Nowadays, colloidal rods can be synthesized in large amounts. The rods are typically cylindrically and their length ranges from several nanometers to a few micrometers. In solution, systems of colloidal rodlike molecules or aggregates can form liquid-crystalline phases with long-range orientational and spatial order. In the present work, we investigate structure formation and fractionation in systems of rodlike colloids with the help of Monte Carlo simulations in the NPT ensemble. Repulsive interactions can successfully be mimicked by the hard rod model, which has been studied extensively in the past. In many cases, attractive interactions like van der Waals or depletion forces cannot be neglected, however. In the first part of this work, the phase behavior of monodisperse attractive rods is characterized for different interaction strengths. Phase diagrams as a function of rod length and pressure are presented. Most systems of synthesized mesoscopic rods have a polydisperse length distribution as a consequence of the longitudinal growth process of the rods. For many technical and research applications, a rather small polydispersity is desired in order to have well defined material properties. The polydispersity can be reduced by a spatial demixing (fractionation) of long and short rods. Fractionation and structure formation is studied in a tridisperse and a polydisperse bulk suspension of rods. We observe that the resulting structures depend distinctly on the interaction strength. The fractionation in the system is strongly enhanced with increasing interaction strength. Suspensions are typically confined in a container. We also examine the influence of adjacent substrates in systems of tridisperse and polydisperse rod suspensions. Three different substrate types are studied in detail: a planar wall, a corrugated substrate, and a substrate with rectangular cavities. We analyze the fluid structure close to the substrate and substrate controlled fractionation. The spatial arrangement of long and short rods in front of the substrate depends sensitively on the substrate structure and the pressure. Rods with a predefined length are segregated at substrates with rectangular cavities. / Kolloidale Stäbchen können mittlerweile in großen Mengen hergestellt werden. Die Form der Stäbchen ist in der Regel zylinderförmig und ihre Länge reicht von einigen Nanometern bis hin zu wenigen Mikrometern. Systeme aus kolloidalen stäbchenförmigen Molekülen oder Aggregaten können in Lösung flüssigkristalline Phasen mit langreichweitiger Orientierungs- und Raumordnung ausbilden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden Strukturbildung und Fraktionierung in Systemen aus stäbchenförmigen Kolloiden mittels Monte Carlo Simulationen im NPT Ensemble untersucht. Replusive Wechselwirkungen können erfolgreich durch harte Stäbchen modelliert werden. Dieses Modell wurde in der Vergangenheit bereits ausgiebig untersucht. Oft jedoch können attraktive Wechselwirkungen, wie z.~B. van der Waals- oder Depletionskräfte, nicht vernachlässigt werden. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird das Phasenverhalten von monodispersen attraktiven Stäbchen bei unterschiedlichen Wechselwirkungsstärken charakterisiert. Es werden Phasendiagramme bezüglich der Parameter Druck und Stäbchenlänge präsentiert. Die überwiegende Mehrzahl von Systemen aus synthetisierten mesoskopischen Stäbchen weist eine polydisperse Längenverteilung aufgrund des Längswachstums auf. Für eine Reihe technischer und wissenschaftlicher Anwendungen sind hingegen schmale Längenverteilungen wünschenswert, um wohl definierte Materialeigenschaften zu haben. Die Polydispersität kann durch räumliche Trennung (Fraktionierung) langer und kurzer Stäbchen reduziert werden. Fraktionierung und Strukturbildung werden in einer tridispersen und einer polydispersen Suspension untersucht. Wir beobachten, dass die entstehenden Strukturen ganz wesentlich von der Wechselwirkungsstärke abhängen. Der Grad der Fraktionierung wird durch Attraktivität stark erhöht. Suspensionen befinden sich typischerweise in Gefäsen. Wir untersuchen daher auch den Einfluss von begrenzenden Substraten auf Systeme aus tridispersen und polydispersen Stäbchensuspensionen. Drei verschiedene Substratstrukturen werden genauer betrachtet: Eine planare Wand, ein riefenförmiges Substrat und Substrate mit rechteckigen Aussparungen. Wir untersuchen die Flüssigkeitsstruktur in Substratnähe und substratinduzierte Fraktionierung. Die räumliche Anordnung von langen und kurzen Stäbchen hängt sehr sensibel von der Substratstruktur und dem Druck ab. Stäbchen mit einer festgelegten Länge werden an Substraten mit rechteckigen Aussparungen abgesondert.

