The aim of this bachelor essay is to study the relation between stone ship settings in Sweden and the symbols occurring on rock carvings, picture stones and metalworks. Are the stone ship settings meant to make the final journey for the dead over to the other side? And serve as a link between our world and the land of the dead? By comparing the theories and interpretations of different scientists and archaeologists I will analyze the different findings and forms of the stone ship settings. The mythology tells tales of the importance of the ship, that it drags the sun from left to right during the day and during the night it goes down under water at the horizon, usually accompanied by animals like horses, fish and snakes. This could be why the direction of the stone ship settings are generally southwest towards northeast, because the sun seems to be at its highest point towards south. A general discussion will be performed during this essay, and to view other archaeologist’s interpretations and research to find answers to what stone-ship settings stands for.

This thesis considers the nature of pottery and its wider roles in the Highlands and Northern Isles of Scotland from 2500-1800 BC. The period under study represents a key moment in British prehistory with the introduction of metallurgy and wide-ranging changes in society. Since the inception of early Bronze Age studies pottery has played an important role in examinations of identity and chronology. As identified by several scholars there has been a recurrent emphasis on a select number of interpretive themes and regions such as Wessex and Aberdeenshire. This has marginalised certain areas creating an imbalance in our understanding of the tempo and dynamics of change during the period. Recent reviews have begun to address this issue, highlighting the importance of regional studies to our overall understanding of change in the later 3rd millennium. At present, there is no synthesis of ceramic material from the Highlands and Northern Isles that considers the diverse array of pot types and the contexts in which they are found. In response, this thesis aims to characterise the range of ceramic types, their contexts and associations. Through the course of this thesis a series of detailed regional datasets and interpretations are constructed. This is coupled with a review of the longer-term ceramic sequence across the study area, situating the advent of novel pot types within the existing ceramic repertoire. Secondly, this thesis examines the dynamics of ceramic similarity and difference, and what this reveals about regional preferences and identities alongside broader intra and supra regional networks. Drawing on recent relational approaches this thesis explores how ceramic categories came into being, persisted and dissipated at a range of scales. These approaches highlight the fluid nature of change and the need to consider pots as elements of wider assemblages. Through this examination it is possible to detect distinct trends in regional ceramics, allowing for the construction of narratives that extend beyond defining visual similarities, contributing towards understanding the wider significance of similarity and difference.

