição do momento. Foram determinadas estas fases do estado fundamental para interação atrativa, sendo elas modulada(striped), onda plana e de momento nulo, mostrando a localização onde cada uma ocorre no domínio de parâmetros da equação, através de diagramas de fase. São também mostrados, separadamente, observáveis relevantes como momento e desbalanço entre os estados internos nestas transições, os quais apresentaram variações bruscas, ditando valores críticos nos parâmetros, onde ocorrem. Posteriormente é estudado a dinâmica através de soluções do tipo sóliton, as quais não se propagam linearmente e são ditadas por oscilações do centro de massa e das populações, explorando diferentes situações iniciais. / In the present dissertation it has been studied Bose-Einstein Condensation of atoms with 1/2 pseudo-spin whose the orbital dynamics is coupled to these two internal energy levels. The generation of such a system is done by inducing transitions between the sub-levels m_f = -1 and m_f = 0 from the hyperfine atomic state f = 1 using an arrangement of lasers, that also introduce a spacial dependence due to their phases, that changes accordingly the atom\'s position in the light field, conducting in this way to a interaction that couples orbital motion with spin. It is then considered an effective one dimensional system in the same direction of the laser coupling, where it has been studied different ground state observables, making a sweeping in the equation parameters, showing three typical phases based on momentum distribution. So far, it was determined these phases for attractive interactions, named striped, plane wave and zero momentum, determining as well the location where each one occurs in the equation\'s parameters through a phase diagram. It is also reported, separately, a few relevant observables as individual momentum of each population and the unbalance between the internal spin states, in the transition among these phases, whose the values present abrupt variations, dictating critical values for the parameters, where it occurs. Lately is presented a dynamical study with soliton like solutions, that do not linearly propagate and instead, shows a center of mass and unbalance oscillation, probing different initial conditions.

This thesis takes a point of departure in the problems to recruit and retain personnel in woodworking companies. Companies, actors of society and researchers started with the ambition to create work which people, especially young ones, would like to have and where employees want to stay. The research has been carried out within the att…-project in collaboration between Dalarna University and National Institute for Working Life. The primary purpose was to create deeper understanding of characteristics of attractive work. A distinction has been made between on the one hand what makes work attractive, and on the other hand changes of the attractiveness. The empirical problem with recruitment was a starting point, followed by an interaction between theory and empiricism. The relation to practioners can be described as interactive with usefulness in focus. Questionnaires, group discussions and interviews, as well as informal conversations, have been used in five separate studies. The attractiveness of work depends on the individual’s estimation of the totality of work based upon her/his life situation. Characteristic for attractive work is that it is dynamic and comparative. Positive factors of work are related to other employments or to the idea of attractive work. A model of attractive work which represents an overall picture regarding what makes work attractive contains about 80 qualities in 22 dimensions. One finding is that changes in one dimension influences other dimensions. Another finding is that changed estimations of work depends both on changed valuation of the importance of different aspects of work, and on changed conception of the aspects. It is not enough to do a single effort aimed at retaining and recruiting personnel since the attractiveness of work is dynamic and comparisons are made with other employments. Companies must continuously do efforts for more attractive work. Existing attractive qualities that are hidden from applicants can be displayed. Other qualities can be realized and added to. Knowledge about what makes work attractive and about the dynamic of the attractiveness is valuable to create more attractive work. / QC 20100713