Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:39:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As operações logísticas possuem importante papel no comércio internacional. Ao mesmo tempo, as exportações têm se destacado como força motriz da política econômica brasileira. Com o aumento das exportações nos últimos anos, a busca por redução de custos, o aumento na qualidade e na satisfação das necessidades dos clientes tem recaído com grande peso sobre a área de operações. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos identificar critérios competitivos e a forma de relacionamento para manutenção do serviço prestado por provedores de transporte marítimo internacional a empresas exportadoras localizadas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi realizada pesquisa do tipo survey com exportadores de dois dos setores que mais exportam no estado – Máquinas & Equipamentos e Agronegócios. Os resultados indicam que os critérios competitivos pertencentes ao construto Desempenho de Serviços: agilidade de retorno, equipe capacitada, entrega no prazo, preço, disponibilidade de espaço e equipamentos foram os que mais / Logistics operations play an important role in international business. At the same time, exports are a major driver in the Brazilian economy policies. As exportation rates have increased quickly in the last years, companies have been compelled to seek cost reduction, quality improvements and client satisfaction. Thus, this study aimed to identify competitive criteria and relationship patterns in the services continuity in the international sea transport industry. The companies analyzed are located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A survey was carried out in two of the major exporters industries in that state – Machinery and Agribusiness. The results showed that competitive criteria employed in Services Performance: feedback capacity, staff’s skills, on time delivery, price, ships’ space availability and equipment were found to be more important for the relationship maintenance in the international sea export industry and Brazilian exporters. Therefore, these criteria are key aspects for the relationship co

Submitted by Priscila Miguel (plsmiguel@gmail.com) on 2012-03-29T17:17:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Priscila versão final.pdf: 2954945 bytes, checksum: d6e1ee7941cd855192c9ebbc2b7bba3c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2012-03-29T17:21:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Priscila versão final.pdf: 2954945 bytes, checksum: d6e1ee7941cd855192c9ebbc2b7bba3c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-03-29T17:22:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Priscila versão final.pdf: 2954945 bytes, checksum: d6e1ee7941cd855192c9ebbc2b7bba3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / This research aimed to study how value is created in a buyer-supplier relationship, investigating how governance mechanisms impact value creation, how this phenomenon occurs over time and testing if the model derived from the notion of economic value creation (BRANDENBURGER; STUART, 1996) can be used to measure value creation in dyads. We also tested the impact of the relational sources of competitive advantage (DYER; SINGH, 1998) on the value creation for the organizations involved. By integrating the literature on relationships in the Operations and Supply Chain field with the debate on value creation and competitive advantage in the areas of Strategy and Marketing, an integrative model to assess value creation in relationships and their development over time was proposed, based on three important theories: Transaction Cost Theory, Relational View and Theory of Social Exchange. A deductive qualitative research (BARRAT; CHOI, 2011), with 28 executives responsible for the relationship in both suppliers and buyers’ companies, was performed in two industries: Food & Beverages and Personal Care. The results shown that, in these industries, suppliers are more supportive to collaboration that the buyers, but this commitment does not guarantee exclusivity or increased volumes. Relational governance mechanisms are more common in situations involving risks to companies and when there is size or power asymmetry. The qualitative research provided evidences that the model of economic value creation of Brandenburger and Stuart (1996) can be used to assess the value created in relationships, by considering the difference between willingness to pay of the buyer company and the opportunity cost of the supplier. Additionally, the results suggest that companies should assess the gains of the relationships in the long term, as gains are created in different time for