There is a paucity of research regarding language use among bilingual clients, particularly with Latino children. In order to provide culturally sensitive counseling for bilingual, Spanish-speaking, Latino children it is important to understand their experience of language use. The purpose of this study was to investigate how second generation, bilingual, Mexican American, 5th grade students experience language use in the two languages with which they communicate. I employed a phenomenological method to data collection and analysis and conducted semi-structured individual and group interviews with three boys and five girls (N = 8). Analysis of the individual and group interviews yielded four main structures: (a) dominant language determined perception of developing dual selves, (b) speaking two languages useful in language brokering and upward mobility, (c) dominant language determined experience of language use, and (d) language use and aspects of the complementarity principle. Findings from this study suggest that bilingual Latino children experience language brokering for their parents as difficult, speaking two languages as useful regarding upward mobility, and that their dominant language influences various aspects of their daily experiences such as with whom and where they use each language. Limitations to this research include insufficient time building rapport with participants and challenges related to unexplored dimensions of bilingualism in the counseling research literature. An overarching implication for future research, clinical practice, and counselor education is that bilingualism, language use, and the depth of experience of Latino children are largely understudied topics.

The aim of this study is to investigate crosslinguistic influence in the Arabic language of Iraqi Arabic-Swedish bilingual children (5-7) who live in Sweden. The scope is to study lexical, morphological and syntactic uses in the children’s speech that do not belong to the Iraqi Arabic variety (IAV). The used research method was interview method that has been applied in a descriptive framework without any normative evaluations. The interviews were based on a series of narrative pictures that had already been designed for the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN). The primary material is a corpus which totals 164 recorded minutes that were obtained from twelve Iraqi Arabic-Swedish bilingual children who are 5-7 years old. The secondary material was sociolinguistic background information that was obtained from the children’s parents by using a questionnaire. The results revealed the following main points: (1) Most of the children’s linguistic uses that did not belong to IAV occurred mainly on the lexical level, less on the morphological level and least on the syntactic level. (2) Not all linguistic uses that do not belong to the IAV indicate a crosslinguistic influence in the children’s language development, because some of these uses occur occasionally. (3) Many linguistic uses that do not belong to the IAV were related to Modern standard Arabic (MSA), other Arabic varieties and Swedish, but some of them, e.g. morphological observations, were not related to a specific language. (4) Diglossia and bilingualism have led to different crosslinguistic influences on the children’s speech. Diglossia has led to lexical influence and bilingualism has led to lexical and syntactic influence. (5) The combination of diglossia and bilingualism can increase the crosslinguistic influence on the bilingual children compared to other bilingual children that do not experience this combination of both phenomena. (6) The fact that the children use MSA spontaneously along with their mother tongue shows that they learn MSA before they start school. (7) Use of other Arabic varieties by the children along with their mother tongue can bring these different Arabic varieties closer to the IAV and may also create a mixed variety in the future, if there is continuous and intensive language contact. (8) The results indicate the possible types of language acquisition for all children’s languages/varieties but without normative evaluation as the following: IAV as L1 (first language/mother tongue), Swedish as L1 or ESLA (early second language acquisition), MSA as ESLA or L2, and other Arabic varieties as ESLA or L2.

