The intention of this study is to approximate the attitude to children born out of marriage and their mothers in the years 1750-1849. The nominal excerpts from parish registers were used to find numbers of births and proportion of illegitimate children at the manor of Škvorec, the area located at the eastern border of Prague. The proportion of children born out of marriage is compared with contemporaneous regulations that could influence attitudes and behavior of contemporary society. The study also investigates the social status of born children, their fathers and godfathers. The results show that the position of unmarried mothers and their children has improved in the followed period. The results suggest that many unmarried mothers already lived with their partners in the companienate marriage in that time.

Due to strong growth in the virtual business environment, online internationalization has become a topic of high interest. This makes it necessary for firms providing software online to carefully investigate and understand barriers and differences in countries before entering them. Further, companies expanding abroad face a variety of differences compared to their home market, which has to be carefully understood in order to succeed internationally and to avoid misinterpretations. This thesis took a qualitative approach and was based on six semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions, all performed with CEOs, founders or managers with explicit knowledge in the online internationalization phase of their firms. The insights from the interviews acknowledge which differences and barriers the firms faced and how they perceived them. The outline and result of the study were based on the four dimensions of cultural, administrative, geographic and economic challenges. The result showed that the cultural and geographic dimensions were barely perceived as barriers by the firms, the administrative dimensions moderately, whereas the companies clearly perceived the economic dimensions as barriers in their internationalization processes. Additional findings of the study were the importance of cultural leadership, hierarchies & decision-making processes, high-density clusters and pricing strategies.

É crescente o investimento de educadores em enfermagem em pesquisa e produção de objetos digitais de qualidade porque consideram que esta tecnologia oferece um futuro promissor para o processo ensino-aprendizagem. A interação homem-computador acontece através da interface, que deve ser amigável. Sabendo da importância dessa interação sentimo-nos instigadas em avaliar a interface de uma tecnologia educacional digital, junto ao usuário. Objetivo: Avaliar a interface da tecnologia educacional digital Cuidando do ambiente sensorial na unidade neonatal: ruído, luminosidade e manipulação com base em critérios ergonômicos, junto a graduandos em Enfermagem. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, relacionado à avaliação de uma tecnologia educacional digital sobre o ambiente neonatal. Nesta avaliação, foram utilizados os critérios do Ergolist (2008), um instrumento tipo Likert online na própria tecnologia educacional e em ambiente virtual de aprendizagem como ferramenta para avaliação em que foram levantados problemas e qualidades da interface. Para a avaliação da interface, foram convidados a participar alunos de graduação da EERP-USP que cursaram as disciplinas que oferecem conteúdos de enfermagem neonatal. A descrição dos dados relativos à caracterização dos sujeitos e a avaliação de interface se apresentaram mediante uso de estatística descritiva e foram utilizadas tabelas de frequência para os dados quantitativos. Todos os itens foram avaliados positivamente por mais de 70% dos 58 estudantes participantes do estudo. Assim, considera-se que a tecnologia educacional está adequada, segundo os critérios ergonômicos, e pode ser disponibilizada para o ensino de estudantes de enfermagem, sobre o ambiente sensorial das unidades neonatais. / Nursing educators are investing more in quality digital objects\' research and production because they consider that this technology provides a promising future for the teaching-learning process. The interaction between human and computer happens through the interface, which should be friendly. Considering the importance of this interaction, we crave to evaluate the customer (user) experience with a digital education technology interface. Objectives: Evaluate the experience of nursing students with the interface of the digital education technology \"Cuidando do ambiente sensorial na unidade neonatal: ruído, luminosidade e manipulação\" considering ergonomics criteria. This is a descriptive study about the student evaluation of a digital education technology made for the physical neonatal environment. The Ergolist\'s criteria (2008) is a type of Likert online toll available in the digital education technology. This questionary was used as an instrument to evaluate the interface. Nursing students from the EERP-USP who were registered in neonatal disciplines were invited to know and evaluate the digital educational technology. Descriptive statistic was used to present the data of the subjects\' characteristics and the interface evaluation. Quantitative data was presented in frequency tables. All items were positively evaluated for more than 70% of the 58 students. Thereby, according to the ergonomic criteria the educational technology was considered adequate and can be used as an instrument for teaching nursing students about sensory environment in neonatal units.