buyers and suppliers. Finally, the qualitative stage identified three distinct types of value creation in dyads: situational or episodic, incremental and relational. At the same time, based on a survey with 76 suppliers, a model to evaluate the effect of the four sources of relational advantage on value creation was tested. The measurement models analysis suggested that the constructs of mechanisms of relational governance and resources complementarity resources should be grouped into a latent variable representing the intraorganizational fit (CHEUG; MYERS, Mentzer, 2010; Saxton, 1997). The measurement model for value creation, represented by five dimensions ( relationship benefits, benefits for the supplier, benefits for buyer, switching costs for the buyer company and opportunity costs for the supplier) had good fit and can be used in future research. Using the validated models and multiple linear regression, the causal relationships between the sources of the relational advantage and value creation were tested. The results provided evidence that different sources of relational advantage have different impact on different aspects of the value created. While inter-organizational fit has positive impact on both supplier and buyer benefits, knowledge sharing has a positive effect on the relationship benefit to the relationship. The asset specificity impact the opportunity cost to the supplier, while the switching cost of for the buyer is not affected by these mechanisms in this situation. A cluster analysis was performed and two distinct groups among the respondents were identified: relational dyads and non relational dyads. There are evidences that the first cluster has better performance than the second group. / A presente investigação teve como objetivo responder a questão de como ocorre a criação de valor em uma díade, investigando como os mecanismos de governança atuam sobre o valor criado, como esse fenômeno ocorre ao longo do tempo e testando a aplicabilidade do modelo derivado da noção de valor econômico (BRANDENBURGER; STUART, 1996) para medir o valor criado em díades. Também foram testados os impactos das fontes de vantagem relacional segundo a perspectiva da visão relacional sobre o valor criado para as organizações envolvidas. Ao integrar a literatura sobre relacionamentos do campo de Operações e Cadeias de Suprimentos com o debate sobre criação de valor e vantagem competitiva nas áreas de Estratégia e Marketing, a pesquisa propôs um modelo integrativo para se avaliar a criação de valor em relacionamentos e seu desenvolvimento ao longo do tempo. As principais correntes teóricas usadas foram a Teoria de Custo de Transação, a Visão Relacional da estratégia e Teoria das Transações Sociais. A pesquisa empírica qualitativa, tomando um caráter dedutivo (BARRATT; CHOI, 2011), com entrevistas com 28 gestores responsáveis pelos relacionamentos em díades dos setores de Alimentos e Bebidas (A&B) e Higiene Pessoal, Perfumaria e Cosméticos (HPPEC), tanto em empresas compradoras como fornecedoras, forneceu evidências de que, nos segmentos investigados, os fornecedores adotam um comportamento mais propenso a colaboração do que as empresas compradoras, mas que esse comprometimento não é garantia de exclusividade ou aumento de participação na relação e que mecanismos de governança relacional são mais comuns em situações que envolvem riscos para as empresas compradoras e quando há assimetria de tamanho e poder entre as partes. As entrevistas forneceram evidências que o modelo de valor econômico de Brandenburger e Stuart (1996) pode ser usado para avaliar o valor criado nos relacionamentos, considerando-se a diferença entre disposição a pagar da empresa compradora e o custo de oportunidade do fornecedor. Adicionalmente, os resultados sugerem que a avaliação dos ganhos em relacionamentos deve ser feita longitudinalmente, visto que há alternância de ganhos entre as partes. Por fim, a etapa qualitativa permitiu identificar três tipos distintos de criação de valor em díades: valor situacional, incremental e relacional. Em paralelo, foi testado um modelo para avaliar a influência das quatro fontes de vantagem relacional no valor criado para empresas compradoras e fornecedores, com base em 76 respostas de empresas fornecedoras. A análise dos modelos de mensuração sugere que os construtos de mecanismos de governança relacional e complementaridade de recursos podem ser agrupados em uma variável latente representando o alinhamento intraorganizacional - fit (CHEUG; MYERS; MENTZER, 2010; SAXTON, 1997). O modelo de mensuração para valor criado, representado por cinco dimensões de primeira ordem, denominadas benefícios para a relação, benefícios para o fornecedor, benefícios para o