The Hispanic population within the United States has grown to a considerable amount. The state of Florida’s population is 25% Hispanic, with projected estimates of this population continuing to grow in the coming years (Ortman & Shin, 2011). Statistics show that 28.3% of the state’s population, over the age of five, speak a language other than English at home. With this considerable number of Spanish-speakers comes the responsibility to adjust certain educational practices to best meet their needs. Literacy is an essential part of learning, and therefore assessing early literacy is an essential part to any child’s academic development. Phonological awareness is the ability to manipulate and identify the phonological segments of a word (Blachman, Tangel, Ball, Black & Mcgraw, 1999). It is a strong predictor for early literacy abilities (Bradley & Bryant, 1983, Kozminsky & Kozminsky, 1995, Vandervelden & Siegel 1997). This relationship between phonological awareness and early literacy exists within the English language, and also within many other alphabetic languages such as Spanish (Anthony, Williams, McDonald, Corbitt-Shindler, Carlson, & Francis, 2006). Therefore, phonological awareness shares an important relationship to early literacy abilities for both English and Spanish speakers. There are many morphological, phonological, syntactical, and lexical subtleties that exist between varied dialects of the Spanish language. Vocabulary and lexicon use has been shown to positively influence phonological awareness skills in young children. Dialectical classifications of the participants were determined through use of different dialect specific vocabulary word list in the Linguistic and Cultural Background Survey. This study sought to evaluate whether dialectical differences among young Spanish-English bilinguals were associated with performance on measures of phonological awareness and reading. Twelve participants (children ages 3.17 years to 7.5 years and their parents participated in the study. Children completed a short form of the dynamic assessment of phonological awareness in Spanish (Loreti, 2015), the Letter-Word Identification of the Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey-Revised (WMLS-R; Woodcock et al., 2005), the Elision, Rapid Automatic Naming, and Letter Name/Letter Sound subtests from the Test of Phonological Sensitivity in Spanish (TOPSS; Brea et al., 2003) and the Preschool Language Scales, Fifth Edition Spanish Screening Test (PLS-5; Zimmerman et al., 2011). Parents completed a Linguistic and Cultural Background Survey designed to identify potential dialectical differences among the children. Results from the Linguistic and Cultural Background Survey indicated that all participants used the dialect consistent with Central America, and six additionally used lexical features of dialects outside of Central America. Consequently, children were categorized into either a Central group or a Central Plus group. The Central group indicated the use of words specific to the Central American dialect of Spanish. The Central Plus group indicated use of Central American dialect specific words, as well as words specific to Standard and Caribbean dialects of Spanish. These two groups were compared on the assessments of phonological awareness and early literacy. The results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences on any of the assessments between the dialect groups. Although the comparisons on the measures of Letter Word Identification Subtest and Letter Name Letter Sound subtest demonstrated medium effect sizes in favor of the Central plus another dialect group, and Rapid Automatic Naming demonstrated a medium effect in favor of the Central only group. Further investigation is needed to demonstrate these medium effects to a greater extent.

Många barn i Sverige växer idag upp med fler språk än ett. Detta gör att logopeder behöver kunskap om normal språkutveckling hos flerspråkiga, för att kunna skilja denna från språkstörning och därmed minska risken att över- och underdiagnostisera flerspråkiga med en sådan diagnos. Syftet med denna studie var därför att undersöka vilka skillnader som föreligger mellan enspråkiga och flerspråkiga barns berättande, med särskilt fokus på barnens ordförråd. Fem flerspråkiga barn i femårsåldern som talade svenska och engelska testades med Buss-sagan (BST) och Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), och jämfördes med en kontrollgrupp bestående av sex enspråkigt svensktalande barn. De flerspråkiga testades på både svenska och engelska och jämförelser gjordes såväl kvantitativt som kvalitativt inom och mellan grupperna. Inga statistiskt signifikanta skillnader kunde uppmätas på BST eller PPVT. På samtliga uppmätta parametrar märktes dock en variation inom den flerspråkiga gruppen som var större än inom den enspråkiga. En kvalitativ bearbetning visade att enspråkigas berättelser oftast var kortare men mer korrekta med avseende på exempelvis ordval. En måttlig positiv korrelation (r=0,49) nära statistisk signifikans (p=0,054) fanns mellan resultaten på BST och PPVT, vilket indikerar ett samband mellan ordförråd och förmågan att återge Buss-sagan korrekt. Slutsatsen man kan dra är att flerspråkiga som grupp är väldigt heterogen samt att ordförråd är en språklig hörnsten som får genomslag på andra språkliga förmågor, exempelvis narrativ sådan. / Many children in Sweden grow up speaking more than one language. This demands that Speech-Language Pathologists are knowledgeable about normal bilingual language development to be able to distinguish bilinguals with typical language development from those with language impairment, thereby lessening the risk of bilingual children being given the wrong diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate which differences there are between monolingual and bilingual children’s narratives, with extra focus on their vocabulary. Five bilingual children, five years of age, speaking Swedish and English were tested with the Bus Story Test (BST) and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), and were compared to a control group of six monolingual Swedish speaking children. The bilingual children were tested in both languages, comparisons were made quantitatively as well as qualitatively within and between groups. No statisticially significant differences were found in neither BST or PPVT, however, a larger variation were present on all parameters studied in the bilingual group than in the monolingual group. A qualitative analysis showed that the monolingual children’s narratives generally were shorter but more correct regarding for instance word choice. A moderate positive correlation (r=0,49), near statistical significancy (p=0,054), were found between the results of PPVT and BST, indicating that there is a connection between vocabulary and the ability to be able to retail the content of the Bus Story correctly. Implications that can be drawn from this study is that bilinguals are heterogenous at group level when looking at language abilities. Another conclusion is that vocabulary is a linguistic cornerstone having a major impact on other linguistic abilities, for instance narrative competency.

