This study analyses the practice implemented by the government of Mozambique immediately after independence, from 1975 to 1985, of placing secondary school teachers around the country. Such practice consisted of putting teachers born in the south of the country to teach either in the central, or in the northern region, on the one hand; on the another, those who were born in the centre of the country were being placed to work or in the south, or in the north; and those born in the north were being sent to teach in the central or southern part of the country. The government’s arguments in so doing were to mould a nation. The study explores whether this practices was a deliberate policy. The presupposition that it may have been a formal policy comes from the fact that during the struggle for the liberation of Mozambique, the then movement leading the war, Frelimo, had as its guiding principle to ‘kill the tribe for the nation to be born’; so people from different regions of the country were compelled to work closely together in every activity of the movement. The theoretical framework includes a discussion of the concepts of ‘ethnic group’, ‘nation’, ‘nationalism’ and ‘nation-state’. Throughout the literature review, the way nations have been historically constituted worldwide, the way African leaders tried to build their nations, the philosophy behind the idea of ‘nation-states’ they developed are discussed at length. Given that education has been considered as a key pillar to achieve this specific end, the contribution of this sector to the processes of building a nation is brought to the fore. The study is a qualitative analysis and exploratory in essence. Fifty persons – including high ranking officials and teachers – who designed and implemented or were involved in the practice, were interviewed as the main foundation of the research. The outcomes of the analysis as well as the analogy itself are multidisciplinary. It concludes that the practice was not a policy in the classical meaning, that is a core of written principles and practices approved by a competent social institution and followed in a certain community, it existed only in speeches. Secondly, that in fact the practice contributed to the nation building process, people involved in it gained awareness of the vastness and ethnic diversity of the country. Finally, it reveals that de facto the policy had unintended interpretations. Given that the majority of the people sent throughout the country were southerners – something which the headmasters of the practice apparently were not aware of –, the unbalance of educated cadres that began during the colonial period were simply perpetuated and not critically addressed. As a result, “Southern dominance” in the administration of the country (in this instance the education system) provided the basis for dissatisfaction in other areas of the country. The study agrees with Connor (1990) that nation-building is a process, and concludes that Mozambique is on the road to nation formation, to which the practice contributed to a considerable degree. / Dissertation (M (Social Science in Sociology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Sociology / unrestricted

Thesis (M.Th.)--University of South Africa, 2002.

This study aspired to gain a more a nuanced understanding of the emerging analytics technologies and the vital capabilities that ultimately drive evidence-based decision making. Big data technology is widely discussed by varying groups in society and believed to revolutionize corporate decision making. In spite of big data's promising possibilities only a trivial fraction of firms deploying big data analytics (BDA) have gained significant benefits from their initiatives. Trying to explain this inability we leaned back on prior IT literature suggesting that IT resources can only be successfully deployed when combined with organizational capabilities. We identified key theoretical components at an organizational, relational, and human level. The data collection included 20 interviews with decision makers and data scientist from four analytical leaders. Early on we distinguished the companies into two categories based on their empirical characteristics. The terms “Born analyticals” and “Big intelligent firms” were coined. The analysis concluded that social, non-technical elements play a crucial role in building BDA abilities. These capabilities differ among companies but can still enable BDA in different ways, indicating that organizations´ history and context seem to influence how firms deploy capabilities. Some capabilities have proven to be more important than others. The individual mindset towards data is seemingly the most determining capability in building BDA ability. Varying mindsets foster different BDA-environments in which other capabilities behave accordingly. Born analyticals seemed to display an environment benefitting evidence based decisions.