comprador, custos de troca para a empresa compradora e custos de oportunidade para o fornecedor se mostrou adequado e com bons ajustes. A partir dos modelos validados, as relações causais entre os recursos relacionais e as várias formas de operacionalizar valor foram testadas, utilizando-se regressão linear múltipla. Os resultados forneceram indícios de que diferentes fontes da vantagem relacional têm impacto sobre distintos aspectos do valor criado. Enquanto o alinhamento interorganizacional explica a variação de benefícios para o fornecedor e para o comprador, é o compartilhamento de conhecimento que influencia o benefício para a relação. A especificidade de ativos tem impacto no custo de oportunidade para o fornecedor, enquanto o custo de troca para o comprador não é afetado por esses mecanismos nessa situação. A análise de agrupamentos permitiu ainda constatar a existência de dois grupos distintos entre os respondentes: díades relacionais e díades não relacionais, sendo que o primeiro apresenta desempenho significativamente diferente do outro.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:14:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 61070100617.pdf: 2228039 bytes, checksum: 4712d4fbb83ae3441be70f03a1089488 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-04T00:00:00Z / Este trabalho aborda o tema da socialização nos relacionamentos inter organizacionais como oportunidade de geração de valor. Atualmente torna-se cada vez mais importante aprimorar o relacionamento entre empresas sob a expectativa de influenciar seu relacionamento e sua performance. Com base nesta percepção, este estudo visa mensurar o impacto dos mecanismos de socialização de compradores para a criação de valor no relacionamento cliente-fornecedor, assim como direcionar algumas oportunidades encontradas na pesquisa anterior sobre os Mecanismos de Socialização. Esta dissertação foi embasada na pesquisa original de Cousins et al. (2006) e contribuiu para o desenvolvimento do tema contando com maior exploração da literatura, atualizações, redefinições de construtos e, conseqüentemente, novas variáveis foram adicionadas à pesquisa. Foi adotado o método de pesquisa Survey e foi desenvolvida via Internet com 91 executivos de Compras e Supply Chain no Brasil entre 2008 e inicio de 2009. A amostra foi analisada utilizando o modelo de equações estruturais e os resultados mostram que os mecanismos de socialização informais possuem impacto significativo na geração de capital relacional, e em contra partida, os mecanismos formais possuem impacto relativamente inferior. / This study attempts to the Socialization mechanisms on interorganizacional relationships as an opportunity to create value. It is suggested that it becames more important to improve interorganizational relationships expecting to impact the relationship and companies performance. Based on this background, this study aims to measure the impact of buyer socialization mechanisms to create added value on buyer-supplier relationship, as well as addressing some of the shortcomings in prior research on Socialization Mechanisms. This dissertation was based on original research of Cousins et al. (2006) and it contributes to the issue development, with a deep literature review, updates, constructs redefinition and consequently new variables were add to the research. It was addopted Survey as research methodology and it was developped a web-based survey with 91 Purchasing and Supply Chain executives in Brazil between 2008 and beginning 2009. Sample were analysed through Structural Equations Modeling and results showed that informal socialization mechanism impact significantly on relational capital creation, however, formal socialization mechanism has a lesser impact.

In the global business environment, outsourcing and offshore outsourcing are strategies forfirms to handle the increasing competition in their specific market segments by utilizing thecapabilities of other firms in order to gain competitive advantages. China has become animportant player on the global market and is an attractive country for Western firms’offshore outsourcing initiatives. Even though outsourcing and offshore outsourcing havebeen discussed in the literature for a long period of time, firms are still not able to reach andfulfill their strategic goals and many offshore outsourcing projects fail. The purpose of thisthesis is to deepen the existing literature regarding offshore outsourcing to China byconsidering the Chinese suppliers’ perspective on competitive priorities, which are thepriorities that firms organize the production by, in order to understand how the buying firmscan be more successful in the Chinese context and reach their strategic goals.

