Global ETD Search

51	Microcirculation, Mucus and Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Schreiber, Olof January 2010 (has links) Inflammatory bowel diseases, (IBD), are a group of chronic disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract, and include Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). The pathogenesis is not known, but involves at least in part a loss of tolerance towards the commensal colonic microbiota. In this thesis, we show in animal models of CD and UC that the colonic mucosal blood flow increased compared to healthy animals. This blood flow increase is due to an up regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Further, we show in the UC model that the thickness of the firmly adherent colonic mucus layer increased compared to healthy animals. This increase is due to an up regulation of inducible NOS in the epithelium. Both the blood flow and mucus thickness increase appear to be protective mechanisms. We demonstrate that the firmly adherent colonic mucus layer acts as a partial barrier towards luminal bacteria. In the UC model, this barrier is destroyed, causing increased bacterial translocation. The adhesion molecule P-selectin was up regulated in the UC model, leading to increased interactions between leukocytes and the endothelium, but also increased interactions between platelets and the endothelium. This indicates that not only leukocytes, but also platelets are involved in colonic inflammation. The addition of the probiotic bacterial strain Lactobacillus reuteri prevented disease by normalizing P-selectin levels and endothelial interactions with leukocytes and platelets. Lactobacillus reuteri also decreased bacterial translocation over the epithelium. In summary, this thesis highlights the importance of colonic barrier functions, and investigates the role of the microbiota in experimental IBD. inflammatory bowel diseases experimental colitis DSS TNBS colonic mucosal blood flow laser-doppler flowmetry colonic mucus thickness MUC2 colonic mucosal barrier function iNOS eNOS probiotics Lactobacilli Lactobacillus reuteri colonic microbiota T-RFLP bacterial translocation intravital microscopy P-selectin leukocyte recruitment platelet recruitment Physiology Fysiologi
52	Giardia duodenalis - epithelial interaction and barrier function Kraft, Martin Rolf 28 January 2020 (has links) Die Durchfallerkrankung Giardiasis wird durch den Protisten Giardia duodenalis ausgelöst. Die Infektion erfolgt fäkal-oral, meist über kontaminiertes Trinkwasser. Der Parasit kolonisiert den oberen Bereich des Dünndarms und heftt sich an das Epithel, wodurch es die Krankheitsbeschwerden auslöst. Allerdings sind Details über die Mechanismen der Pathogenese unbekannt. Dazu kommt, dass der Ausgang einer Infektion fallspezifisch starken Schwankungen unterworfen ist, von selbst-limitierend bis chronisch und asymptomatischer Kolonisierung bis hin zur schweren Enteritis. Ein möglicher Pathomechanismus ist der Wegfall der Barrierefunktion des Dünndarmepithels, z.B. durch Beeinträchtigung von tight junctions oder Zelltod. In dieser Arbeit wurden Effekte von G. duodenalis auf in vitro Modellsysteme des humanen Dünndarmepithels untersucht. Dazu wurden hauptsächlich Daten über die Barrierefunktion sowohl von der weit verbreiteten Caco-2 Zelllinie, als auch über ein neu etabliertes humanes Dünndarmorganoidsystem, erhoben. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mehrere - mitunter in der Literatur als hochvirulent beschriebene - G. duodenalis Isolate zu keinerlei Beeinträchtigung der Barrierefunktion oder irgendeiner anderen untersuchten potenziellen Schädigung an zwei unterschiedlichen Caco-2 Zelllinien unter diversen Infektions- und Kulturbedingungen führte. Jedoch andererseits das neu entwickelte Dünndarmorganoidsystem mit pseudo-luminalem Medium TYI S 33 reproduzierbar die Zerstörung des Epithelmodells mit Zellverlust, Zelltod (apoptotisch und nicht-apoptotisch), Störung der tight junctions (Abbau und Dislokation von Claudinen und ZO-1) und den Verlust von Mikrovilli innerhalb ein bis zwei Tage nach Parasiteninfektion zeigen konnte. Zudem wurde das Auftauchen von ClCa-1-Signalen unter andauerndem Infektionsstress beobachtet, was die Differenzierung bzw. Metaplasie zu Becherzellen nahelegt, jedoch keine Wirtsreaktion auf die Gewebszerstörung zu sein scheint. / The protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis is the etiological agent for the intestinal diarrheal disease giardiasis. Infections are acquired via the fecal-oral route, mostly via uptake of cysts from contaminated drinking water. The colonization of the hosts’ duodenum and upper jejunum and the attachment of Giardia trophozoites onto the epithelium is the cause of a variety of gastrointestinal complaints but the exact pathomechanisms are unknown. Furthermore, the outcome of Giardia infections varies greatly between individuals, ranging from self-limiting to chronic, and asymptomatic to severe enteritis. One proposed mechanism for the pathogenesis is the breakdown of intestinal barrier function, e.g. by tight junction impairment or induction of cell death. In this work, effects of G. duodenalis on in vitro models of the human small intestinal epithelium were investigated by studying mainly barrier-related properties and changes of widely used Caco-2 cells as well as newly established human small intestinal organoid-derived monolayers (ODMs). It could be shown that several isolates of G. duodenalis, some described as highly virulent, fail to induce barrier dysfunction or any other investigated pathological effect on two Caco-2 cell lines under various infection and culturing conditions. On the other side, by developing a new organoid-based model system and the use of luminal mock medium TYI-S-33, considerable epithelial disruption (including loss of cells), cell death (apoptosis and non-apoptotic), tight junction impairment (degradation and dislocation of claudins and ZO-1), and microvilli depletion reproducibly induced by G. duodenalis trophozoites between one and two days after infection could be observed. Moreover, emergence of ClCa-1 positive cells with ongoing parasite infections suggest epithelial differentiation or metaplasia towards goblet cells, which is furthermore not associated to tissue damage. Giardia Organoid Caco-2 Epithel Barrierefunktion TEER ODM Monolayer Duodenum Wirt-Pathogen Interaktion ClCa-1 Giardia Organoid Spheroid Caco-2 Epithelium TEER ODM Barrier function Host-pathogen interaction Monolayer Duodenum tight junction ClCa-1 570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie YD 9204 ddc:570
53	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology
54	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology

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