We present the phase behavior of soft sphere colloidal dispersions. The pH responsive and thermoresponsive microgels, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (pNIPAm-co-AAc), were used as a new building block of colloidal crystals. The phase behavior of microgel dispersions was studied by different methods such as optical microscopy, particle trajectories, mean squared displacement (MSD) vs. lag time plots and radial distribution function. The results show that the phase of the sample relies on the particle concentration for dispersions of the same pH. As the pH approaches the pKa of microgels, the microgel dispersions show unusual crystalline phase at lower effective volume fraction than hard sphere melting transition. Also, at this pH regime, the microgel dispersions undergo slow and spatially heterogeneous crystal growth. The cooperative multi-body type attractive forces were proposed to explain the unusual stability at low effective volume fraction. Ion-dipole interactions were proposed to be the origin of the attractive forces. The melting point of bulk crystals at this pH regime is much higher than the volume phase transition temperature of the building block. These results are supportive of the attractive forces hypothesis.

Dagens organisationer står inför stora utmaningar i att vara konkurrenskraftiga gentemot omvärlden. De mänskliga resurserna är organisationernas viktigaste faktor för att över huvud taget överleva. För att verksamheten ska kunna förvalta och nyttja medarbetarnas kompetens på rätt sätt behöver det skapas förutsättningar och tillfällen där relationer kan uppstå. Detta är något som diskuteras i både forskning och litteratur så även hur organisationer ska vara uppbyggda för att främja arbetet kring medarbetarna. Denna studie är ett bidrag att använda i organisationer för att arbeta med att utveckla medarbetarnas kollektiva lärande om varandra för att förstärka relationiken. Processmetoden som har använts för att skapa kollektivt lärande hos medarbetarna är Attraktivt arbete. Deltagarna har fått utföra metoden och observationer har gjorts på hur deltagarna har agerat under processen. Resultatet visar att för att åstadkomma ett kollektivt lärande behöver deltagarna visa på engagemang och viljan att lära sig om varandra. Genom dialog skapas förutsättningar att förstå varandra. Det är när förståelsen finns om varandra som relationerna stärks och på så vis skapas relationik. / Today's organizations face significant challenges in being competitive with the outside world. Human resources are the organizations most important factor at all survive. For the business to be able to manage and utilize employee skills in the right way, it creates conditions and occasions where relationships can occur. This is something that is discussed in both research and literature as well as how organizations should be structured to encourage work on employees. This study is a contribution to be used in organizations to work to develop employees' collective learning about each other to strengthen relationics. Process method that has been used to create collective learning among employees is attractive work. Participants have been carrying out the method and observations have been made on how the participants have acted during the process. The result shows that to achieve a collective learning requires participants to show the commitment and willingness to learn about each other. Through dialogue creates the conditions to understand each other. That's when the understanding is on another as relations strengthened, and thus created relationic.

Sedan 1990- talet har de offentliga organisationerna genomgått flera stora förändringar som medfört att enhetschefer inom den kommunala verksamheten fått ökat ansvar och befogenheter, vilket gör enhetschefsrollen mer komplext. Rapporter visar på svårigheter att rekrytera och behålla chefer, därför är viktigt att undersöka hur enhetschefens arbete ska kunna utvecklas till ett mer attraktivt arbete. Ett attraktivt arbete skapas genom att ge medarbetarna bra förutsättningar inom arbetsinnehåll, arbetstillfredsställelse, samt arbetsförhållanden. I chefsyrket ingår tre roller varav en är medarbetarrollen som enligt teorin inte är speciellt prioriterad eller synliggjord. Studiens syfte är att identifiera vad som gör enhetschefyrket till ett attraktivt arbete samt hur det kan utvecklas. I studien har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod används för att uppnå en djupare förståelse kring enhetschefernas arbetssituation. Detta har bidragit till att ett hermeneutiska synsätt valts, då vi strävar efter att få en ökad förståelse. Studien genomfördes på Falu kommun, där sex enhetschefer inom omvårdnadsförvaltningen intervjuades. Resultatet visar att enhetscheferna är tillfredsställda med sin arbetssituation och upplever arbetet som attraktivt. Faktorer som varierande, handlingsfrihet, problemlösning, sociala kontakter och delar av erkänsla hör till attraktivitetsfaktorer i yrket. Enhetscheferna beskriver tre utvecklingsområden för att öka attraktiviteten. Det första innefattar ledarskapet i organisationen där brister förekommer inom kommunikation och planering. Andra utvecklingsområdet handlar om arbetstakten genom att individanpassa arbetsgruppernas storlek samt tid för reflektion och återhämtning. Tredje utvecklingsområdet enhetscheferna belyser är bristen på erkänsla från organisationen. Utöver enhetschefernas brister har vi identifierat ytterligare ett utvecklingsområde för att öka attraktiviteten. Under intervjuerna