Denna uppsats har undersökt kommunal arbetslöshet i 22 kommuner, vilka är geografiskt anslutande till Sveriges tre storstadsområden – Stockholm, Göteborg och Malmö. Uppsatsen har ämnat undersöka huruvida det föreligger signifikanta orsakssamband som påverkar kommunal arbetslöshet. Uppsatsen har även avsett undersöka om det finns tydliga skillnader i faktorer som påverkar arbetslöshetsnivån i de undersökta regionerna, samt förorts- och storstadskommuner emellan. För att besvara syftet har det i studien genomförts en regressionsanalys med paneldata för de undersökta kommunerna mellan åren 1996-2014. Förklaringsvariablerna, vilka ämnar förklara kommunal arbetslöshetsnivå, har varit kommunal inkomstskattenivå, medelårsinkomst, andel med minst tre års eftergymnasial utbildning, befolkningstäthet och andel utrikesfödda. Resultaten påvisar positiva samband för variablerna kommunal inkomstskattenivå, medelårsinkomst, befolkningstäthet och utrikesfödda, vilket innebär att när dessa faktorer förändras påverkas även kommunal arbetslöshetsnivå i motsvarande riktning. Den enskilda förklaringsvariabel som har ett negativt samband med arbetslöshet är andel med eftergymnasial utbildning, vilket innebär att när denna faktor förändras påverkas kommunal arbetslöshet i motsatt riktning. Resultaten visar skillnader i kommunal inkomstskattenivås påverkan på arbetslöshet storstads- och förortskommuner emellan, då storstadskommuner visar ett starkare sådant samband. Inga övriga skillnader i variablernas påverkan på arbetslöshet kan tydligt urskiljas ur resultaten. Den tydligaste skillnaden regionerna emellan är sambandet mellan utrikesfödda och arbetslöshet, vilket är positivt för Stockholmsregionen, men negativt för Malmö- och Göteborgsregionerna. Resultaten påvisar också skillnader i hur starkt variablerna kommunal inkomstskattenivå och andel med eftergymnasial utbildning påverkar arbetslösheten. Sambandet mellan kommunal inkomstskattenivå och arbetslöshet är starkast i Göteborgsområdet, i förhållande till övriga undersökta områden, och variabeln eftergymnasial utbildning har starkast påverkan på arbetslöshetsnivån i Malmöområdet, i relation till övriga två områden. / This thesis has examined the unemployment rate in 22 municipalities that are geographically connected to the metropolitan areas of Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. The aim has been to examine whether there are distinct differences in factors that effect the municipal unemployment rate. The thesis has also aimed to investigate distinct differences in municipal unemployment rate in suburban and metropolitan municipalities. A regression analysis of panel data between the years 1996-2014 has been estimated and the explanatory variables are level of municipal income tax, average annual income, proportion of individuals with a higher educational level of three years or more, population density and proportion of foreign born.   The results indicate positive relationships between the variables municipal income tax, average annual income, population density and foreign born, which means that whenever these factors alter – the municipal unemployment rate does so as well. The sole explanatory variable with a negative relationship to municipal unemployment rate is education, which means that if the level of education changes, the unemployment rate alters in the opposit direction. The results also indicate differences in how strongly the municipal income tax effect the unemployment rate in suburban and metropolitan municipalities, since metropolitan municipalities indicate a stronger relationship between this variable and the unemployment rate. Moreover, there are no clear differences in the variables’ effect on the municipal unemployment rate. The most distinct disparity between the three regions is the relationship between the proportion of foreign born and municipal unemployment rate, which solely is positive for the region of Stockholm and negative for the regions of Malmö and Gothenburg. The results also indicate differences in how strongly the variables of municipal income tax and level of education affect the unemployment rate. The relationship between municipal income tax and unemployment rate is most powerful in the region of Gothenburg, in comparison to the other two regions, and the variable of level of education effect the region of Malmö the most.

