• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 148
  • 56
  • 54
  • 45
  • 28
  • 18
  • 18
  • 13
  • 9
  • 5
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 446
  • 74
  • 70
  • 42
  • 42
  • 41
  • 40
  • 40
  • 37
  • 31
  • 28
  • 27
  • 26
  • 25
  • 24
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
371

Dendrimers and dendronized polymers : synthesis and characterization

Nyström, Andreas January 2006 (has links)
The goal of this work was to synthesize complex macromolecular architectures such as dendrimers and dendronized polymers, and evaluate the effect from the dendrons on the optical and material properties. The work presented in this doctoral thesis, Dendrimers and Dendronized Polymers - Synthesis and Characterization, is divided into one minor and one major part. The first part deals with the synthesis and characterization of two sets of dendritic porphyrins based on 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA). The second part deals with the synthesis and characterization of dendronized poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacylate), dendronized poly(norbornene), and dendronized triblock copolymers, were the pendant dendrons are based on bis-MPA. Both free-base and zinc containing dendritic porphyrins was synthesized up to the fifth generation by employing iterative ester coupling utilizing the acetonide protected anhydride of bis-MPA as generic building block. First and second generation dendron bearing methacrylates based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate were also synthesized by utilizing the acetonide protected anhydride of bis-MPA, and subsequently polymerized by atom transfer radical polymerization. By adopting a divergent “graft-to” approach starting from the first generation dendronized poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate), well-defined dendronized polymers with acetonide, hydroxyl, acetate and hexadecyl surface functionality were obtained. By utilizing the same divergent iterative esterfication, first to fourth generation dendron functionalized norbornenes were synthesized. These monomers were polymerized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization, utilizing either Grubbs´ first or second generation catalyst. Acrylate functional first to fourth generation monomers were synthesized by the copper(I) catalyzed “click” coupling of azido functional dendrons and propargyl acrylate. The monomers were polymerized to dendronized triblock copolymers by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, utilizing a difunctional poly(methyl methacrylate) as macro chain transfer agent. The bulk properties of the dendronized poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate) and poly(norbornene) were investigated by dynamic rheological measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that all the acetonide functional bis-MPA based dendronized polymers had glass transitions temperatures in a similar range. The rheological behaviour showed that for the dendronized polymers having the same backbone length the complex viscosity as a function of functionality was independent of the surface functionality of the polymer. The generation number of the polymer had a profound influence on the complex viscosity, changing form a Newtonian behaviour to a shear thinning behaviour when the generation of the dendrons was increased from two to four. The dendronized poly(norbornene) had increasingly shorter backbone lengths for each generational increase, and for the materials set with comparably lower degree of polymerization, the G’ part of the complex modulus was mostly affected by attaching larger dendrons. In the case of the sample set of higher degree of polymerization, the second, third, and fourth generation samples had similar slopes of the G’ and G” curves, indicating a similar relaxation behaviour. / QC 20100914
372

The Fate and Transport of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants in Complex Matrices

Daphney, Cedrick M., 15 July 2008 (has links)
Experiments to determine the fate and transport of the chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DIFP), O,S-diethyl methylphosphonothioate (OSDEMP), and 2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) exposed to complex matrix systems are reported here. The aforementioned simulants were used in place of O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GB), O-Ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate (VX), and Bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide (HD), respectively. At ambient temperature, simulant pH (2.63 to 12.01) and reaction time (1 minute to 24 hours) were found to have significant influence on the recovery of simulants from charcoal, plastic, and TAP (butyl rubber gloves) in aqueous media. Buffer systems used included, phosphate, acetate, borate, and disodium tetraborate. Organic extractions were carried out using a 90:10 (v/v) dichloromethane / 2-propanol solution. All extracts were analyzed with a gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization and flame photometric detectors (GC-FID-FPD). The FPD was used to determine the amount of simulant recovery.
373

Biochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Tryptophan Oxygenation: Tryptophan 2, 3-Dioxygenase and Maug

Fu, Rong 10 June 2009 (has links)
TDO utilizes b-type heme as a cofactor to activate dioxygen and insert two oxygen atoms into free L-tryptophan. We revealed two unidentified enzymatic activities of ferric TDO from Ralstonia metallidurans, which are peroxide driven oxygenation and catalase-like activity. The stoichiometric titration suggests that two moles of H2O2 were required for the production of one mole of N-formylkynurenine. We have also observed monooxygenated-L-tryptophan. Three enzyme-based intermediates were sequentially detected in the peroxide oxidation of ferric TDO in the absence of L-Trp including compound I-type and compound ES-type Fe-oxo species. The Fe(IV) intermediates had an unusually large quadrupole splitting parameter of 1.76(2) mm/s at pH 7.4. Density functional theory calculations suggest that it results from the hydrogen bonding to the oxo group. We have also demonstrated that the oxidized TDO was activated via a homolytic cleavage of the O-O bond of ferric hydroperoxide intermediate via a substrate dependent process to generate a ferrous TDO. We proposed a peroxide activation mechanism of the oxidized TDO. The TDO has a relatively high redox potential, the protonated state of the proximal histidine upon substrate binding as well as a common feature of the formation of ferric hydroxide species upon substrate or substrate analogues binding. Putting these together, we have proposed a substrate-based activation mechanism of the oxidized TDO. Our work also probed the role of histidine 72 as an acid-base catalyst in the active site. In H72S and H72N mutants, one water molecule plays a similar role as that of His72 in wild type TDO. MauG is a c-type di-heme enzyme which catalyze the biosynthesis of the protein-derived cofactor tryptophan tryptophylquinone. Its natural substrate is a monohydroxylated tryptophan residue present in a 119-kDa precursor protein of methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH). We have trapped a novel bis-Fe(IV) intermediate from MauG, which is remarkably stable. A tryptophanyl radical intermediate of MADH has been trapped after the reaction of the substrate with the bis-Fe(IV) intermediate. Analysis by high-resolution size-exclusion chromatography shows that MauG can tightly bind to the biosynthetic precursor and form a stable complex, but the mature protein substrate does not.
374

Heimstättengesellschaft Sachsen GmbH - H G S -

Löwel, Karl-Heinz 08 February 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Mit der „Siedlungsanlage Dresden-Strehlen“ entstand zwischen 1926 und 1928 eine der bemerkenswerten Wohnanlagen in der Stadt Dresden. Sie wurde im Auftrag der „Heimstättengesellschaft Sachsen“ GmbH -HGS- nach Entwürfen des Architekten Paul Löffler errichtet. Ergänzende Wohnbauten - zwischen 1929 und 1934 realisiert - stammen von Hans Vasak. Weiterhin sind Wohnbauten des „Allgemeinen Mietbewohnerverein“ in Dresden zu nennen. Im Zusammenhang mit der Baugeschichte dieser Siedlungsanlage wird der tragische Niedergang und eine hiermit verbundene Legendenbildung vorgestellt. Die Dokumentation umfasst 42 Seiten mit 32 Abbildungen, Bebauungsplänen, Grundrisszeichnungen und bisher nicht veröffentlichten Fotos (um 1929).
375

Synthese und Reaktionsverhalten Bis(alkinyl)-Metallocen-stabilisierter monomerer Organo-Kupfer(I)-Verbindungen / Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry of Bis(alkynyl)-Metallocene-stabilized monomeric Organo-Copper(I)-Compounds

