Excessive accumulation of body fat is detrimental to people's health, so it is important to check the amount and distribution of body fat by assessing body composition. Taking into account the importance of assessing body composition and the lack of studies that indicate the most appropriate method to overweight and obesity, this study aims to examine the relationship and the agreement of different methods of assessing body composition to estimate body fat of overweight or obese. The data used in the study group were extracted Kinanthropometry Lab database (Labcine) of the Center for Physical Education and Sports (CEFD) of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), which were selected 78 overweight or obese , 49 women and 29 men between 35 and 68 years old. For the determination of body composition were used the following evaluation methods: anthropometry (weight, height, skinfold thickness and circumferences), bioelectrical impedance and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (reference method). Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study group and the normality of the data was verified by the Kolgomorov-Smirnov test. The difference between the means was verified by paired t test. We used the Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the degree of association between the evaluative methods of body composition and the Bland and Altman test to verify the agreement of the results, adopting a 5% significance level. To carry out the analysis, we used the statistical program SPSS 14.0. / O acúmulo excessivo de gordura corporal acarreta prejuízos à saúde das pessoas, por isso torna-se importante a verificação da quantidade e distribuição da gordura corporal por meio da avaliação da composição corporal. Levando em conta a importância da avaliação da composição corporal e a escassez de estudos que indiquem o método mais adequado para indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesidade, o presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a relação e a concordância de diferentes métodos de avaliação da composição corporal para estimar a gordura corporal de indivíduos com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Os dados utilizados no grupo de estudo foram extraídos do banco de dados do Laboratório de Cineantropometria (Labcine) do Centro de Educação Física e Desportos (CEFD) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), no qual foram selecionados 78 indivíduos com sobrepeso ou obesidade, sendo 49 mulheres e 29 homens, entre 35 e 68 anos de idade. Para a determinação da composição corporal foram utilizados os seguintes métodos avaliativos: antropometria (massa corporal, estatura, dobras cutâneas e perímetros), impedância bioelétrica e absorciometria de raios-X de dupla energia (DXA), sendo este o método de referência. Foi utilizada a estatística descritiva para a caracterização do grupo de estudo e a normalidade dos dados foi verificada por meio do teste de Kolgomorov-Smirnov. A diferença entre as médias foi verificada através do Teste t pareado. Utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para determinar o grau de associação entre os métodos avaliativos da composição corporal e o teste de Bland e Altman para verificar a concordância dos resultados, adotando um nível de significância de 5%. Para a realização das análises, utilizou-se o programa estatístico SPSS 14.0.

Abstract The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity parallels the increase in physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle, and leads to the worsening of cardiorespiratory fitness. Both overweight and physical inactivity are recognised risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but the independent effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity on cardiovascular risk factors remain debated. Lifestyle interventions are the key treatment for overweight and obesity. There are however, limited data from large population-based studies on the efficacy of exercise in modifying cardiovascular risk factors in young adults. Many of the mechanisms underlying the changes in body composition and metabolism achieved by exercise interventions are not well understood. The role of adipokines, and particularly unacylated ghrelin has been proposed in relation to changes in glucose metabolism. Individuals also vary in their response