The A15-based Nb3Sn and V3Ga superconducting compounds are an integral part of synchrotrons and magnetic fusion reactor technology, especially where a magnetic field higher than 10 T is required, which lies beyond the limit of conventional Nb-Ti superconductors (~8 T). These brittle intermetallic compounds are difficult to manufacture in the form of wires, required for the application purpose, using the traditional wire-drawing process. Hence, bronze technique is adopted to fabricate such filamentary wires. This is based on the solid-state diffusion where A3B compound (A=Nb or V, B=Sn or Ga) forms during the interaction of Cu(B) and A. The operation of pure superconducting wires gets restricted to the field of 12 T, however, the ever-increasing demands for an improved efficiency have promoted the development of these A15 wires with the addition of alloying elements such as Ti and Zr. Many important physical and mechanical properties of such wires depend on the growth behaviour of these compounds. Therefore, understanding the growth of such compounds necessitates an in-depth analysis on diffusion behaviour of various elements in both bronze-based solid solutions as well as A15-intermetallics. Estimation of diffusion parameters makes use of the most commonly used diffusion couple technique. There are mainly three methods available for the estimation of the interdiffusion coefficients, proposed by Matano-Boltzmann (MB), Den Broeder (dB), same as Sauer-Freise (SF) and Wagner. Among these three, MB treatment is known to be the least accurate method, especially when there is a deviation of molar volume in a system from the ideality. At the same time molar volume might affect the estimation process differently for dB and Wagner’s approach. MB method is still being used neglecting the actual molar volume variation. On the other hand, the implementation of dB or Wagner’s approach for the estimation remains to be random. For the first time, we have critically examined the role of molar volume on estimated diffusion parameters and indicated the more accurate approach. Similar analysis for the estimation of the intrinsic diffusion coefficient is conducted considering Heumann and van Loo’s methods. Furthermore, the discussion is extended to the estimations of various diffusion parameters considering the measured composition profile in the V-Ga system. A detailed diffusion study has been conducted on Cu(Ga) and Cu(Sn) solid solutions to examine the role of the vacancy wind effect on interdiffusion. The interdiffusion, intrinsic and impurity diffusion coefficients are determined to facilitate the discussion. It is found that Ga and Sn are the faster diffusing species in the respective systems. The trend of the interdiffusion coefficients is explained with the help of the driving force. Following that, the tracer diffusion coefficients of the species are calculated with and without consideration of the vacancy wind effect. We found that the role of the vacancy wind is negligible on the minor element in a dilute solid solution, which is the faster diffusing species in this system and controls the interdiffusion process. However, consideration of this effect is important to understand the diffusion rate of the major element, which is the slower diffusing species in this system. Major drawback of studying diffusion in multi-component systems is the lack of suitable techniques to estimate the diffusion parameters. In this study, a generalized treatment to determine the intrinsic diffusion coefficients in multi-component systems is developed utilizing the concept of pseudo-binary approach. This is explained with the help of experimentally developed diffusion profile in the Cu(Sn, Ga) solid solution. Based on an interdiffusion study using an incremental diffusion couple in the V-Ga binary system, we have shown that V diffuses via lattice, whereas Ga does so via grain boundaries for the growth of the V3Ga phase. We could estimate the contributions from two different mechanisms, which are, usually, difficult to delineate in an interdiffusion study. Available tracer diffusion studies and the atomic arrangement in the crystal structure have been considered for a discussion on the diffusion mechanisms. Diffusion–controlled growth rate of V3Ga at the Cu(Ga)/V changes dramatically because of a small change in Ga content in Cu(Ga). One atomic percent increase in Ga leads to more than double the product phase layer thickness and a significant decrease in activation energy. Kirkendall marker experiment indicates that V3Ga grows because of diffusion of Ga. Role of different factors influencing the diffusion rate of Ga and high growth rate of V3Ga are discussed. The growth of Nb3Sn by bronze technique on two different single crystals and deformed Nb is studied. The grain boundary diffusion-controlled growth rate is found to be different for each of these three specimens. The difference is explained on the basis of the grain size of Nb3Sn. Elemental additions such as Ti and Zr to either bronze or metal are found to improve the superconducting properties. We have examined their effects on the growth rates of A15-phase formed in Cu(B,x)/A and Cu(B)/(A,x), where x is Ti or Zr. In either cases Ti and Zr-additions result in an improved growth rate of the product phase and reduces activation energy with increase in alloying addition; however few precipitates are formed in the interdiffusion zone for Cu(B,x)/A. Wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS)-mapping reveals these to be x-rich. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)-analysis suggests having composition gradient inside a single precipitate. TEM-diffraction demonstrates these to be Ti(A) solid solution crystallizing as BCC-structure for Cu(B,Ti)/A. These are located on grain boundaries of A15-phase. Electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD)-analysis demonstrates grain morphology of product phase and found the average grain size to exhibit a decreasing trend with increasing x content. Columnar grains, on Ti and Zr addition tend to form as equiaxed ones. Based on the morphology and grain size pattern, the role of grain boundary diffusion is speculated to have a dominant effect with increase in elemental additions. The texture evolution of the product phase is also investigated and found the product phase to grow as a strongly textured one with the elemental additions. A peculiar pattern is observed for the texture of the product phase and its adjacent A or A(x) grains.