Limited information exists regarding the acquisition of syntax and morphology in young Spanish-English bilingual language learners. A method to measure short-term language learning is through structural priming; an auditory model of the target structure is presented, which influences a subject’s subsequent production. The purpose of this thesis was to develop and pilot priming tasks in both English and Spanish to analyze the language production of typically developing bilingual elementary school students. The morphosyntactic structures targeted in the structural priming task included the third person singular and past tense in English, as well as direct object clitics and imperfect tense in Spanish. The study included three participants, aged 4;7, 6;7, and 10;11. Results revealed that bilingual elementary students with varied language exposure are influenced and learn from morphosyntactic priming. / text

After Lithuania had gained its independence, there arose the necessity for non-native speakers living in Lithuania to learn the state language. More and more other nationality families become interested in their children learning the state language. In connection with this, in the pre-school institutions as well as schools, the number of schoolchildren grows. Naturally, their education becomes problematic. Aim of the research: to reveal the difficulties bilingual children meet while learning the state language in the pre-school groups and try to forecast learning problems they may encounter in the first class. Moreover, to analyze their prognostic validity and to evidence the possible help. In the research took part 80 children who have bilingual or multilingual problems in the pre-school group and after three months in the first class. There were presented the analyses of the pre-school and the first class teachers. The tasks of the research: • to realize the abilities of bilingual, multilingual children in the state language; • to understand how has changed communication abilities of the same researched children in the primary school in comparison with the pre-school group; • to state the most often learning problems that bilingual and multilingual first class pupils face while learning the state language; • to understand the kind of methodological-practical help that is needed by the learners facing the difficulties... [to full text]

Estudos anteriores mostraram evidências de que crianças bilíngues alcançam a consciência metalinguística, maturação cerebral esperada em torno de doze anos de idade, precocemente, em comparação com crianças monolíngues. A consciência metalinguística está ligada à capacidade de refletir sobre a língua, sobre de que maneira ela é usada, sendo importante ressaltar a distinção existente entre consciência metalinguística e habilidade linguística, pois a consciência metalinguística exige uma demanda cognitiva maior (Bialystok, 2001; CARLISLE; BEEMAN; HULL; DAVIS, AND SPHARIM; 1999; Ringbom, 1987; Cenoz & Valencia, 1994; Lasagabaster, 1997, apud Jessner 2006). Contudo, cabe ressaltar que tais evidências partem de estudos envolvendo grupos de bilíngues imigrantes, ou grupos que possuem grande exposição à língua estrangeira em ambiente escolar ou na comunidade em que estão inseridos. O objetivo geral do estudo relatado nesta dissertação foi verificar a existência de uma vantagem bilíngue no caso de um grupo diferente de participantes, formado por crianças que são bilíngues aditivos, ou seja, que estão se tornando bilíngues a partir da exposição à segunda lingua, no caso, inglês, em uma escola com currículo bilíngue. A amostra foi composta por 42 crianças, de 7 e 8 anos de idade, sendo que o grupo de bilíngues (inglês/português) possui exposição à segunda língua na escola por um total de 10h semanais. Foram utilizados dois testes experimentais que exigem alto controle de atenção: Teste de Arbitrariedade da Língua, adaptado do estudo de Eviatar & Ibrahim (2000) e de Piaget (1929); e Teste de Substituição de Símbolos, baseado em Ben-Zeev (1977). Além disso, foi verificada a necessidade de se utilizar ainda um Teste de Proficiência Leitora em Língua Materna, a fim de verificar possíveis diferencas em termos de proficiência leitora em língua materna entre os dois grupos, principalmente pelo fato de os testes citados anteriormente terem sido aplicados em português. Não foi verificada diferença entre os grupos na análise dos resultados dos Testes de Arbitrariedade da Língua e Substituição de Símbolos. Foi encontrada, entretanto, diferença significativa entre os grupos no Teste de Proficiência Leitora em Língua Materna, mostrando um melhor desempenho dos participantes bilíngues. Os resultados encontrados são discutidos traçando uma comparação aos resultados já relatados na literatura, no que diz respeito ao grau de