Submitted by Yen-Tsang Chen (yentsang.chen@gmail.com) on 2015-03-24T17:51:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final - Chen - Biblioteca.pdf: 2943345 bytes, checksum: 4c170e7c8b4f9e096626e1777b3f690e (MD5) / Rejected by PAMELA BELTRAN TONSA (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Chen, Conforme conversamos estou rejeitando seu trabalho. Favor submeter novamente, Qualquer duvida estamos a disposição. Att, Pâmela Tonsa 3799-7852 on 2015-03-25T20:18:42Z (GMT) / Submitted by Yen-Tsang Chen (yentsang.chen@gmail.com) on 2015-03-26T14:47:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final - Chen - Biblioteca.pdf: 2851494 bytes, checksum: 333f7f24515b050792b3e4eff742b9a3 (MD5) / Rejected by PAMELA BELTRAN TONSA (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Chen, Agradecimento só pode em Português. Fazer a alteração e submeter novamente, Att. Pâmela Tonsa on 2015-03-26T14:53:21Z (GMT) / Submitted by Yen-Tsang Chen (yentsang.chen@gmail.com) on 2015-03-26T17:53:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final - Chen - Biblioteca.pdf: 2851494 bytes, checksum: 333f7f24515b050792b3e4eff742b9a3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by PAMELA BELTRAN TONSA (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2015-03-30T12:15:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final - Chen - Biblioteca.pdf: 2851494 bytes, checksum: 333f7f24515b050792b3e4eff742b9a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-30T12:27:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final - Chen - Biblioteca.pdf: 2851494 bytes, checksum: 333f7f24515b050792b3e4eff742b9a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / Choosing properly and efficiently a supplier has been challenging practitioners and academics since 1960’s. Since then, countless studies had been performed and relevant changes in the business scenario were considered such as global sourcing, quality-orientation, just-in-time practices. It is almost consensus that quality should be the selection driver, however, some polemical findings questioned this general agreement. Therefore, one of the objectives of the study was to identify the supplier selection criteria and bring this discussion back again. Moreover, Dickson (1966) suggested existing business relationship as selection criterion, then it was reviewed the importance of business relationship for the company and noted a set of potential negative effects that could rise from it. By considering these side effects of relationship, this research aimed to investigate how the relationship could influence the supplier selection and how its harmful effects could affect the selection process. The impact of this phenomenon was investigated cross-nationally. The research strategy adopted was a controlled experiment via vignette combined with discrete choice analysis. The data collections were performed in China and Brazil. By examining the results, it could be drawn five major findings. First, when purchasers were asked to declare their supplier selection priorities, quality was stated as the most important independently of country and relationship. This result was consistent with diverse studies since 60’s. However, when purchasers were exposed to a multi-criteria trade-off situation, their actual selection priorities deviate from what they had declared. In the actual decision-making without influence of buyer-supplier relationship, Brazilian purchasers focused on price and Chinese buyers prioritized delivery then price. This observation reinforced some controversial prior studies of Verma & Pullman (1998) and Hirakubo & Kublin (1998). Second, through the introduction of the buyer-supplier relationship (operationalized via relational capital) in the supplier selection process, this research extended the existing studies and found that Brazilian buyers still focused on price. The relationship became just another criterion for supplier selection such as quality and delivery. However, from the Chinese sample, the results suggested that quality was totally discarded and the decision was majorly made through price and relationship. The third finding suggested that relational capital could legitimate the quality and sustainability of the supplier and replaces these selection criteria and made the decisional task less complex. Additionally, with the relational capital, the decision-makings were associated to few biases such as