Cremated bone occurs in many archaeological sites as small grey and white fragments. The high temperatures reached during heating induce structural, chemical and isotopic changes to bone apatite (the inorganic fraction of bone). These changes are investigated here by infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (d13C, d18O and 87Sr/86Sr) in both modern heated bone and archaeological cremated specimens. The results of various heating experiments (in laboratory and natural conditions) highlight the significant carbon and oxygen exchanges with the fuel used as well as with bone organic matter (mainly collagen). While not informing on dietary practice and hydrology as is the case with unburned bone, the d13C and d18O values of calcined samples together with infrared results provide information on the conditions in which the bone was heated (e.g. presence of fuel, size of the pyre, temperatures reached, dry or fresh bone, etc.). In parallel, the effect of heat on the strontium present in bone is minimal, if not undetectable. Furthermore, as observed through artificial contamination experiments, post-burial alterations also appear to be extremely limited, which is to be expected due to the higher crystallinity of calcined bone apatite compared to tooth enamel and unburned bone. These experiments demonstrate that calcined bone provides a reliable substrate for mobility studies using its strontium isotope composition. The application of these results to the study of six Neolithic and one Bronze Age sites from Ireland showed the possibility of discriminating cremated individuals that ate food originating from different regions, as well as highlighting possible variations in cremation practices between different sites. The results of this thesis greatly extend the application of strontium isotopes to places and periods in which cremation was the dominant mortuary practice, or where unburned bone and enamel do not survive. They also provide insights into the reconstruction of ancient cremation practices.

This thesis considers the early copper and copper-alloy metallurgy of the entire Circum-Alpine region. It introduces a new approach to the interpretation of chemical composition data sets, which has been applied to a comprehensive regional database for the first time. An extensive use of GIS has been applied to investigate the role of topography in the distribution of metal and to undertake spatial and geostastical analysis that may highlight patterns of distribution of some specific key compositional element. The Circum-Alpine Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age show some distinctively different patterns of metal use, which can be interpreted through changes in mining and social choices. But there are also some signs of continuity, in particular those which respect the use of major landscape features such as watersheds and river systems. Interestingly, the Alpine range does not act as a north-south barrier, as major differences in composition tend to appear on an east-west axis. Conversely, the river system seems to have a key role in the movement of metal. Geostastical analyses demonstrate the presence of a remelting process, applicable also in the case of ingots; evidence that opens new and interesting questions about the role of ingots and hoards in the distribution of metal at the beginning of the Metal Age. New tools and new analysis may also be useful to identify zones where there was a primary metal production and zones where metal was mostly received and heavily manipulated.

The presented work entitled "Mobility of Human Populations at the End of the Stone Age" describes, generalizes, summarizes and subsequently evaluates the factors of migratory tendencies in prehistory - for the period of Neolithic over Eneolithic to Early Bronze Age. Emphasis is placed on the clarification of all interdisciplinary issues. Further on a detailed description of individual processes and archaeological approaches to them. As a basis for my own research, a database of data impacted by articles based on the study of strontium isotopes was created. In the next steps, the database was processed using statistical tools and its outputs were contingency tabletables and charts. Spatial assessment and their contexts were conducted in the GIS (Geographic Information System).