to exercise, which is, at least in part, explained by genetic factors. Improved understanding of the gene-exercise interaction is needed for the development of more targeted intervention strategies. In Finland, military service is compulsory for men. Military service includes large amounts of physical exercise but no dietary restriction. The current study evaluated the health benefits of exercise in young men attending military service in the Sodankylä Jaeger Brigade from 2005 to 2006 (N=1,112, mean age 19.2 years). Changes in endurance and strength performance, body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors and unacylated ghrelin levels were recorded at the beginning and end of the military service (6 to 12 months follow-up). Improvement in cardiometabolic risk factors was observed with improved exercise performance, an association which was attributable to changes in weight and waist circumference. Increase in unacylated ghrelin level was associated with beneficial changes in body composition and fat distribution, as well as in lipid and glucose metabolism. Significant gene-exercise interactions were observed for variants in PPARG, IRS1 and TCF7L2 on changes in weight and/or body composition. This study shows the efficacy of physical activity for the improvement of cardiometabolic health among young men. It shows that unacylated ghrelin plays an important role in the improvement of body composition, and glucose and lipid metabolism achieved by exercise. Finally, the harmful effects of common genetic variants on body composition can be counteracted by improvement in exercise performance. / Tiivistelmä Viimeaikaiset tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että väestötasolla ylipaino ja lihavuus lisääntyvät ja liikunta vähenee. Sekä ylipaino että vähäinen liikunta ovat tunnettuja sydän- ja verisuonitautien, insuliiniresistenssin ja tyypin 2 diabeteksen vaaratekijöitä. Monet interventiotutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että elämäntapamuutokset ovat avainasemassa ylipainon ja lihavuuden hoidossa. Suurista väestöpohjaisista tutkimuksista saatu tieto liikunnan vaikutuksista nuorten aikuisten sydän- ja verisuonitautien vaaratekijöihin, kehonkoostumukseen ja aineenvaihduntaan on kuitenkin vähäistä. Greliinillä on ehdotettu olevan tärkeitä vaikutuksia glukoosiaineenvaihduntaan, mutta greliinin ja liikunnan yhteisvaikutuksista aineenvaihdunnan ja kehon muutoksiin on vain vähän tietoa. Vasteessa liikunta-interventioihin on lisäksi yksilökohtaisia eroja, jotka saattavat ainakin osittain selittyä geneettisillä tekijöillä. Näin ollen lisätieto geenien ja liikunnan välisistä interaktioista on tärkeää uusien, yksilökohtaisten hoitomuotojen kehittämiseksi. Varusmiespalvelus on maassamme pakollinen kaikille miehille, ja siihen sisältyy huomattava määrä liikuntaa ilman merkittäviä muutoksia ruokavaliossa. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin varusmiespalveluksen aikana tapahtuvan liikunnan ja kuntomuutosten terveyshyötyjä. Tutkimusaineiston muodostivat Sodankylän Jääkäriprikaatissa vuonna 2005 palvelukseen astuneet miehet (N=1112, keski-ikä 19.2 vuotta). Muutokset kestävyys- ja lihaskunnossa, kehonkoostumuksessa, sydän- ja verisuonisairauksien vaaratekijöissä, sekä asyloimattoman greliinin plasmatasoissa määritettiin palveluksen alussa ja lopussa (seuranta-aika 6-12 kk). Parantuneen fyysisen suorituskyvyn todettiin vaikuttavan edullisesti sydän- ja verisuonisairauksien vaaratekijöihin, joka liittyi samanaikaiseen painonlaskuun ja keskivartalolihavuuden vähenemiseen. Liikunnan ansiosta asyloimattoman greliinin plasmataso lisääntyi ja se oli yhteydessä edullisiin muutoksiin kehonkoostumuksessa ja rasvanjakautumisessa sekä glukoosi- ja lipidiaineenvaihdunnassa. Tärkeitä geeni-liikunta interaktioita todettiin insuliiniherkkyyttä säätelevien geenien (PPARG, IRS1 ja TCF7L2) vaikutuksissa painon ja/tai kehonkoostumuksen muutoksiin. Tutkimus osoitti liikunnan edullisen vaikutuksen nuorten miesten sydän- ja verisuonitautien vaaratekijöiden tasoihin. Tutkimus osoitti lisäksi, että liikunnan aiheuttamalla lisääntyneen asyloimattoman greliinin pitoisuudella oli edullisia vaikutuksia kehonkoostumukseen sekä glukoosi- ja lipidiaineenvaihduntaan. Myös insuliiniresistenssiä säätelevien geenien epäedullinen vaikutus kehonkoostumukseen väheni parantuneen fyysisen suorituskyvyn myötä.