Frosch, Wolfgang 15 July 2002 (has links) (PDF)
Bibliographische Beschreibung und Referat Frosch, W. Synthese und Reaktionsverhalten Bis(alkinyl)-Metallocen-stabilisierter monomerer Organo-Kupfer(I)-Verbindungen Technische Universität Chemnitz, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Dissertation, 2001, 103 Seiten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Synthese und Reaktionsverhalten von hetero-metallischen Ti(IV)-Cu(I)-Komplexen der Art {[Ti](CCR1)2}CuX {[Ti] = (h5-C5H4SiMe3)2Ti; R1 = einfach gebundener organischer Rest; X = anorganischer, organischer oder metallorganischer Rest} beschrieben. Diese Verbindungen können zwei bis fünf Übergangsmetall-Atome enthalten, welche durch verschiedene Komplex-Liganden und auf unterschiedliche Bindungsweise miteinander verknüpft sind. Zentrale Bausteine der in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Komplexe sind die metallorganischen pi-Pinzetten [Ti](CCR1)2 und der monomere Kupfer(I)-Methyl- Komplex {[Ti](CCR1)2}CuCH3. Letzterer kann in vielfältiger Weise zur Synthese verschiedener bis(h2-alkin)-stabilisierter Kupfer(I)-Verbindungen verwendet werden, welche im besonderen Interesse der vorliegenden Untersuchungen standen. Des Weiteren war das Augenmerk auf das Reaktionsverhalten von [Ti](CCR1)2 gegenüber ÜM-Komplexen von Metallen der Gruppe 12 des Periodensystems der Elemente in verschiedenen Oxidationsstufen gerichtet. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Untersuchungen lassen sich dabei in vier Schwerpunkte gliedern: 1) Mehrfach Carboxylat-funktionalisierte Ti(IV)-Cu(I)-Komplexe: Synthese, Fest-körperstruktur und Reaktionsverhalten. 2) Reaktion von Bis(alkinyl)-Titanocenen mit Metall-Verbindungen der Gruppe 10-12 des Periodensystems der Elemente. 3) Donor-funktionalisierte Bis(alkinyl)-Titanocene und deren Reaktionsverhalten. 4) Monomeres Kupfer(I)-Methyl als synthetisches Werkzeug: Synthese einer breiten Palette unterschiedlicher Kupfer(I)-Systeme. Stichworte: metallorganisch, heterometallisch, pi-Systeme, Metallocene, Alkine, Bis(alkinyl)-Titanocene, metallorganische pi-Pinzetten, Koordinationsverbindungen, Kupfer(I), monomere Kupfer(I)-Organyle.
376

ALD of Copper and Copper Oxide Thin Films For Applications in Metallization Systems of ULSI Devices

Waechtler, Thomas, Oswald, Steffen, Roth, Nina, Lang, Heinrich, Schulz, Stefan E., Gessner, Thomas 15 July 2008 (has links) (PDF)
<p> As a possible alternative for growing seed layers required for electrochemical Cu deposition of metallization systems in ULSI circuits, the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Cu is under consideration. To avoid drawbacks related to plasma-enhanced ALD (PEALD), thermal growth of Cu has been proposed by two-step processes forming copper oxide films by ALD which are subsequently reduced. </p> <p> This talk, given at the 8th International Conference on Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD 2008), held in Bruges, Belgium from 29 June to 2 July 2008, summarizes the results of thermal ALD experiments from [(<sup><i>n</i></sup>Bu<sub>3</sub>P)<sub>2</sub>Cu(acac)] precursor and wet O<sub>2</sub>. The precursor is of particular interest as it is a liquid at room temperature and thus easier to handle than frequently utilized solids such as Cu(acac)<sub>2</sub>, Cu(hfac)<sub>2</sub> or Cu(thd)<sub>2</sub>. Furthermore the substance is non-fluorinated, which helps avoiding a major source of adhesion issues repeatedly observed in Cu CVD. </p> <p> As result of the ALD experiments, we obtained composites of metallic and oxidized Cu on Ta and TaN, which was determined by angle-resolved XPS analyses. While smooth, adherent films were grown on TaN in an ALD window up to about 130°C, cluster-formation due to self-decomposition of the precursor was observed on Ta. We also recognized a considerable dependency of the growth on the degree of nitridation of the TaN. In contrast, smooth films could be grown up to 130°C on SiO<sub>2</sub> and Ru, although in the latter case the ALD window only extends to about 120°C. To apply the ALD films as seed layers in subsequent electroplating processes, several reduction processes are under investigation. Thermal and plasma-assisted hydrogen treatments are studied, as well as thermal treatments in vapors of isopropanol, formic acid, and aldehydes. So far these attempts were most promising using formic acid at temperatures between 100 and 120°C, also offering the benefit of avoiding agglomeration of the very thin ALD films on Ta and TaN. In this respect, the process sequence shows potential for depositing ultra-thin, smooth Cu films at temperatures below 150°C. </p>
377