Orientador: Luiz Otavio Saraiva Ferreira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T21:02:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_LuizClaudioMarangonide_D.pdf: 9710529 bytes, checksum: 4fc22426f2b4d1d845715c4742df71a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Scanners são dispositivos que defletem um feixe luminoso e transfonnam um feixe puntual em uma linha de varredura, com amplitude e freqüência controladas. Diversos equipamentos utilizam este padrão luminoso para codificar ou decodificar infonnações, exemplos mais comuns são os leitores de código de barras de bancada, utilizados em supennercados, e as impressoras laser. V ários fenômenos podem ser empregados para defletir um feixe luminoso. Neste trabalho, os scanners utilizam o princípio da reflexão da luz por um espelho em movimento hannônico e ressonante sob ação de forças de origem eletromagnética. Tais forças são geradas pela interação de correntes induzi das na annadura, com o campo magnético produzido por ímãs pennanentes. A principal vantagem deste tipo de scanner é a ausência de conexões elétricas entre as partes móveis e fixas do dispositivo, o que simplifica o processo de fabricação e o toma mais robusto e menos suceptível a falhas. Parte dos scanners similares existentes atualmente são dispositivos eletro-mecânicos complexos, fabricados em série. Trabalhos anteriores demonstraram a viabilidade da geometria planar e da utilização de processos de fabricação em lotes, derivados da microeletrônica, neste tipo de scanner. Os protótipos fabricados, embora funcionais, apresentaram consumo de potência acima da média para este tipo de dispositivo, o que demonstrava a necessidade de melhorias em seu projeto. O processo de fabricação, embora confiável, foi desenvolvido com materiais e métodos baseados no Silício e originários da microeletrônica, o que dificultava sua implantação em indústrias em território nacional. Neste trabalho, foram pr9postos aprimoramentos à tecnologia dos scanners ressonantes planares atuados por indução para tomar seu desempenho compatível com o d~ dispositivos similares, e também para viabilizar sua fabricação utilizando materiais e métodos disponíveis no país. Uma metodologia de projeto, em conjunto com uma série de contribuições ao modelo, foi proposta e avaliada. Para viabilizar a fabricação propôs-se a utilização do Bronze-fosforoso, como material estrutural, e a utilização de foto-fabricação, como processo de fabricação. As contribuições propostas neste trabalho possibilitaram a redução do consumo de potência de 2, 2 W para cerca de 5 m W por grau óptico, e o aumento da freqüência de operação do circuito de cerca de 1 kHz para 4 kHz, com um ângulo de deflexão óptico típico de 20° pico-a-pico, parâmetros compatíveis com os de dispositivos similares, mas mecanicamente mais complexos e fabricados por processo serial / Abstract: Scanners are devices that deftects a light beam and converts a spot light in a well controlled amplitude and frequency scan line. Several applications uses the generated pattem to code or decode data, common examples ar,e barcode readers, and laser printers. A light beam can be deftected by different means. In this work, the scanner deftects the light by reftection in a moving mirror, in a resonant and harmonic movement, subjected to forces of electromagnetic nature. Such forces are generated by the interaction between an induced current in the armature, and a magnetic field, generated by permanent magnets. The main advantage of this kind of scanner is the absence of electrical connections between the mobile, and fixed parts of the device, that simplifies the fabrication process, and make its more reliable and less fault susceptible. Part of the similar devices available today are complex eIectro-mechanical devices, manufactured by serial processo Earlier works established that the planar geometry, and the use of batch fabrication process, derived from microelectronics, are feasible with this kind of device. A1though functional, the earlier prototypes presented a high power consumption, that shown the demand for an improved designo The Silicon-based fabrication process adopted makes the use of materiaIs and methods that are not readily accessible to the Brazilian industry. In this work improvements were proposed to the induction actuated planar resonant scanners technology. The goal was to make its performance compatible with the performance of similar devices, and to enable its fabrication using materiaIs and methods available to the Brazilian industry. A design m~thodology, and a set of model contributions were proposed and validated. The use of Phosphor-bronze, as structural material, and the photqfabrication process, as the machining method, were proposed as an option to the Silicon-based fabrication method. The contributions ofthis work had enabled the reduction ofthe power consumptlon from 2,2 W to about 5 m W per optical degree, and an increase in the working frequency from 1 kHz to 4kHz, with a optical deftection angle of about 20° peak-to-peak. Such parameters are fully compatible with similar devices, mechanically more complexes and manufactured by serial processes / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

This paper describes how feature extraction on ancient pottery can be combined with recent developments in artificial intelligence to draw up an automated, but still flexible classification system. These features include for instance several dimensions of the vessel's body, ratios thereof, an abstract representation of the overall shape, the shape of vessel segments and the number and type of attachments such as handles, lugs and feet. While most traditional approaches to classification are based on statistical analysis or the search for fuzzy clusters in high-dimensional spaces, we apply machine learning techniques, such as decision tree algorithms and neural networks. These methods allow for an objective and reproducible classification process. Conclusions about the "typability" of data, the evolution of types and the diagnostic attributes of the types themselves can be drawn as well.