Title: The level of motor skills, physical fitness and body composition in preschool children Objectives: 1) To find out the current level of selected motor skills, physical fitness and body composition in preschool children. 2) To find out the interrelationship between selected parameters from the area of motor skills, physical fitness and body composition in preschool children. Methods: The main research method was observation - measurement. The research sample included 35 preschool children (4 - 6 years, M 5.8 ± 0.7 y). Motor skills were measured using the MABC-2 test battery and physical fitness using the Unifittest 6-60 test battery. Furthermore, the body composition was evaluated by BMI index and the skinfold thickness. Obtained data were processed in Microsoft Excel 2007, subjected to descriptive statistical procedures and further analyzed by correlations and Cohen's d. Results: The MABC-2 "aiming and catching" subtest level of preschool children exceeded the population average (10.23 ± 2.2). On the contrary, in subtest "balance" children remained below the population average with a result of 9.5 ± 2.6. Overall, the results indicate average level of fundamental motor skills of our experimentee. We didn't find any statistically signifiant relationships between motor skills, physical fitness...

La production de viande à moindre coût nécessite de disposer d’animaux robustes, efficaces, capables de s’adapter aux contraintes d’élevage. Ceci requiert l’évaluation de la capacité de l’animal à constituer et restituer ses réserves énergétiques. Ce travail de thèse a donc pour objectif d’identifier de potentiels biomarqueurs sanguins en lien avec la composition corporelle. Pour cela, deux espèces monogastriques sont étudiées, le porc et le poulet. Au sein de chaque espèce, les animaux de deux lignées génétiques (sélection divergente sur la Consommation Moyenne Journalière Résiduelle chez le porc et sur la proportion de gras abdominal chez le poulet) ont reçu des régimes alimentaires contrastés (riches en lipides et en fibres vs. riches en amidon) mais isoprotéiques et isoénergétiques. Les paramètres plasmatiques et le transcriptome du sang ont été étudiés en réponse à ces régimes alimentaires.Les métabolites et hormones plasmatiques sont affectés par le régime chez le porc alors que ces paramètres sont affectés par le régime et la lignée chez le poulet. L’analyse du métabolome associée aux mesures ciblées des concentrations en métabolites et hormones montre que l’association de plusieurs paramètres sanguins explique entre 37 et 75% de la variabilité de la masse adipeuse chez le porc ou le poulet. Pour les deux espèces, le transcriptome du sang est plus affecté par la lignée génétique que par le régime alimentaire. Les porcs et les poulets nourris avec un régime riche en lipides et en fibres, surexpriment le gène codant la forme hépatique d’une enzyme mitochondriale : CP / Meat production at a lower cost requires robust and efficient animals able to adapt to different rearing conditions. This requires assessing animal’s abilities to store and restore its energy reserves. The objective of the current thesis was to identify potential blood markers of body composition. Two monogastric species were studied, pig and chicken. For each species, animals of two genetic lines (divergent selection on Residual Feed Intake in pigs and abdominal fat proportion in chicken) received two diets contrasted in energy sources (high vegetable oils and fibers vs. rich in starch) but isoproteic and isoenergetic. Plasma parameters and the blood transcriptome were studied in response to those diets.Plasma metabolites and hormones were affected by the diet in pigs whereas those parameters were affected by the diet and the genetic lines in chickens. Metabolome analysis, associated with targeted measurement of metabolites and hormones concentrations, shows that the combination of several blood parameters explained between 37 and 75% of the variability of body fat in pig or chicken. For both species, the blood transcriptome was more affected by the line than by the diet. Pigs and chickens fed a diet rich in lipids and fibers, overexpressed the gene encoding the hepatic form of a mitochondrial enzyme: CPT1A. In summary, this work supports the potential use of blood transcriptome to study variations of phenotypes in a dynamic way throughout the life of the animal and to highlight biomarkers for future selection process.