Elektrische und spektroskopische Charakterisierung von organischen Feldeffekttransistor-Strukturen

Lehmann, Daniel 03 April 2009 (has links) (PDF)
In dieser Arbeit werden die Resultate aus den elektrischen Untersuchungen an organischen Feldeffekttransistoren (OFETs) auf der Basis von Pentacen und von verschiedenen Perylentetracarbonsäurediimid-Derivaten (PTCDI) vorgestellt und diskutiert. Die PTCDI-Derivate wurden zudem mit der spektroskopischen Ellipsometrie hinsichtlich ihrer Morphologie und ihrer optischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein System zur Herstellung und zur elektrischen Charakterisierung von OFET-Strukturen entwickelt. Dieses erlaubt die Herstellung von Strukturen bzw. Schichtsystemen unter gekühlten oder erhitzten Bedingungen im Hochvakuum. Die elektrische Vermessung kann danach direkt im Vakuum erfolgen, ohne das erzeugte Bauteil den Gasen der Umgebungsluft oder Licht auszusetzen, wodurch die Ergebnisse von den Einflüssen beider Faktoren unabhängig sind. Außerhalb des Vakuums fanden weitere Messmethoden Verwendung, um die Grenzflächeneinflüsse und das organische Schichtwachstum detailliert zu untersuchen und mit den Ergebnissen der elektrischen Messungen korrelieren zu können. Das in der Literatur bereits vielfach besprochene p-leitende Pentacen wurde einerseits als Referenzmaterial bei der Entwicklung der Herstellungsprozedur für die hier erzeugten OFETs eingesetzt, andererseits auch zum Vergleich zwischen sowohl mit hydrophobisierendem Octadecyltrichlorosilan (OTS) oberflächenbehandelten und -unbehandelten OFETs. Zudem wurde es auch zum Vergleich zwischen dem hier verwendeten Top-Kontakt-Aufbau und dem in der Literatur diskutierten Bottom-Kontakt-Aufbau verwendet. Die elektrischen Messungen offenbarten einerseits eine um den Faktor 2 höhere Lochmobilität und andererseits auch eine erhöhte Stabilität unter Spannungsbelastung der OTS-behandelten Probe gegenüber der Nichtbehandlung. Die Schwellspannung blieb unbeeinflusst. Unter Verwendung der Potentiometrie konnten ortsaufgelöste Spannungsverläufe in Abhängigkeit von der Position im Kanal aufgenommen werden. Dabei zeigte sich für die hier verwendeten Top-Kontakt-OFETs kein signifikanter Kontaktwiderstand zwischen Gold und Pentacen an der Grenzfläche der Source- und Drain-Elektroden, wie es in der Literatur für Bottom-Kontakt-OFETs berichtet wurde. Das extrahierte ortsaufgelöste elektrische Feld im Kanal erschien für die OTS-behandelte Probe symmetrisch, während die unbehandelte Probe einen asymmetrischen Verlauf aufwies. Mit Hilfe der spektroskopischen Ellipsometrie konnten Aussagen über die Morphologie der n-leitenden PTCDI-Derivate DiMe-PTCDI, DiPhenyl-PTCDI, DiMethoxyethyl-PTCDI, Di3Pentyl-PTCDI, DiHeptyl-PTCDI und PDI-8CN2 getroffen werden. Die dabei im selben Prozess ermittelten dielektrischen Funktionen können für die Verwendung der untersuchten organischen Halbleiter in optoelektronischen Bauelementen von großer Bedeutung sein. Zur korrekten Beschreibung der unter DiPhenyl-PTCDI und DiMethoxyethyl-PTCDI auftretenden großen Oberflächenrauigkeiten wurde ein neues Ellipsometrie-Modell entwickelt, womit auch für diese Derivate die dielektrische Funktion bestimmt werden konnte. Ausgehend von den aus Rasterkraftmikroskopiebildern ermittelten tiefenabhängigen Materialdichteverteilungen wurde dabei ein angepasster Verlauf für die Materialdichte innerhalb der Rauigkeitsschicht entwickelt, welcher das traditionelle Modell vollständig ersetzen kann. Die elektrischen Messungen ergaben für die PTCDI-Derivate erheblich unterschiedliche Kenngrößen. Die verschiedenen Seitenketten führten dabei zu Unterschieden in der Elektronenmobilität von bis zu vier Größenordnungen. Ebenso wiesen die Schwellspannungen Differenzen bis 20 V auf. Des Weiteren zeigten sich unter elektrischer Belastung und nach einer thermischen Behandlung deutlich unterschiedliche und teilweise konträre Effekte hinsichtlich der Entwicklung der Elektronenmobilität und der Schwellspannung. Da alle untersuchten PTCDI-Derivate optisch isotrop aufwuchsen, konnte über der Molekülorientierung kein Bezug zur Ladungsträgermobilität gefunden werden. Jedoch konnten die sehr geringen Mobilitäten von DiPhenyl-PTCDI und DiMethoxyethyl-PTCDI auf deren Inselwachstum zurückgeführt werden, welches die nötige Pfadlänge für die Ladungsträger zwischen den Elektroden erhöhte. An Umgebungsluft stellten alle PTCDI-Derivate bis auf PDI-8CN2 ihre Funktionalität ein. Abgesehen von letzterem war DiMe-PTCDI