O peso ao nascer é um fator importante na determinação da morbi-mortalidade neonatal e da mortalidade pós-neonatal, sendo assim de grande importância para a saúde pública, dada a freqüência com que o mesmo ocorre. A Organização Mundial de Saúde considera o baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) como o fator isolado mais importante na sobrevivência infantil. Inúmeros fatores de risco têm sido descritos como associados à ocorrência de BPN, por exemplo, o tabagismo materno e o baixo nível sócioeconômico. Mais recentemente, a poluição do ar tem sido investigada como possível determinante do BPN. A distribuição do peso ao nascer na cidade de São Paulo (média 3.160g com 8,9% de BPN) é inferior àquela esperada quando se têm ótimas condições de crescimento fetal (média de 3.400-3.500g com 4-5% de BPN). Esta distribuição tem se mantido estável nos últimos 22 anos, apesar da evolução favorável do estado nutricional das gestantes, da assistência pré-natal e do hábito de fumar durante a gestação. No entanto, são altos os índices de poluição atmosférica em São Paulo, fator que pode estar afetando o desenvolvimento intra-uterino das crianças que aqui nascem. Este estudo foi realizado com a intenção de avaliar uma possível associação do baixo peso ao nascer e a poluição do ar no município de São Paulo. Para tanto foram analisados todos os nascimentos de mães residentes neste município nos anos de 1998 a 2000. As informações sobre esses nascidos vivos foram obtidas do SINASC (Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos) através de seu instrumento, a Declaração de Nascido Vivo (DN). Os dados de poluição do ar foram obtidos junto à Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB) que forneceu os registros diários das concentrações de dióxido de enxofre (SO2), partículas em suspensão (PM10), monóxido de carbono (CO), ozônio (O3) e dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2). O efeito da exposição materna à poluição do ar, em cada trimestre da gestação sobre a incidência de recémnascidos de baixo peso foi examinado através de modelos de regressão linear e logística. A exposição materna ao PM10, CO, NO2 e SO2 durante o 1º trimestre de gestação mostrou associação estatisticamente significante com a diminuição no peso do recémnascido. Para um aumento na exposição média materna, durante o 1º trimestre de gestação, de 1ppm de CO, observou-se uma diminuição no peso de nascimento de 11,9g. / The birth weight is an important factor of the morbi-mortality neonatal determination and of the mortality neonatal, and then of big importance to public health, due frequency that it occurs. Therefore, the Health World Organization considers the low birth weight (LBW) the most important isolated factor in childhood survival. A lot of risk factors have been described as associated to LBW occurrence, for example, the mother smoker and low social-economic level(nível sócio-econômico). Recently, the air pollution has been investigated as possible LBW determinant. The distribution of birth weight in the city of São Paulo (average 3.160g with 8.9% of LBW) is inferior to that one expected when having good conditions of fetal growth (average between 3400-3500g with 4-5% of LBW). This distribution has been kept stable for the last 22 years, despite of favorable evolution of the nutritional state of the pregnants, pre-birth assistance and the habit of smoking during the pregnancy. However, the indices of atmospheric pollution are high in São Paulo, this factor can be affecting the development intra-uterine of the children that are born here. Considering the factor that the LBW prevalence in the city of São Paulo city has stayed stable for the last twenty years, that is, a high prevalence, and the fact of São Paulo has high rates of air pollution, its possible to suppose that the air pollution can be affecting the intra-uterine development of childhood are born. Therefore, it claims to realize a study to value a possible association of LBW and the air pollution in the city of São Paulo. All the births of mothers living in this city between 1998- 2000 were analysed. The information about these born-alive was obtained from Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) through of yours instrument, the Declaração de Nascido Vivo (DN). The information about air pollution was obtained from Compahia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB), that supplied the daily registers of sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The effect of mother exposure to air pollution, each pregnancy trimester about the LBW prevalence was made on linear and logistic models. The maternal exposure to PM10, CO, NO2 and SO2 during the first trimester of pregnancy showed association statistically significant with the decrease in the weight of the new-born child. For an increasing in the maternal average exposure, during the first trimester of pregnancy, in 1 ppm of CO, was observed a decrease of 11.9g in the weight born.