bilinguismo, tempo de exposição à segunda língua, trazendo evidências de que estar em contato a dois idiomas simultaneamente não acarreta desvantagens aos bilingues na aquisição da habilidade de leitura na língua materna. / Previous studies have shown evidence that bilingual children reach metalinguistic awareness, brain maturity, before the expected age of twelve, which is earlier in comparison to monolingual children. Metalinguistic awareness is linked to the ability to reflect on the language and how it is used. It is important to emphasize the distinction between metalinguistic awareness and linguistic skills, as the metalinguistic requires a greater cognitive demand (Bialystok, 2001; CARLISLE; Beeman, HULL, DAVIS, AND SPHARIM; 1999; Ringbom, 1987; Cenoz & Valencia, 1994; Lasagabaster, 1997, apud Jessner 2006). This evidence involves groups of bilingual immigrants, or groups that have high exposure to foreign language in a school or community where they live. The overall objective of this study is to verify whether a bilingual advantage exists among a different group of participates, additive bilinguals. They have become bilingual from exposure to a second language through a school with a bilingual curriculum. The sample comprised of 42 children, around the age of 7 and 8 years old. The group of bilingual (English / Portuguese) children are exposed to a second language at school for a total of 10 hours per week. In this study we used two experimental tests in which both required high attention control. The Language Arbitrariness Task, that comes from the original study of Eviatar & Ibrahim (2000) and Piaget (1929), and the Symbol Substitution Task, based on the work of Ben-Zeev (1977). In order to verify possible differences in terms of reading proficiency between the two groups there was a need to use a Reading Proficiency Test in the Mother Tongue Language, mainly because the tests have been applied in Portuguese. There were no differences between the groups in the analysis results of the Language Arbitrariness Task and Language Symbol Substitution Task. However, we found significant differences between groups on the Test of Reading Proficiency in Mother Tongue Language, showing a better performance of bilingual participants. The results are discussed comparing the information already reported in the literature regarding the degree of bilingualism and the time of exposure to second the language, providing evidence that being in contact with two languages simultaneously carries no disadvantages to the acquisition of bilingual reading ability in mother tongue language.

Estudos anteriores mostraram evidências de que crianças bilíngues alcançam a consciência metalinguística, maturação cerebral esperada em torno de doze anos de idade, precocemente, em comparação com crianças monolíngues. A consciência metalinguística está ligada à capacidade de refletir sobre a língua, sobre de que maneira ela é usada, sendo importante ressaltar a distinção existente entre consciência metalinguística e habilidade linguística, pois a consciência metalinguística exige uma demanda cognitiva maior (Bialystok, 2001; CARLISLE; BEEMAN; HULL; DAVIS, AND SPHARIM; 1999; Ringbom, 1987; Cenoz & Valencia, 1994; Lasagabaster, 1997, apud Jessner 2006). Contudo, cabe ressaltar que tais evidências partem de estudos envolvendo grupos de bilíngues imigrantes, ou grupos que possuem grande exposição à língua estrangeira em ambiente escolar ou na comunidade em que estão inseridos. O objetivo geral do estudo relatado nesta dissertação foi verificar a existência de uma vantagem bilíngue no caso de um grupo diferente de participantes, formado por crianças que são bilíngues aditivos, ou seja, que estão se tornando bilíngues a partir da exposição à segunda lingua, no caso, inglês, em uma escola com currículo bilíngue. A amostra foi composta por 42 crianças, de 7 e 8 anos de idade, sendo que o grupo de bilíngues (inglês/português) possui exposição à segunda língua na escola por um total de 10h semanais. Foram utilizados dois testes experimentais que exigem alto controle de atenção: Teste de Arbitrariedade da Língua, adaptado do estudo de Eviatar & Ibrahim (2000) e de Piaget (1929); e Teste de Substituição de Símbolos, baseado em Ben-Zeev (1977). Além disso, foi verificada a necessidade de se utilizar ainda um Teste de Proficiência Leitora em Língua Materna, a fim de verificar possíveis diferencas em termos de proficiência leitora em língua materna entre os dois grupos, principalmente pelo fato de os testes citados anteriormente terem sido aplicados em português. Não foi verificada diferença entre os grupos na análise dos resultados dos Testes de Arbitrariedade da Língua e Substituição de Símbolos. Foi encontrada, entretanto, diferença significativa entre os grupos no Teste de