Abstract Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of obesity-related cardiometabolic risk factors. It predicts the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, which are major public health concerns. Visceral obesity and insulin resistance are the predominant underlying factors of MetS, other diagnostic components being elevated blood pressure, high triglycerides, and low HDL-cholesterol. The most important treatment of MetS is through lifestyle changes. There are limited data concerning the prevalence of MetS among young populations. Furthermore, even though the effects of physical activity on MetS components are well established at an individual basis and in some subpopulations, large population-based data about associations of young men’s fitness and MetS-related cardiometabolic risk factor changes are warranted. In Finland, military service is compulsory for males. In 2005, 1,160 young men (mean age 19.2 years, range 18–28 years) were followed throughout their military service (6–12 months) in the Sodankylä Jaeger Brigade. The military service period includes high amounts of physical exercise, but no dietary restrictions. Physical fitness, anthropometrics, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed at the beginning and at the end of military service. Among the entire study population, the prevalence of MetS was 3.5–6.8 %, depending on the definition used, and increased in parallel with an increasing body mass index. On the average, the military training period resulted in a decrease in body weight and amount of fat tissue, especially visceral fat, and improved physical fitness. Body composition and fitness improvements were more pronounced in overweight and obese service men. Beneficial changes in body composition and related cardiovascular risk factor improvements were associated with increased physical fitness, especially aerobic fitness. This study indicates that an improvement in physical fitness is related to improvements in body fat distribution and cardiovascular health at population level in young men. This is an age when co-morbidities are usually as yet non-existing, but might be most efficiently prevented by lifestyle changes, such as becoming physically active. / Tiivistelmä Metabolinen oireyhtymä on tyypin 2 diabeteksen ja valtimosairauksien riskitekijäryväs. Sen osatekijöitä vyötärölihavuuden lisäksi ovat kohonnut verenpaine, insuliiniresistenssi, korkea veren triglyseridipitoisuus ja HDL-kolesterolin pitoisuus. Viime vuosina metabolinen oireyhtymä on yleistynyt lihavuuden lisääntymisen myötä. Lihavuuden ja sen liitännäissairauksien tärkeimpiä hoitokeinoja ovat laihtumiseen tähtäävät elintapamuutokset. Liikunnan tiedetään johtavan edullisiin kehonkoostumusmuutoksiin sekä kardiovaskulaaririskitekijöiden parantumiseen. Laajat väestötason tutkimukset nuorten aikuisten kunnon ja varhaisten valtimosairausriskitekijöitten muutosten välisistä yhteyksistä kuitenkin puuttuvat. Varusmiespalvelus tarjoaa ainutlaatuisen mahdollisuuden tarkastella nuoria miehiä laajassa, lähes valikoitumattomassa väestöotoksessa, sillä Suomessa varusmiespalvelus on pakollinen kaikille miehille. Vuonna 2005 1160 miestä (keski-ikä 19,2 vuotta, vaihteluväli 18–28 vuotta) astui palvelukseen Sodankylän jääkäriprikaatissa. Kehonkoostumus, fyysinen kunto, antropometria sekä veren rasva-arvot mitattiin varusmiespalveluksen (6–12 kk) alussa ja lopussa. Metabolisen oireyhtymän vallitsevuus oli 3,5–6,8 % käytetystä määritelmästä riippuen. Se oli yleisempi korkeimmissa painoindeksiluokissa. Keskimäärin koko aineistossa varusmiesten paino laski, kehon rasvan määrä väheni ja kunto parani palvelusaikana. Edulliset muutokset fyysisessä kunnossa ja kehon koostumuksessa korostuivat ylipainoisilla ja lihavilla varusmiehillä. Nämä muutokset, erityisesti painon ja sisälmysrasvan väheneminen, olivat yhteydessä kestävyyskunnon paranemiseen. Vastaavasti kardiovaskulaaririskitekijöiden edulliset muutokset olivat yhteydessä erityisesti kestävyyskunnon paranemiseen ja vyötärölihavuuden vähenemiseen. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan todeta, että nuorten miesten valtimosairauksien riskitekijöiden muutos on yhteydessä fyysisen kunnon nousuun. Nuoret miehet tulee saada lisäämään vapaa-ajan liikuntaa myös siviilielämässä. Keski-iässä yleistyvät valtimosairaudet ja diabetes voisivat olla huomattavissa määrin torjuttavissa vaikuttamalla nuorten miesten liikuntatottumuksiin.