nach erneutem Einbringen ins Vakuum und einer Erholungszeit von mehreren zehn Minuten wieder funktionstüchtig. Eine OTS-Behandlung wurde für PDI-8CN2 durchgeführt, um zu einem Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen von Pentacen zu gelangen. Es zeigte sich aber, dass nahezu alle elektrischen Eigenschaften von PDI-8CN2 durch diese Behandlung negativ beeinflusst wurden. / In this work the results of the electrical characterization of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on pentacene and various derivatives of perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) are presented and discussed. The PTCDI derivatives were also characterized regarding their morphology and their optical properties using spectroscopic ellipsometry. A system for the preparation and electrical characterization of OFET structures was developed, which allows the preparation of thin film devices under cooled and annealed conditions, respectively, in high vacuum. The electrical measurements can be performed directly in vacuum without exposing the prepared device to the environmental gases or light making the results independent of these factors. Under ambient atmosphere further techniques have been used to study the growth of the organic layers in detail to correlate these results with the results of the electrical characterization. Pentacene is a p-conducting organic semiconductor which is most often discussed in literature regarding OFETs and has been used in this work as a reference material for the developed preparation system. Pentacene was also used for the comparison of two different dielectric/organic interfaces: one interface was bare SiO2 and the second interface was SiO2 treated with a self assembling monolayer of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS). Additionally it was used to compare the top-contact configuration for OFETs of this work with the bottom-contact configuration discussed in literature. The electrical measurements revealed on the one hand an increase in the hole mobility by a factor of two and on the other hand also an enhanced stability against bias stress for the OTS treated sample. The threshold voltage remained unchanged. Using potentiometry the electrical potential distribution within the transistor channel could be obtained. No interface resistance at the organic/metal interface could be found for top-contact configuration, in opposite to the high interface resistance reported in literature for the bottom-contact configuration. The extracted electrical field distribution within the channel showed a symmetric behavior for the OTS treated sample while it was asymmetric for the untreated sample. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry the morphology of the n-conducting PTCDI derivatives DiMe-PTCDI, DiPhenyl-PTCDI, DiMethoxyethyl-PTCDI, Di3Pentyl-PTCDI, DiHeptyl-PTCDI, and PDI-8CN2 could be revealed. The also determined dielectric functions are important for the use of the investigated organic semiconductors within opto-electronic devices. For a precise evaluation of large surface roughnesses, as found for DiPhenyl-PTCDI and DiMethoxyethyl-PTCDI, a new ellipsometry model was developed. Using atomic force microscopy pictures a depth-dependent material concentration could be determined which was put into the ellipsometry model of surface roughness. This new model can fully replace the traditional model. The electrical measurements for the PTCDI derivatives revealed a considerable influence of the various side groups on the device performance. The electron mobility spread over four orders of magnitude and the threshold voltage deviated by up to 20 V. Additionally the influence of bias stress and thermal annealing revealed different and partially oppositional behavior regarding the change in electron mobility and threshold voltage. As all molecules showed optical isotropy, the molecule orientation could not be correlated with the charge carrier mobility. However, the very low electron mobilities of Diphenyl-PTCDI and DiMethoxyethyl-PTCDI could be correlated with island growth which extends the necessary path length for the charge carriers between the electrodes. Under ambient atmosphere none of the PTCDI derivatives - beside PDI-8CN2 - was working. Nevertheless, DiMe-PTCDI continued its functionality when it was brought back into the vacuum. An OTS treatment was applied for one PDI-8CN2 sample. This treatment, however, led to worse electrical characteristics.
378