Proficiência Leitora em Língua Materna, mostrando um melhor desempenho dos participantes bilíngues. Os resultados encontrados são discutidos traçando uma comparação aos resultados já relatados na literatura, no que diz respeito ao grau de bilinguismo, tempo de exposição à segunda língua, trazendo evidências de que estar em contato a dois idiomas simultaneamente não acarreta desvantagens aos bilingues na aquisição da habilidade de leitura na língua materna. / Previous studies have shown evidence that bilingual children reach metalinguistic awareness, brain maturity, before the expected age of twelve, which is earlier in comparison to monolingual children. Metalinguistic awareness is linked to the ability to reflect on the language and how it is used. It is important to emphasize the distinction between metalinguistic awareness and linguistic skills, as the metalinguistic requires a greater cognitive demand (Bialystok, 2001; CARLISLE; Beeman, HULL, DAVIS, AND SPHARIM; 1999; Ringbom, 1987; Cenoz & Valencia, 1994; Lasagabaster, 1997, apud Jessner 2006). This evidence involves groups of bilingual immigrants, or groups that have high exposure to foreign language in a school or community where they live. The overall objective of this study is to verify whether a bilingual advantage exists among a different group of participates, additive bilinguals. They have become bilingual from exposure to a second language through a school with a bilingual curriculum. The sample comprised of 42 children, around the age of 7 and 8 years old. The group of bilingual (English / Portuguese) children are exposed to a second language at school for a total of 10 hours per week. In this study we used two experimental tests in which both required high attention control. The Language Arbitrariness Task, that comes from the original study of Eviatar & Ibrahim (2000) and Piaget (1929), and the Symbol Substitution Task, based on the work of Ben-Zeev (1977). In order to verify possible differences in terms of reading proficiency between the two groups there was a need to use a Reading Proficiency Test in the Mother Tongue Language, mainly because the tests have been applied in Portuguese. There were no differences between the groups in the analysis results of the Language Arbitrariness Task and Language Symbol Substitution Task. However, we found significant differences between groups on the Test of Reading Proficiency in Mother Tongue Language, showing a better performance of bilingual participants. The results are discussed comparing the information already reported in the literature regarding the degree of bilingualism and the time of exposure to second the language, providing evidence that being in contact with two languages simultaneously carries no disadvantages to the acquisition of bilingual reading ability in mother tongue language.

Estudos anteriores mostraram evidências de que crianças bilíngues alcançam a consciência metalinguística, maturação cerebral esperada em torno de doze anos de idade, precocemente, em comparação com crianças monolíngues. A consciência metalinguística está ligada à capacidade de refletir sobre a língua, sobre de que maneira ela é usada, sendo importante ressaltar a distinção existente entre consciência metalinguística e habilidade linguística, pois a consciência metalinguística exige uma demanda cognitiva maior (Bialystok, 2001; CARLISLE; BEEMAN; HULL; DAVIS, AND SPHARIM; 1999; Ringbom, 1987; Cenoz & Valencia, 1994; Lasagabaster, 1997, apud Jessner 2006). Contudo, cabe ressaltar que tais evidências partem de estudos envolvendo grupos de bilíngues imigrantes, ou grupos que possuem grande exposição à língua estrangeira em ambiente escolar ou na comunidade em que estão inseridos. O objetivo geral do estudo relatado nesta dissertação foi verificar a existência de uma vantagem bilíngue no caso de um grupo diferente de participantes, formado por crianças que são bilíngues aditivos, ou seja, que estão se tornando bilíngues a partir da exposição à segunda lingua, no caso, inglês, em uma escola com currículo bilíngue. A amostra foi composta por 42 crianças, de 7 e 8 anos de idade, sendo que o grupo de bilíngues (inglês/português) possui exposição à segunda língua na escola por um total de 10h semanais. Foram utilizados dois testes experimentais que exigem alto controle de atenção: Teste de Arbitrariedade da Língua, adaptado do estudo de Eviatar & Ibrahim (2000) e de Piaget (1929); e Teste de Substituição de Símbolos, baseado em Ben-Zeev (1977). Além disso, foi verificada a necessidade de se utilizar ainda um Teste de Proficiência Leitora em Língua Materna, a fim de verificar possíveis diferencas em termos de proficiência leitora em língua materna entre os dois grupos, principalmente pelo fato de os testes citados anteriormente terem sido