Neste trabalho realizamos um estudo de um buraco em um antiferromagneto, como parte de uma revisão de diferentes técnicas de abordagem das fases de “stripes” nos cupratos supercondutores. Estudamos a transição do formalismo de “strings” para um buraco no modelo t - Jz bidimensional, onde existe uma solução analítica, para a solução de pólaron de spin no modelo t - J isotrópico através da aproximação de Born auto-consistente. A forma funcional dos picos de quase-partícula, do peso espectral e do “gap” espectral foi investigada numericamente em detalhe, em função da anisotropia magnética. O movimento de um pólaron de spin na presença de uma parede de domínio antiferromagnética (ADW) em antifase, como uma realização da configuração de “stripes” nos planos CuO dos cupratos de baixa dopagem, também foi analisada.

During the American Civil War, an approximate 200,000 Irish-born soldiers, and an even greater number of subsequent generation descended soldiers, fought for the Union and Confederate causes. Their experience, opinions, military actions and attitudes of their families were the subject of American Civil War songs, with songwriters penning numerous ballads about them. The conflict witnessed the mass production of wartime ballad culture, with over 11,000 pieces written and composed between 1861 and 1865 alone. An estimated 150 were by and about the Irish American wartime experience specifically. This thesis focuses on these Irish American Civil War songs and analyses the sentiments they expressed. Overall, the main topic written onto songsheet pages and in songbooks was the battlefield actions of Irish-born and descended soldiers. This study explores how military history was reported through song, following traditional oral practice patterns of using balladry to sing war reports. In particular, attention will be drawn to the proliferation of lyrical dedication and focus on specific Irish-dominated units such as the Union Army's Irish Brigade and 69th New York State Militia, and how their actions, along with other Irish soldiering units, came to dominate Irish American Civil War articulations and history. Within this lyrical attention the figures of Irish-born commanding officers, namely Generals Michael Corcoran and Thomas Francis Meagher, come to the fore. This study also analyses how their own wartime experiences and articulations corresponded with song lyrics. Beyond the battlefield focus, this thesis explores the way in which song lyrics sang about Irish loyalty and devotion to the American Union - and in a few examples Confederate nation - and particularly adopted symbols of the American nation, such as the Star Spangled Banner, as embodiments of the causes and ideals fought for by soldiers. Alongside this were lyrics that referred to symbols of Irish cultural heritage, language and a history of foreign military service. Irish identity can be seen on the surface of some songs, including references to Irish nationalism and the desire to gain Irish independence one day. Yet, as this thesis will argue, Irish American Civil War song lyrics reveal complicated support and sympathy for the Irish nationalist cause in the United States during the 1860s. Running through the songs of this study is a pervading sense and sentiment of American identity - that the Irish fighting and living through the war were stressing to society through song that they were committed to the United States as Americans first and foremost. In addition to assessing wartime views of Civil War politics and military actions, this thesis will also explore the way Irish song played a critical part in the formation of American musical culture, with traditional Irish music forming the foundation for American tunes, and blending Irish culture into the American wartime zeitgeist. This thesis will demonstrate the way in which Irish songs were written, published and disseminated through American society and crucially circulated beyond the confines of the Irish diaspora. Traditional and wartime Irish songs became a fundamental part of American culture because they were American cultural outputs. Thus this thesis will demonstrate the important evidential role Irish American Civil War songs play in singing an unexplored areas of mid-nineteenth century Irish American transnational history.