Rates of obesity (OB) are escalating among Canadian children and youth and the obesogenic environment is likely to cause further increases. An important aspect in providing clinical care to OB children is to have accurate assessment measures, particularly of their body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness. This project entails three interrelated projects aiming to develop novel cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition measurement techniques for an OB pediatric population. The purpose of the first project was to validate a new submaximal fitness protocol specifically geared towards OB children and youth. The second objective of this thesis involved assessing cardiorespiratory efficiency utilizing the Oxygen Uptake efficiency slope. The purpose of the third project was to determine the validity of a half-body scan methodology for measuring body composition in obese children and youth. The goal of developing these novel measurement techniques is improved design and evaluation of interventions aimed at managing pediatric obesity.

Introdução. A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é caracterizada por exacerbação da atividade nervosa simpática muscular (ANSM), baixa tolerância ao esforço e dispneia. Além disso, é característico nessa população o desequilíbrio entre o anabolismo e catabolismo, favorecendo dessa maneira uma acentuada perda da massa magra muscular, o que agrava ainda mais a qualidade de vida nos pacientes com IC. Dentre as alterações anabólicas observadas na IC avançada destaca-se a diminuição dos hormônios GH, IGF-1 e testosterona. A testosterona, um importante hormônio para as características masculinizantes e na manutenção da massa muscular, apresenta acentuada redução com o avançar da doença. Esta perda da massa magra, leva ao processo de caquexia muscular e consequente atrofia, com diminuição da força e da capacidade funcional do paciente com IC. A reposição de testosterona nesses pacientes tem sido estudada e se mostra uma importante terapêutica para melhorar a capacidade funcional e força muscular. Porém, não se conhece claramente o papel deste tratamento medicamentoso sobre o processo anabólico muscular, bem como na melhora da composição corporal. O exercício físico como tratamento não medicamentoso tem sido amplamente recomendado na IC por reduzir a ANSM, melhorar o fluxo sanguíneo periférico, aumentar a força muscular e melhorar a qualidade de vida. Entretanto, a combinação das estratégias do exercício físico associado à terapia de reposição de testosterona, não é conhecido em pacientes com IC. Métodos. 24 pacientes com IC foram randomizados em 3 grupos: Treinamento (TR, n=9), Testosterona (T, n=8) e Treino+Testosterona (TRT, n=7). A ANSM foi avaliada pela técnica de Microneurografia. O fluxo sanguíneo do antebraço foi avaliado pela pletismografia de oclusão venosa. A composição corporal foi avaliada pela densitometria (DEXA). A biópsia do músculo vasto-lateral foi feita para avaliarmos a área de secção transversa da fibra e a tipagem de fibras musculares. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo questionário de Minnesota. O treinamento físico aeróbio em bicicleta foi realizado 3 vezes por semana, com 40 minutos de exercício por sessão, pelo período de 4 meses. A reposição de testosterona foi realizada pela administração intramuscular de undecilato de testosterona pelo período de 4 meses. Resultados. Após 4 meses de intervenção, observamos restauração dos níveis de testosterona em todos os grupos. A ANSM reduziu nos grupos TR e TRT. Não houve aumento do fluxo sanguíneo entre os grupos. O consumo de oxigênio aumentou em todos os grupos, porém apenas o grupo TRT aumentou a potência máxima ao exercício. A massa magra apresentou aumento significativo apenas no grupo TRT. Não observamos mudança no conteúdo mineral ósseo entre os grupos. Apenas o grupo TRT aumentou de maneira significativa a área