New research has shed light on the origin of the Danish glass beads dating to the BronzeAge and the increase in long-distance exchange during this period. This has provided newknowledge about glass beads during the Bronze Age, which unlocked the question of whatit looks like in the rest of Scandinavia. To get a broader perspective I have chosen to studythe first evidence of early craft sites where glass beads were made in Scandinavia. Then acomparison is made between the Bronze and Iron Ages from a broader perspective, whichincludes both the use of glass beads and the glass productions sites. I have therefore chosento study glass beads from a long-term perspective, from the introduction of the first glassbeads in Scandinavia during the Early Bronze Age until the Vendel period when the firstglass beads were manufactured in Scandinavia. By studying glass beads from a long-termperspective, we can learn more about the significance of glass beads in society.

The thesis deal with applying low-pressure low-temperature plasma to corrosion products layers on bronze. Layers of corrosion products on samples were artificially prepared. As a result, they had the same composition and could be irreversibly destroyed during experiments, which would not be possible with real archeological artifacts. Bronze, copper and tin alloy, samples were cut with respect to the size of the plasma-chemical device. XRF was used to determine the bronze composition. Before being corroded by the active medium, each sample was washed with ethanol and dried with a hot air stream. Until now, the procedure was the same for all samples. During formation of corrosion products layers, two factors have to be taken into account: the time consumption and the corrosiveness of the active environment. By focusing on one or the other factor, several groups of samples with differently degraded surfaces were created. The fastest way was to place samples in a corrosion chamber where sodium chloride solution was applied at the elevated temperature. The samples were corroded within a few days there. Longer, but in terms of corrosion products layers compactness better way proved procedure where the samples were sealed in the desiccator. At the desiccator bottom the Petri dish with an inorganic acid was placed, in our case, with hydrochloric acid inside. This method corroded the samples within one month. The longest but the most closed to the real live method was the burial of samples into soil or compost. However, this method corroded the samples within two years. Final step after the samples were removed from any corrosive environment, were dried under low pressure and were placed in a barrier film made bag together with moisture and oxygen absorbers. So prepared samples with layers of corrosion products have been treated in a low-pressure low-temperature plasma. Treatment was carried out in the apparatus which is based on the reactor: cylinder of quartz glass having a diameter of 100 mm and a length of 900 mm. The reactor was supplied with a working gas or a mixture of working gases with a total flow rate of 50 sccm. In our case, one is pure hydrogen or a combination with argon. A rotary oil pump was used to provide vacuum. The reactor base pressure was 10 Pa before treatment, while during the treatment it was 150 Pa. High-frequency generator (13.54 MHz) was used for supply the system with energy through two copper electrodes located outside the reactor. According to the energy delivery method, the treatment was carried out in a continuous or pulse mode. The sample temperature was monitored during the experiment and were evaluated the emission spectra from OES. The sample temperature was one of the key factors. The measurement was first done with a thermocouple, later switched to a thermocouple with optical data transmission. A safe temperature was set and then the whole process was controlled through it. In addition, the effect of the energy delivery method, value of the delivered power, sample size, presence of incrusted layers and composition of working gas were studied. After application of plasma, samples were analyzed by SEM – EDX and XRD. After the evaluation of the acquired knowledge and experience, a real artifact - a bronze chisel from the site of Boskovice - was treated. This documentation lacked the artifact, so it could be used to verify the lessons learned about plasma chemical reduction.