availability cognition, commitment, confirmatory and perceived biases. By analyzing the purchasers’ behavior, relational capital inducted buyers of both countries to relax in their purchasing requirements (quality, delivery and sustainability) leading to potential negative effects. In the Brazilian sample, the phenomenon of willing to pay a higher price for a lower quality offer demonstrated to be a potential counterproductive and suboptimal decision. Finally, the last finding was associated to the cultural effect on the buyers’ decisions. From the outcome, it is possible to observe that if a purchaser’s cultural background is more relation-oriented, the more he will tend to use relational capital as a decision heuristic, thus, the purchaser will be more susceptible to the potential relationship’s side effects / Escolher adequadamente e eficientemente um fornecedor tem desafiado gestores e acadêmicos desde 1960. Desde então, inúmeros estudos tem sido realizados e mudanças relevantes do cenário econômico tem sido considerados tais como global sourcing, orientação à qualidade e práticas de just-in-time. É quase consenso que qualidade deveria ser o a diretriz para a seleção, no entanto, alguns resultados polêmicos questionaram esse consenso. Posto isto, um dos objetivos do presente trabalho é identificar os critérios de seleção de fornecedores e trazer de volta esta discussão. Além disso, o presente estudo observou que Dickson (1966) sugeriu a possibilidade de uso da relação comercial como critério de seleção, portanto, uma a importância da relação comercial foi revisada e potenciais efeitos negativos que podem originar da relação debatidos. Ao considerar os efeitos colaterais do relacionamento, este estudo visou investigar como o relacionamento pode influenciar o processo de seleção de fornecedores e como esses potenciais efeitos negativos podem manifestar neste processo. O impacto deste fenômeno foi investigado transnacionalmente. A estratégia de pesquisa adotada é baseada em experimento controlado com analise de escolha discreta. A coleta de dados foi conduzida na China e Brasil. Ao examinar os resultados, foi possível extrair cinco principais achados. Primeiro, quando um comprador é solicitado a declarar suas prioridades de seleção, independentemente do país, a qualidade é declarada como sendo a mais importante e o relacionamento o menos. Este resultado é consistente com diversos estudos desde a década de 60. Entretanto, quando o comprador é submetido a uma situação de multicritério e trade-off, as prioridades reais divergem das declaradas. Na seleção real sem a influência do relacionamento comprador-fornecedor, os compradores brasileiros focaram no preço e os chineses na entrega e preço. Esta observação reforça alguns achados controversos anteriores de Verma & Pullman (1998) e Hirakubo & Kublin (1998). Segundo, ao introduzir o relacionamento comprador-fornecedor no processo de seleção de fornecedores (operacionalizado via capital relacional), esta pesquisa estendeu os estudos anteriores. Os resultados apontaram que os compradores brasileiros ainda focam no preço e a relação é apenas mais um critério de seleção como qualidade e entrega. Entretanto, da amostra chinesa os resultados apontaram que a qualidade foi desconsiderada e a decisão era pautada em preço e relacionamento. O terceiro achado sugere que o capital relacional poderia legitimar a qualidade e práticas de sustentabilidade dos fornecedores e substitui esses critérios, fazendo a decisão menos complexa. Adicionalmente, com o capital relacional, os tomadores de decisão são associados a alguns vieses tais como de disponibilidade cognitiva, de compromisso, de confirmação e de percepção. Analisando o comportamento dos compradores, o capital relacional induziu aos compradores de ambos os países a relaxarem nos requisitos de qualidade, entrega e sustentabilidade, assim, conduzindo a um potencial efeito negativo. Na amostra brasileira foi possível observar também uma predisposição a pagar mais por uma oferta de menor qualidade, o qual demonstra ser contraditório e potencial decisão subotima. Por fim, o ultimo achado está associado ao efeito cultural nas decisões do comprador. Partindo do resultado, pode-se observar que quanto maior é a orientação ao relacionamento do comprador, mais ele tenderá a usar o capital relacional para a heurística de decisão, consequentemente, mais suscetíveis aos potenciais efeitos danosos da relação.