Wohnen bis ins Alter

Widany, Anne-Kathrin 11 March 2011 (has links) (PDF)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der These nachgegangen, dass sich Baugemeinschaften als Wohnform, die von der Gemeinschaft und dem Zusammenleben geprägt ist, im Hinblick auf den demographischen Wandel und dessen Auswirkungen sich zum lebenslangen Bewohnen eignet. Untersucht wurden die baulichen und architektonischen, aber auch sozialen und organisatorischen Gegebenheiten am Beispiel 13 Dresdner Baugemeinschaften. Am Ende liegen Maßnahmen und Empfehlunen für künftige Bauherren und Planer vor. / The present study traces the hypothesis that joint building ventures as a form of living, that is affected by the community and the cohabit, in view of the demographic change and its effects, are suit to lifelong occupancy. To be proved are the structural and architectural, but also the social and organizational conditions using the example of 13 joint building ventures in Dresden. Finally there are measures and recommendations for future building owners and architects on hand.
379

Biomimetic Copper(I)-Mediated Activation of Dioxygen and Redox Non-Innocence in Copper(II) Complexes of Bis(oxazoline)s

Walli, Adam 13 October 2014 (has links)
No description available.
380

Cohesive and Spectroscopic properties of the Lanthanides within the Hubbard I Approximation

Locht, Inka Laura Marie January 2015 (has links)
We describe the rare-earth elements using the Hubbard I approximation. We show that the theory reproduces the cohesive properties, like the volume and bulk modulus, and we find an excellent agreement between theory and experiment for the (inverse) photo emission spectra of the valence band. In addition we reproduce the spin and orbital moments of these elements. This licentiate thesis contains an introduction to the cohesive, magnetic and spectral properties of the rare-earth elements, to density functional theory and to density functional theory in combination with dynamical mean-field theory within the Hubbard I approximation. We also focus on some technical details, e.g. the optimal basis used in the electronic structure code and the role of charge self-consistency in properly describing the valence electrons.

Page generated in 0.0595 seconds