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar parâmetros genéticos, com os modelos mistos reprodutor e animal, para características reprodutivas contínuas e discretas, bem como, predizer os valores genéticos dos reprodutores para características reprodutivas contínuas e discretas em ovinos da raça Santa Inês. Foram analisadas as características reprodutivas intervalo de partos (IDP, N=1.066), fertilidade ao parto (FP, N=1.006) e número de cordeiros ao parto (NCP, N=3.593) de ovinos com partos ocorridos entre os anos de 1998 a 2005. A característica FP foi expressa na forma de fêmeas paridas em relação às fêmeas cobertas, sendo codificada como \"1\" se pariu e \"0\", caso contrário e NCP, representou o número de crias nascidas por ovelha parida, codificada como \"1\" (simples) e 2 (múltiplos). O modelo reprodutor apresentou a característica de superestimar as herdabilidades para as características reprodutivas em relação ao modelo animal. As estimativas de herdabilidades, obtidas por modelo animal linear, foram 0,12, 0,23 e 0,16 para NCP, FP e IDP, respectivamente. As estimativas de herdabilidades, obtidas por modelo animal de limiar, foram 0,16, 0,15 e 0,10 para NCP, FP e IDP, respectivamente. As estimativas das correlações genéticas pelo uso de modelo animal linear, foram 0,13 (entre NCP e FP) e -0,21 (entre NCP e IDP). Já as estimativas das correlações genéticas, quando utilizado modelo animal de limiar, foram 0,81 (entre NCP e FP) e -0,52 (entre NCP e IDP). As correlações entre os valores genéticos preditos para 258 reprodutores avaliados variaram de 0,4835 a 0,8561 entre os modelos reprodutor e animal obtidos por metodologia linear e de limiar. Este fato sugere a existência de alterações significativas nas classificações dos valores genéticos preditos dos reprodutores em função do tipo de modelo e da metodologia utilizada na avaliação genética. / The aims of this study were evaluated genetic parameters with sire and animal mixed models, to continuous and discreet reproductive traits, as well as predict sires breeding values to continuous and discreet reproductive traits in Santa Inês ewes breed. The traits analyzed in this study were lambing interval (LI, N = 1,066), fertility (FR, N = 1,006) and number of lambs born (NLB, N = 3,593) of ewes with birth occurred among 1998 to 2005. The FR trait was expressed in form of delivered females in respect to sheltered females, been codified as \"1\" delivered and \"0\" otherwise. The NLB trait represented the number of fully formed lambs born per ewe lambing, codified as \"1\" (simple) and \"2\" (multiples). The sire model showed super estimate comportment in respect to animal model for reproductive traits heritabilities. The estimates of heritability obtained by linear animal model were 0.12, 0.23 and 0.16 for NLB, FR and LI, respectively. The estimates of heritability obtained by threshold animal model were 0.16, 0.15 and 0.10 for NLB, FR and LI, respectively. The estimates of genetic correlations using linear animal model were 0.13 (between NLB and FR) and -0,21 (between NLB and LI). However, the estimates of genetics correlations using threshold animal model were 0.81 (between NLB and FR) and -0,52 (between NLB and LI). The Pearson correlations between predicted breeding values for 258 sires varying by 0.4835 to 0.8561 between sire and animal models obtained by linear and threshold methodology. This fact suggest the existence of significative changes on sires predicted breeding values classifications by virtue of model type and used methodology on genetic evaluation.