aplicados em português. Não foi verificada diferença entre os grupos na análise dos resultados dos Testes de Arbitrariedade da Língua e Substituição de Símbolos. Foi encontrada, entretanto, diferença significativa entre os grupos no Teste de Proficiência Leitora em Língua Materna, mostrando um melhor desempenho dos participantes bilíngues. Os resultados encontrados são discutidos traçando uma comparação aos resultados já relatados na literatura, no que diz respeito ao grau de bilinguismo, tempo de exposição à segunda língua, trazendo evidências de que estar em contato a dois idiomas simultaneamente não acarreta desvantagens aos bilingues na aquisição da habilidade de leitura na língua materna. / Previous studies have shown evidence that bilingual children reach metalinguistic awareness, brain maturity, before the expected age of twelve, which is earlier in comparison to monolingual children. Metalinguistic awareness is linked to the ability to reflect on the language and how it is used. It is important to emphasize the distinction between metalinguistic awareness and linguistic skills, as the metalinguistic requires a greater cognitive demand (Bialystok, 2001; CARLISLE; Beeman, HULL, DAVIS, AND SPHARIM; 1999; Ringbom, 1987; Cenoz & Valencia, 1994; Lasagabaster, 1997, apud Jessner 2006). This evidence involves groups of bilingual immigrants, or groups that have high exposure to foreign language in a school or community where they live. The overall objective of this study is to verify whether a bilingual advantage exists among a different group of participates, additive bilinguals. They have become bilingual from exposure to a second language through a school with a bilingual curriculum. The sample comprised of 42 children, around the age of 7 and 8 years old. The group of bilingual (English / Portuguese) children are exposed to a second language at school for a total of 10 hours per week. In this study we used two experimental tests in which both required high attention control. The Language Arbitrariness Task, that comes from the original study of Eviatar & Ibrahim (2000) and Piaget (1929), and the Symbol Substitution Task, based on the work of Ben-Zeev (1977). In order to verify possible differences in terms of reading proficiency between the two groups there was a need to use a Reading Proficiency Test in the Mother Tongue Language, mainly because the tests have been applied in Portuguese. There were no differences between the groups in the analysis results of the Language Arbitrariness Task and Language Symbol Substitution Task. However, we found significant differences between groups on the Test of Reading Proficiency in Mother Tongue Language, showing a better performance of bilingual participants. The results are discussed comparing the information already reported in the literature regarding the degree of bilingualism and the time of exposure to second the language, providing evidence that being in contact with two languages simultaneously carries no disadvantages to the acquisition of bilingual reading ability in mother tongue language.

This thesis focuses on Chinese–Swedish code-switching of bilingual children in Sweden. The purpose is to, through a case study, study what Chinese–Swedish code-switching looks like in daily conversations between bilingual children and their parents. Three main questions are formulated from the purpose of the thesis, foucusing on the types and frequencies of code-switching, the grammar of code-switching, and the motivation of code-switching. The linguistic material comes from voice recordings of naturally occurring conversations between three children and their parents, which are transcribed afterwards. In order to answer the questions, two different kinds of analyses are carried out: a quantitative analysis, to study the types and frequencies of code-switching, and a qualitative analysis, to study the grammar and motivation of code-switching. The qualitative analysis includes a grammatical analysis and a conversation analysis. The results of the analyses show that the types and frequencies of code-switching vary between different children, due to the interplay of three factors, namely the children’s language competence, the parents’ language patterns and the status of Swedish as the primary language in the society. In intra-sentential code-switching, when both languages have the same word order, constituents in different languages follow the corresponding grammar; and when code-switching occurs at places where there are different word orders in the two languages, the speaker has to choose and follow one of the grammars. The conversation analysis shows that code-switching is used as an extra and exclusive resource for bilingual speakers at turn distribution, marking preference and initiating repair.