de secção transversa das fibras tipo I (oxidativas). A qualidade de vida melhorou apenas nos grupos TR e TRT. Conclusões. O exercício físico associado à terapia de reposição de testosterona se mostrou mais eficaz em reduzir a ANSM, aumentar a capacidade funcional, a força muscular, a massa magra com um importante aumento das fibras do tipo I. Nossos resultados enfatizam a importância do exercício físico em pacientes com IC e traz uma nova perspectiva com a associação da testosterona para pacientes com hipogonadismo / Introduction. Heart failure (HF) is characterized by exacerbation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), exercise intolerance and dyspnea. Furthermore, is characteristic in this population the imbalance between anabolism and catabolism which lead to loss of skeletal muscle mass worsening quality of life in HF patients. Prior studies have demonstrated decrease in anabolic hormones such as GH, IGF-1 and testosterone. Testosterone, an important hormone for masculinization feature and maintenance of muscle mass, shows sharp decline in advanced HF. Loss muscle mass leads to cachexia and atrophy which decrease strength and functional capacity in HF patients. Testosterone replacement in these patients has been studied and shows an important therapeutic to enhance functional capacity and muscle strength. However it is not known the role of this medical treatment on muscle anabolic process as well as on body composition. Physical exercise as a non-medication treatment has been widely recommended to reduce MSNA, enhance peripheral blood flow, increase muscle strength and improve quality of life. However, the combination of the strategies of physical exercise associated with testosterone replacement therapy is not known in HF patients. Methods. 24 HF patients were randomized in 3 groups: Training (TR, n=9), Testosterone (T, n=8) and Training+Testosterone (TRT, n=7). MSNA was recorded by microneurography technic. Forearm blood flow was evaluated by venous occlusion plethysmography. Body composition was measured by densitometry (DEXA). Muscle biopsy was done in vastus lateralis to evaluate the cross-sectional area and type of fibers. Quality of life was assessed by Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire. Aerobic exercise training on a bicycle was performed 3 times per week, with 40 minutes of exercise per session, for a period of 4 months. Testosterone replacement was performed by intramuscular administration of testosterone undecylate for a period of 4 months. Results. After 4 months testosterone levels were restored in all groups. MSNA decreased in TR and TRT groups. There was no increase in blood flow between groups. Oxygen consumption increased in all groups, but only the TRT group showed increase in maximum power to exercise. Lean body mass increased significantly only in the TRT group. We did not observe changes in bone mineral content between groups. Only TRT group significantly increased the cross-sectional area of type I fibers (oxidative). The quality of life improved only in TR and TRT groups. Conclusions. Exercise training associated with testosterone replacement therapy was more effective in reducing MSNA, increase functional capacity, muscle strength, lean mass with a significant increase in type I fibers. Our results emphasize the importance of physical exercise in patients with HF and bring a new perspective to association testosterone for patients with hypogonadism