har det framkommit att det råder stor avsaknad av kollegor att "bolla idéer" med vilket i sin tur medför att arbetet upplevs som ensamt. För att motverka ensamheten är chefsgruppshandledning ett alternativ, där reflektion och feedback ingår. Forskningen visar att detta även leder till ökad självkänsla, engagemang. / Since the 1990s, public organizations underwent several major changes that led to unit managers within the municipal activity increased responsibility and authority, making the unit manager role more complex. Reports indicate difficulties in recruiting and retaining managers. Therefore, it is important to examine how the Head of Unit's, work to develop a more attractive job role. An attractive role is created by giving employees good prospects in the job content, job satisfaction and working conditions. The manager’s positon includes three roles of which the employee role of the theory is not especially priority or made visible. The study aims to identify what makes the unit manager’s profession an attractive job, and how it can be developed. In the study, a qualitative research method has been used to achieve a deeper understanding of the Heads of Unit working situation. This has contributed to a hermeneutic approach being chosen, as we strive to get a better understanding of the phenomenon. The study was conducted in the municipality of Falun, where six heads of units in nursing management were interviewed. The result shows that unit managers are satisfied with their work situation and find their work attractive. Factors as diverse as, freedom, problem solving, social contacts, and portions of the recognition belong to the attractive factors. Heads of Unit describe, three development areas to increase the attractiveness. The first relates to the organization as a whole, where weaknesses exist in the communications and planning. Other development area is about the pace of work by personalizing the working groups as well as time for reflection and recuperation. The third development field the unit managers highlight, is the lack of recognition from the organization. Besides the Heads of Unit shortcomings, we have identified a development area to increase the attractiveness. Lack of colleagues to "bounce ideas" means that work is perceived as lonely. To counteract loneliness we can manage group guidance as an alternative, where reflection and feedback is included. The theory indicate that this also leads to increased self-esteem, commitment.

Europos šalių socialinių, politinių, ekonominių ir kultūrinių pokyčių vyksmas ir orientavimasis į rinkos dėsniais pagrįstą ūkį lemia permainas ir mūsų šalies profesinio rengimo sistemoje. Lietuvoje profesinis rengimas tampa viena iš prioritetinės veiklos sričių. Siekiant pagerinti profesinio rengimo kokybę, profesinės mokyklos prestižą, būtina išspręsti vieną iš pagrindinių problemų – sukurti patrauklią aplinką, kuri laiduotų ugdymo kokybę. Šiandien profesinių mokyklų tikslas yra ne tik rengti specialistus, gebančius savarankiškai dirbti konkurencingos rinkos sąlygomis, išsiugdžiusius puikias dvasines, dorovines, kultūrines, pilietines savybes, bet ir sukurti patrauklią, saugią, modernią aplinką, geras ugdymo sąlygas, skatinančias nuoširdžius ir demokratiškus mokytojų ir mokinių santykius. Patrauklios aplinkos kūrimas profesinėje rengimo institucijoje – tai nauja, aktuali, teoriniu ir praktiniu aspektais mažai tyrinėta problema. Šiame darbe moksline prasme nauja tai, kad pateikiamas patrauklios aplinkos kūrimo ir tobulinimo modelis, skirtas profesinio ugdymo proceso įgyvendinimui. Tyrimo objektas: patrauklios profesinio ugdymo aplinkos kūrimas. Tyrimo tikslas: Parengti profesinės mokyklos patrauklios aplinkos kūrimo ir tobulinimo modelį. Tyrimo uždaviniai: išanalizuoti aktualias mokslines teorijas ugdymo ir aplinkos ryšio klausimais; aptarti profesinio ugdymo ir aplinkos sampratas; išanalizuoti profesinio ugdymo aplinką lemiančius veiksnius; ištirti pasirinktos profesinio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The process of social, political, economical, cultural changes and the orientation to the economy based on the laws of the market in European countries causes these changes in the system of the vocational training in our country too. It becomes the aprioristic educational activity in Lithuania. The restoration of the independence, the reform of the educational system in Lithuania stimulated the necessity of taking care of the attraction of our vocational training. The new reform of education, its changes reveal new problems: the interaction between training and its environment. Today it is very important to improve the system of the vocational training. It must correspond to the needs and interests of students, teachers and employers.We must create an attractive environment in order to increase the quality of the vocational training. This problem was discusssed some years ago by many scientists. Today it has become more important creating the model of attrative environment of vocational training and improvement. The goal of the vocational schools is not only to train specialists who will be able to work independently under the competitive conditions of the market having moral, cultural, civic, features, but also to create safe and modern environment, good training conditions stimulating perfect relations between students and teachers.The aim of the research is to create the model of the improvement of such environment in the vocational school. We have carried out the... [to full text]