La mer a d’abord été un espace géographique bien réel dans la vie de Chateaubriand, l’immense champ libre accordé à son enfance. En ouvrant le monde grand large devant son regard, la mer autorisait une manière singulière d’en prendre possession. L’auteur des Mémoires d’outre-tombe se revendique navigateur, découvreur, voyageur. Il utilise spontanément le vocabulaire des matelots. Pourtant, il n’a vécu au bord de la mer que sept années pendant l’enfance, n’a effectué ensuite que des escales brèves, sous des cieux étrangers. Il se réfère malgré tout à la mer à chaque instant, la réinstalle sans cesse dans un texte avec lequel d’innombrables correspondances finissent par s’établir. L’écriture elle-même épouse le rythme de la mer, ses harmonies variables. On croit toujours entendre au loin comme le roulement des vagues, comme le bruit du ressac. Tout se passe comme si la sensibilité et l’imagination de l’écrivain, demeurées marquées par une sorte de paysage originel, lisaient le monde à travers un filtre, et lui conféraient instinctivement les teintes, les arrière-plans propres aux rivages quittés. Chateaubriand se demandait avec anxiété si les Mémoires resteraient lisibles à la postérité. Mais l’écriture et la mer renvoient à une même conception de l’éternité : elles écrivent en lettres temporaires des chants qui durent toujours / The sea was first a real geographical space in Chateaubriand’s life, the boundless playing field of his childhood. By unfurling the world at large under his gaze, the sea provided him with a singular mode of appropriating it. The author of the Mémoires d’outre-tombe claimed for himself the status of seaman, discoverer, and traveller. The maritime lexicon comes to him spontaneously. While he only spent seven years of his childhood by the sea, then subsequently stopped but briefly in foreign port of calls, he keeps on referring time and again to the sea, and incessantly reinstates it in his texts, thus elaborating a rich netwwork of echoes. His very style evokes the rhythm of the sea and its ever-changing harmonics. The reader always seems to hear resounding waves and backwash in the distance. It is as if the writer’s sensibility and imagination, bearing the stamp of a foundational landscape, had him perceive the world through the shades and against the backdrops peculiar to the shores he left. Chateaubriand anxiously wondered whether the Mémoires would remain readable to his posterity. But writing and the sea conjure up the same idea of eternity : they write in labile script everlasting songs

This study analyses the frames and discourses in different news media reporting on the same events in news outlets in Canada, the US, and Sweden. This was done by analysing both digital-born media and legacy media. The theoretical framework consists of theories about discourse, framing, media logics, the economic prerequisites for journalism, and environmental journalism. The aim is to find what frames, discourses, tone and what voices are being heard in the news coverage of Greta Thunberg’s climate protest, the migrant caravan, and the UN report on climate change released in 2018. Also, differences in the different media are analysed. This is done through discourse analysis by using Fairclough’s CDA and the three-dimensional model, combined with tools from critical linguistics. The analysis of the news texts found that the discourses in the coverage of the three events followed previous research on journalistic values, production and the way that climate change events were reported (or not reported) on. The study also found some themes, frames, that were producing new discourses in climate change journalism. Among these was the way that Greta Thunberg and other young voices were heard on a subject that previously has been heavily focused on politicians, scientists and NGO’s. Thunberg and the migrant caravan were also covered more extensively by the news media included than the UN report, not framing climate in the articles, even though they are about climate change events.

Les algèbres d'endomorphismes peuvent remplacer la notion de fibré principal. Dans ce cadre algébrique, les théories de jauge sont reformulées et généralisées, unifiant ainsi connexions ordinaires et champs de Higgs. Un modèle de "Maxwell non commutatif" est construit pour des fibrés non triviaux nécessitant le développement de la notion de structure Riemannienne. Les techniques de la géométrie non commutative utiles à l'étude des algèbres associatives sont présentées et une nouvelle méthode permettant d'obtenir le morphisme de Chern-Weil usuel est développée. Ensuite, les résultats d'une étude sur les connexions non commutatives généralisent ceux connus sur les fibrés symétriques; une extension de l'ansatz de Witten est énoncée. Enfin, une action est proposée pour généraliser le modèle de Born-Infeld à des connexions non commutatives. Les Lagrangiens obtenus sont non polynomiaux et on étudie l'existence de solutions de type solitonique sur quelques exemples explicites.