Quarenta vacas lactantes e não gestantes, com idade aproximada de quatro anos e seus respectivos bezerros foram distribuídos em blocos, de acordo com a data do parto, e avaliadas dos 15 aos 180 dias de lactação. As vacas pertenciam a quatro grupos genéticos: 10 da raça Nelore (NE) com bezerros de touros Nelore; e 10 Canchim x Nelore (CN), 10 Angus x Nelore (AN) e 10 Simental x Nelore (SN) com bezerros filhos de touros da raça Canchim. As vacas cruzadas e as Nelore eram de origem do mesmo rebanho Nelore. As vacas foram alimentadas com uma única dieta peletizada contendo 50% de feno (15% de alfafa e 35% de Coastcross) e 50% de concentrado, com 16,1% PB e 2,24 Mcal EM, com base na MS. A quantidade de alimento fornecida foi ajustada a cada 14 dias para que o peso vivo em jejum (PVj) e o escore de condição corporal (ECC) da vaca ficassem inalterados. O PVj e ECC para as vacas NE, CN, AN e SN foram: 430 e 4,7; 449 e 4,8; 496 e 5,0; 507 e 5,1; respectivamente. Os bezerros receberam a mesma dieta a partir dos 40 dias de idade. A produção de leite das vacas foi determinada pelo método de pesagem dos bezerros antes e após a mamada aos 52, 66, 94, 122 e 178 dias de lactação, em média. Foi realizada ordenha manual aos 80 e 150 dias, para se estimar a composição do leite. As vacas NE consumiram menos energia metabolizável (19,7 Mcal/d; P<0,05) do que as vacas CN (20,6 Mcal/d), AN (23,1 Mcal/d) e SN (23,7 Mcal/d), valores positivamente correlacionados à produção de leite (P<0,05). Bezerros Nelore apresentaram menor peso ao desmame (P<0,05) do que os bezerros ¾Canchim¼Nelore (¾C¼N), ½Canchim¼Angus¼Nelore (½C¼A¼N) e ½Canchim¼Simental¼Nelore (½C¼S¼N) (165,8 vs. 205,5; 216,4 e 215,4 kg, respectivamente). Associado ao menor ganho de peso durante o aleitamento, os bezerros Nelore apresentaram menor (P<0,05) ingestão de energia metabolizável (Mcal de leite + Mcal de ração). Os bezerros foram abatidos ao desmame e a composição química do corpo vazio estimada utilizando a 9- 10- 11a costelas. A energia no corpo vazio foi maior (P<0,05) para os bezerros ½C¼A¼N (462,6 Mcal) em relação aos ¾C¼N (384,0 Mcal) e Nelore (321,8 Mcal); a quantidade de energia no corpo vazio para os bezerros ½C¼S¼N foi intermediária; 429,8 Mcal. A eficiência energética da unidade vaca/bezerro foi maior (P<0,05) para o grupo materno AN (124,4 kcal de bezerro desmamado/Mcal EM ingerida por vaca e bezerro) comparada ao par NE/Nelore (95,8 kcal/Mcal). Os pares Canchim e Simental foram intermediários, 105,2 e 107,0 kcal/Mcal, respectivamente. Portanto, a maior energia no corpo vazio e maior ganho de peso dos bezerros ½C¼A¼N mais do que compensou a ingestão mais elevada de energia metabolizável da unidade vaca/bezerro em comparação ao Nelore. Pode-se considerar que para as condições estabelecidas neste experimento, cujo delineamento não apresentava limitação nutricional, o cruzamento melhorou a eficiência da vaca, quando considerada a proporção de energia total consumida que foi depositada nos bezerros. Entretanto, não houve avaliação de parâmetros reprodutivos, e o menor consumo e exigência de MS e EM estabelecido para a vaca Nelore sugere que em ambiente nutricional desfavorável este genótipo poderia apresentar melhor produtividade. / Forty mature, lactating and non-pregnant cows (10 Nellore – NL; 10 Canchim x Nellore – CN; 10 Angus x Nellore – AN; and 10 Simmental x Nellore – SN) were randomized in blocks by calving date. Calves out of crossbred cows were sired by Canchim bulls, while calves out of NL cows were sired by Nellore bulls. Cows were individually fed from postpartum to weaning (15-180 d) a pelleted diet made of 50% hay (15% alfalfa and 35% Coastcross) and 50% concentrate. Diet had 16.1% CP and 2.24 Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME) on a DM basis. Amount offered to each individual cow was adjusted every 14 days to maintain shrunk body weight (SBW) and body condition score (BCS). SBW and BCS were 430 and 4.7, 449 and 4.8, 496 and 5.0, and 507 and 5.1 for NL, CN, AN and SN, respectively. At 40 days of age calves had access to the same diet of their dams ad libitum. Milk yields were determined at 52, 66, 94, 122 and 178 days postpartum by weighting calves before and after suckling. Cows were milked at 80 and 150 days postpartum and the samples analyzed for fat, protein, and lactose. Daily ME intake by NL cows (19.7 Mcal/d) was lower (P<0.05) compared to