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Background: Previous studies show that nurse retention is one of the most effective strategies to counteract nursing shortages. Few studies have focused on the crucial resource of registered specialist nurses in operating departments. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to gain knowledge on registered specialist nurses’ and assistant nurses’ work in operating departments and on what factors they consider to be important for attractive work. Methods: In Study I, operating room nurses were interviewed regarding their perspective on their work. In Studies II and III, specialist registered nurses and assistant nurses at operating departments in a Swedish county council responded to the Attractive Work Questionnaire. Study IV is a case study with interviews, a review of organisational goal documents and data concerning the number of planned, acute and cancelled operations. Findings: The adaption of the Attractive Work Questionnaire for nurses in operating departments was satisfying. The most important factors for attractive work were: Relationship, Leadership and Status. The factors with the largest discrepancies between their important to work attractiveness and their rating at the nurses’ current work were: Salary, Organisation and Physical Work Environment. It was important for nurses to be able to prepare for and be in control of the different work tasks. However, the daily operating schedule guided the nurses’ work, and changes in the schedule, nurse shortages and the design of the premises constituted obstacles to their work. Conclusion: The Attractive Work Questionnaire provided specific information to management on what to focus on to make work attractive. The majority of the identified attractive factors are already known to be of importance in nurse retention; however, factors requiring more investigation are Equipment, Physical Work Environment and Location (of the workplace). Their work prerequisites did not enable the specialist and assistant nurses to reach what they saw as their daily goals. Regularly occurring activities, such as acute and cancelled operations, were interpreted as obstacles to reaching daily goals.

This study seeks to examine whether a relation can be found between the number of shoreline exemptions and the development of Umeå municipalities population, or not. The weight of this paper will be focusing on the importance of place attractiveness and social place identity for people’s desires and ambitions to live near a lake or the coast. The policies of planning will also be highlighted in order to receive greater understanding of why people apply for shoreline exemptions. Four semi- structured interviews with planners from Umeå municipality were therefor held with the ambition to complement the quantitative findings of the development of exemptions. The presenting results indicates that an increase of shoreline exemptions can be stated as well as the actions within the exemptions. The population has steadily increased trough out the studied years, 2014-2017. The relation between these findings can be argued have had a similar development, but we cannot be sure to say that they solely affect each other. Therefor the findings will be explained by earlier research regarding residential preferences, the desire to live with water view and planning policies that responds to these factors.

Aspects such as the growing importance of teamwork and the emergence of new organizational schemes based on information and communication technologies highlight the need for understanding the mechanisms that promote effective leadership. In this sense, this paper analyzes the determinants of perceived risk and trust on a team leader. The research consists of two experiments. The first analyzes the influence of working environment—virtual or traditional—on the two dependent variables considered. The second experiment focuses on the virtual environment and analyzes the importance of the inclusion of a photo on the electronic leader’s profile in order to generate trust. Moreover, it analyzes the impact of perceived leader traits (attractive or expert) on the ability to build trust and the perception of risk. It shouldbe noted that these analyzes are contextualized in the initial stage of team development, poorly studied in the literature. Among others, the results reveal the greater difficulty of building trust in virtual environments, as well as the relevance of including graphical information on the profile and that the leader with expert traits has the greatest potential to buildtrust. These results have interesting managerial implications, which are discussed along with the main future research lines and limitations. / Aspectos como la creciente importancia del trabajo en equipo y la aparición de nuevos esquemas organizativos basados en las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de comprender los mecanismos que favorecen un liderazgo eficaz. En este sentido, el presente artículo analiza los determinantes del riesgo percibido y de la confianza hacía el líder de un equipo de trabajo. La investigación consta de dos experimentos. En el primero, se analiza la influencia del entorno de trabajo —virtual o tradicional— sobre las dos variables dependientes consideradas. El segundo experimento centra la atención en el entorno virtual, y analiza la importancia de incluir una imagen del líder en su perfil electrónico de cara a generar confianza. Asimismo, se analiza la incidencia de los rasgos percibidos en el líder (atractivo o experto) sobre la capacidad para generar confianza entre sus subordinados y su percepciónde riesgo. Cabe precisar que estos análisis quedan contextualizados en la etapa inicial de desarrollo del equipo, escasamente estudiada en la literatura previa. Entre otros, los resultados constatan la mayor dificultad de generar confianza en entornos virtuales, así como la importancia de presentar información gráfica en el perfil y que es el líder con rasgos de experto el que mayor capacidad de generar confianza posee. Estos resultados tienen interesantes implicaciones para la gestión, que son discutidas junto con las principales líneas de investigación futuras y limitaciones.