全球化時代的來臨，促進企業的國際化並加速了國際貿易的成長。企業進行海外拓展國際化的第一步便是出口，也因此出口績效儼然成為許多國際商業或經濟學者探討的重要議題。然而，在如此眾多的出口績效研究中，研究目標卻鮮少為新興市場企業。 新興市場如今已於全球市場竄起，許多投資者皆對新興市場趨之若鶩。在與已開發經濟體大相逕庭的環境中，新興市場企業之出口績效決定因素又與已開發經濟體是否相異，本研究將以新興市場為主要目標探討出口績效因素以補齊過去文獻之不足。 本研究於B2B電子商務平台中隨機蒐集了319個樣本，透過後進者觀點切入，加入過去未受詳盡探討之因素並搭配樣本特性，歸納出五項因素：創新能力、產品品質控管、電子商務使用時間、海外地區多樣性、是否天生全球化，並在控制公司規模的情況下以階層式迴歸進行實證分析。 研究結果發現，雖然各變數對出口績效皆呈現正向影響，但創新能力與海外地區多樣性並未達到顯著水準，故無法使假設成立。而產品品質控管愈佳或使用電子商務時間愈久皆可提升出口績效。另外，天生全球化企業之出口績效也會較遵循傳統國際化步驟企業之出口績效為佳。希望本研究結果可提供欲於新興市場中成立之新企業提升出口績效的方向，或已立足於新興市場中之成熟企業欲改善出口績效之方法。 / Globalization makes the amount of international trade growing rapidly than before. Firms do more international activities and seek for superior export performance. Researchers of International Business and Economics see this trend as an important topic to discuss. However, among so many literatures of the determinants of export performance, there seems to be little about the export performance in emerging markets. To make the researches of determinants of export performance become more complete, I will take firms in emerging markets as the study subject. I randomly collected data of 319 firms from a B2B e-commerce marketplace. With the aspect of late mover advantage, I take innovation as one of the determinants of export performance. Also, product quality and international diversity are both considered. Firms in emerging markets think e-commerce as an efficiency tool to expand markets and this is the reason I put e-commerce usage time in the structure. Finally, some firms from the sample are so-called “born-globals,” I also study the relationship between born-global and export performance. In this paper, I found product quality and e-commerce usage time positively affect the export performance; while innovation and international diversity do not provide a significant result. Besides, export performance of born-globals in emerging markets is better than other firms, which were not born-global. Hope this paper can make people who are interested in export performance in emerging market understand the situation more.

Elderly people with a different cultural background than swedish is now a targeted group that is becoming more relevant in elderly care. The swedish elderly care has also focused much of the work to be carried out according to a salutogenic approach and several development projects in this perspective has been practiced in many parts of the country's municipalities. The purpose of this study was to create a greater understanding of the care managers work with foreign-born elderly people from a salutogenic approach. For us to be able to answer the purpose of the study we collected empirical material through semi-structured interviews from five care managers from two different municipalities in central Sweden. The results are presented and analyzed based on the collected empirical data that we then tied together with the key concepts and previous research. The results showed that the challenges that the care managers encounter in their salutogenic approach is the language deficiencies and demands for action because they differ from the Swedish culture. In the discussion we write our thought about the future development concidering the care managers work with foreign-born elderly. / Äldre med en annan kulturell bakgrund än svenskt är idag en målgrupp som blir allt mer aktuell inom äldreomsorgen. Den svenska äldreomsorgen har även på senare år fokuserat mycket på att arbetet ska utföras genom ett salutogent förhållningssätt och flera utvecklingsprojekt inom perspektivet har utövats i flera delar av landets kommuner. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att skapa en ökad förståelse för biståndshandläggarens arbete med utrikesfödda äldre utifrån ett salutogent förhållningssätt. För att besvara studiens syfte inhämtas studiens empiri genom semistrukturerade intervjuer från fem biståndshandläggare från två olika kommuner i Mellansverige. Resultatet presenteras och analyseras utifrån insamlad empiri som binds ihop med centrala begrepp och tidigare forskning. Resultatet visar till att de utmaningar som biståndshandläggare stöter på utifrån sitt salutogena förhållningssätt är språkbrister och krav på insatser som skiljer sig från den svenska kulturen. Slutligen lyfts en diskussion om framtidens utveckling för biståndshandläggarens arbete med utrikesfödda äldre.

<p>Accurate calculations of free energies for molecular association and solvation are important for the understanding of biochemical processes, and are useful in many pharmaceutical applications. In this thesis, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to calculate thermodynamic properties for solvation and ligand binding.</p><p>The thermodynamic integration technique is used to calculate p<i>K</i>_a values for three aspartic acid residues in two different proteins. MD simulations are carried out in explicit and Generalized-Born continuum solvent. The calculated p<i>K</i>_a values are in qualitative agreement with experiment in both cases. A combination of MD simulations and a continuum electrostatics method is applied to examine p<i>K</i>_a shifts in wild-type and mutant epoxide hydrolase. The calculated p<i>K</i>_a values support a model that can explain some of the pH dependent properties of this enzyme.</p><p> Development of the linear interaction energy (LIE) method for calculating solvation and binding free energies is presented. A new model for estimating the electrostatic term in the LIE method is derived and is shown to reproduce experimental free energies of hydration. An LIE method based on a continuum solvent representation is also developed and it is shown to reproduce binding free energies for inhibitors of a malaria enzyme. The possibility of using a combination of docking, MD and the LIE method to predict binding affinities for large datasets of ligands is also investigated. Good agreement with experiment is found for a set of non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.</p><p>Approaches for decomposing solvation and binding free energies into enthalpic and entropic components are also examined. Methods for calculating the translational and rotational binding entropies for a ligand are presented. The possibility to calculate ion hydration free energies and entropies for alkali metal ions by using rigorous free energy techniques is also investigated and the results agree well with experimental data.</p>