CN (20.6Mcal/d), AN (23.1 Mcal/d) and SN (23.7 Mcal/d). These results were positively correlated with milk yield (P<0.05). Nellore calves had lower weaning weight than crossbreds (P<0.05): 165.8 vs. 205.5 for ¾Canchim¼Nellore (¾C¼N), 216.4 for ½Canchim¼Angus¼Nellore (½C¼A¼N) and 215.4 kg for ½Canchim¼Simmental¼Nellore (½C¼S¼N). In association with the lowest weight gain, Nellore calves had lower (P<0.05) metabolizable energy intake (ME from milk plus ration, Mcal). Calves were slaughtered at weaning and body composition estimated using the 9-10-11th rib section. Body energy at weaning (Mcal) was higher (P<0.05) for ½C¼A¼N than ¾C¼N and Nellore calves: 462.6 vs. 384.0 and 321.8 Mcal, respectively. Calves ½C¼S¼N had intermediate body energy at weaning: 429.8 Mcal. Cow/calf energetic efficiency was higher (P<0.05) for AN compared to NL cow/calf pairs: 124.4 vs. 95.8 kcal deposited/Mcal of ME consumed by cow and calf. Results for Canchim and Simmental were intermediate: 105.2 and 107.0 kcal/Mcal, respectively. The higher ME intakes by Angus cow/calf pairs were more than compensated by the higher energy retention and body weight gain compared to NL. In an unrestricted nutritional setting, crossbreeding improved cow efficiency as measured by body energy/total feed energy input to cow and calf. Reproduction was not evaluated, and the lower intakes and daily energy requirements demonstrated for Nellore could be beneficial in a nutritionally limited environment.

In a cross-sectional study of 54 patients with adolescence-onset hypogonadism (33 females, 21 males; age range: 19–40 years), medical care, quality of life, and health status were assessed. Most patients had received adequate medical care with short cumulative periods of interruption of hormone replacement. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 27% in females and 19% in males. In comparison to the general population, females had both a lower bone mineral density (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, Z-score = −0.8, p < 0.001) and a higher prevalence of obesity (age 19–29 years: study population 35%, general population 4%). The body fat percentage (dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry) was significantly elevated (age 19–29 years: females Z-score = +1.8, p < 0.001, males Z-score = +2.4, p = 0.001). Quality of life (SF-36) was normal. Despite adequate treatment, patients with early-onset hypogonadism are prone to develop signs and symptoms consistent with inadequate hormone replacement. A successful transition from pediatric to adult medicine seems important to optimize treatment outcomes.

Title: Effect of physical activity Nordic Walking on body composition and cardiorespiratory parameters in individuals after kidney transplantation and dialysis individual. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of physical activity Nordic Walking on body composition and cardiorespiratory parameters in individuals after kidney transplantation and dialysis individual. Method: This thesis has been prepared in the form of a qualitative case study. The study involved 9 probands at the beginning, but only 5 probands completed the study. It was done the input examination before the intervention. The intervention was made from 20 lessons of Nordic Walking which should take 60 minutes each of them. Then were probands tested again like the output examination. During these both examination were measured specific values of body composition, anthropometric values (height, weight, age, circuit level), as well as the distribution of muscle and fat mass in the body, the value of physical fitness, respectively. cardiorespiratory parameters of the individual, for which was used the spiroergometric test within a modified Balke's walking test. For to detect the quality of life was used before and after intervention standardized questionnaire assessing quality of life WHOQOL-BREF. Last but not...