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar atrativos adicionados a inseticidas e usados na forma de isca tóxica no controle dos adultos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) determinando as doses adequadas e distâncias de aplicação dessas iscas. Em laboratório, foram testadas diversas iscas, incluindo seletividade, idade e concentração das mesmas, escolha do inseticida e sua melhor dose, determinação da distância dentro da área de aplicação, efeito residual e atratividade a alguns inimigos naturais. A D. saccharalis foi mantida em condições controladas de temperatura (25+1ºC), umidade relativa (60+10%) e fotofase (14 horas). Foi avaliada a sua mortalidade 24 e 48 hs após a exposição às iscas. A seleção e concentração do atrativo e o inseticida foi feita através dos resultados que apresentaram eficiência superior a 80%. Dentre as diferentes concentrações de atrativos e de inseticidas foram obtidas às ideais para cada isca, que foram: ácido acético (2,5%); ácido acético + 3-metil-1-butanol (1,25%); calda de açúcar (20%) e açúcar (2,5%) adicionados ao cloridrato de cartape (2,0; 2,0; 1,5 e 2,0 g i.a. L-1 calda), respectivamente. Em relação ao raio de atratividade, verificou-se que a isca não atrai o adulto a longas distâncias sendo o raio de 50cm, tornando-se necessário aplicar as iscas em área total. Nos resultados obtidos do teste de atratividade aos inimigos naturais (Cotesia flavipes e Doru luteipes) foi verificado que apenas a C. flavipes foi atraída pela isca à base de melaço. Em campo, foi realizado um experimento aplicando a isca tóxica em área total. Os tratamentos foram: ácido acético (285 mL ha-1) + cloridrato de cartape (45 g i.a. ha-1), melaço (1,14L ha-1) + cloridrato de cartape (45 g i.a. ha-1), Bacillus thuringiensis (1L ha-1) + Hygrogen (1L ha-1) e triflumurom (38,4 g i.a. ha-1), este último, visando lagartas do 2º ínstar. Os tratamentos á base de B. thuringiesis e o triflumurom foram empregados como padrão. Os resultados foram analisados em função de amostragem de lagartas que surgiu após as aplicações. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento que mais se destacou foi à base de melaço o qual foi superior ao controle químico triflumurom, inseticida regulador de crescimento, utilizado atualmente principalmente no oeste paulista, onde se encontram altos níveis de infestação da broca. Assim, a isca tóxica a base de melaço se torna mais uma alternativa no controle químico da D. saccharalis. / This work aims to study baits added to insecticides used as toxic baits in the control of moths of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) determining their appropriate doses and distances of application. In laboratory, were tested different baits in terms of selectivity, age and concentration, choice of pesticide and ideal dosage, determining distances within the application area, residual effects and attractiveness to some natural enemies. The D. saccharalis was kept under controlled temperatures (25+1ºC), RH (60+10%) and photophase (14 hours). We evaluated its mortality 24 and 48 hours after exposure to the baits. The selection and concentration of the bait and the pesticide were based on results that presented effiency higher than 80%. Among the different of concentrations of baits and pesticides, we obtained the ideal for each toxic bait as follows: acetic acid (2.5%); acetic acid + 3-methyl-1-butanol (1.25%); gold syrup (20%) and sugar (2.5%) added to cloridrato of cartape (2.0; 2.0; 1.5 and 2.0 g i.a. L-1 solution), respectively. In relation to the distance of application, we observed that the bait does not attract the adult from a distance larger than 50cm, being necessary to spray the baits in the entire area. As for results obtained on the attractiveness to natural enemies (Cotesia flavipes and Doru luteipes), we observed that only the C. flavipes was attracted to molasses baits. In the field, we carried out the spraying of toxic bait in whole area. The treatments were: acetic acid (285mL ha-1) + cloridrato de cartape (45 g i.a. ha-1), molasses (1,14L ha-1) + cloridrato of cartape (45 g i.a. ha-1), Bacillus thuringiensis (1L ha-1) + Hygrogen (1L ha-1) and triflumurom (38,4 g i.a. ha-1), being this last one aimed at caterpillars of the 2nd instar. The treatments based of B. thuringiensis and triflumurom were set up as standard. Results were analyzed regarding the number of caterpillars which appeared after the sprays. Findings showed that the treatment that had better result was based on molasses which was superior than the chemical control with triflumurom, growth regulator pesticide, largely used nowadays mainly in the western of São Paulo state, where there is high level of infestation of sugarcane borer. Thus, the toxic bait based on molasses becomes an alternative to the chemical control of D. saccharalis.