The procedures and results of experimental and/or theoretical studies of four transient molecules, GeO, WO, BeH, and MgH are reported in the thesis. Two of them, GeO and WO, are diatomic molecules composed of relatively heavy atoms, and the other two are diatomic molecules with hydrogen as one of their component atoms. The GeO species was generated using a high temperature furnace. The rovibrational spectrum of five isotopomers were detected in emission using a Bruker IFS 120 HR Fourier transform spectrometer. Combined-isotopomer Dunham-type molecular constants have been derived for GeO using the DSParFit computer program. Analysis shows that the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is valid, as expected, for a molecule containing heavy atoms. The WO molecule was generated using a microwave discharge cell, and the spectra of electronic transitions of various systems were detected in emission using both the Bruker IFS 120 HR Fourier transform spectrometer at Waterloo and the McMath Pierce One-Meter Fourier transform spectrometer at the National Solar Observatory in Arizona. The ground electronic state has been confirmed to be X??&#931;^- based on the analysis of seven 0-0 bands. BeH and MgH are typical molecules with hydrogen as one of their component atoms, and the effects of Born-Oppenheimer breakdown were expected. Both of these molecules have rotational perturbations in their excited electronic states. A 'new' method of data processing was used, i. e. , treating the electronic data as if they were from fluorescence series. Thus the harmful influence of the perturbed upper electronic states on the ground electronic state molecular constants is eliminated. By using the DSParFit computer program, accurate sets of combined-isotopomer Dunham-type molecular constants have been derived for the ground electronic states of the two molecules, and Born-Oppenheimer breakdown correction terms have been obtained.

The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate how Start-Ups from Switzerland pattern their expansion to foreign markets and how prevalent traditional internationalization models are among Start-Ups. In order to conduct the research, the term Start-Up has been defined in comparison to other forms of enterprises. The first part of the literature review has been conducted regarding key concepts within the field of international business such as psychic distance or the choice of the right entry mode. The second part of the literature review has been conducted regarding relevant traditional internationalization theories as well as the international entrepreneurship theory, as counterpart to traditional internationalization theories. The theories have resulted in a conceptual framework that reveals the relations between the different theories. The thesis is built on a qualitative approach on the basis of a multiple case study by means of three interviews with Swiss Start-Ups. Further the thesis has followed a deductive approach to first build a profound knowledge about the internationalization process of Start-Ups. The authors of this thesis consider a good pre understanding of the research area as relevant to observe a pattern from the empirical observations. In the analysis chapter the differences and similarities between the theory and the empirical findings were discussed. The structure of both chapters, empirical findings and analysis, are structured in accordance with the conceptual framework. On the basis of the analysis, the conclusion chapter presents the responses of three research questions. Further the final chapter consists of theoretical and practical implications and recommendations as well as limitations and ends with proposals for a further research.

Recently, there is an increasing interest and awareness on sustainability and sustainable development. Sustainability is comprised of the three E’s: environment, economy and equity. Of these three, the equity or the social sustainability component is often overlooked. As cities become more global and demographically diverse due to immigration, diversity’s impact to the city should be addressed through policies and plans. The content analysis and evaluation of city plans, policies and urban design examines their response to accommodating and including inter-cultural diversity using identified indicators of social sustainability and equity. This study finds that the length of time a city has been a foreign-born population hub does not statistically impact its integration of social sustainability measures in its comprehensive and sustainability plans. It concludes with best practices of sample cities and discussion on how city and other jurisdictions’ plans can incorporate, address and measure immigrant and inter-cultural responsiveness through social sustainability and equity concerns.