Submitted by thiago souza cruz amaral (thiagoscamaral@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-15T17:58:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Thiago Amaral_Versão FINAL (ENTREGUE).pdf: 1827167 bytes, checksum: ccb6a7cdf39460899d9a8a6c84eaf5e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2016-01-19T12:44:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Thiago Amaral_Versão FINAL (ENTREGUE).pdf: 1827167 bytes, checksum: ccb6a7cdf39460899d9a8a6c84eaf5e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-01-21T18:08:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Thiago Amaral_Versão FINAL (ENTREGUE).pdf: 1827167 bytes, checksum: ccb6a7cdf39460899d9a8a6c84eaf5e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-21T18:08:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Thiago Amaral_Versão FINAL (ENTREGUE).pdf: 1827167 bytes, checksum: ccb6a7cdf39460899d9a8a6c84eaf5e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / This study aims to analyze the interplay between contractual and relational governance mechanisms in buyer-supplier relationships and their impact on complex projects outcomes. Governance of inter-organizational relationships and its strategic importance for firms' performance and to achieve competitive advantages have been the subject of many recent studies in the strategy field, as well as in related areas. More specifically, the importance of such relationships in management literature has been increasing, mainly in contexts involving emerging economies. The literature shows a convergence about two main types of governance in inter-organizational relationships: the contractual governance, related to contracts and rules formally established between firms to generally safeguard against opportunistic behavior, and relational governance, which is based mainly on trust and relational norms to coordinate such relationships. Although many studies have investigated contractual and relational governance in inter-organizational relationships, there is no consensus in the literature about the nature of their interplay. This study aims to investigate the interplay of governance mechanisms through a case study about a complex procurement project in the Brazilian offshore oil and gas industry, involving innovative technology. The findings suggest that contractual and relational governance mechanisms play important roles in the buyer-supplier relationships and their interaction impacts project outcomes, assessed in terms of time, cost and quality. Governance mechanisms play simultaneously and influence each other to a great extent. The case also demonstrates that accents on different mechanisms can change during the run of a project, depending on the context. Finally, it is concluded that project outcomes in the context studied can not be fully explained only by the interplay between governance mechanisms. These outcomes have to be contextualized, since many institutional environment factors act as moderators of the interplay between governances. / Este trabalho buscou investigar a interação entre os mecanismos de governança contratual e relacional na relação comprador-fornecedor e seus impactos sobre os resultados de projetos complexos. A governança dos relacionamentos interorganizacionais e sua importância estratégica para o desempenho das firmas e para a obtenção de vantagens competitivas têm sido tema de muitas pesquisas recentes na área de estratégia, bem como em áreas correlatas. Mais especificamente, é crescente a importância de tais relacionamentos na literatura de gestão, especialmente em contextos envolvendo economias emergentes. A literatura apresenta uma convergência acerca de dois tipos principais de governança nos relacionamentos interorganizacionais: a governança contratual, que se refere aos contratos e regras formalmente estabelecidas entre as firmas para geralmente coibir comportamentos oportunistas, e a governança relacional, que se baseia principalmente na confiança e em normas relacionais para coordenar tais relacionamentos. Embora diversos estudos tenham investigado a interação entre essas governanças, não há um consenso na literatura sobre a natureza dessa interação. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a interação dos mecanismos de governança contratual e relacional por meio de um estudo de caso sobre a implantação de um megaprojeto na indústria brasileira do petróleo offshore, envolvendo tecnologia inovadora. Os resultados indicam que os mecanismos de governança contratual e relacional desempenham importantes funções no relacionamento comprador-fornecedor e que a interação entre eles impacta os resultados do projeto em termos de prazo, custo e qualidade. Tais mecanismos atuam de forma simultânea e influenciam uns aos outros em grande medida. Percebe-se ainda que o nível de influência de cada um desses mecanismos varia ao longo do tempo, a depender do contexto. Por fim, conclui-se que os resultados do projeto, no contexto estudado, não podem ser plenamente explicados apenas pela interação entre esses mecanismos. Tais resultados precisam ser contextualizados, uma vez que diversos fatores do ambiente institucional atuam como moderadores da interação entre governanças.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify the challenges that small garments manufacturers in Pakistan face in an IOR with large retailers regarding power dominance. The paper also seeks to examine how those garment manufacturers can use the Boundary Control Systems as a strategic response to power dominance. Methodology: The study is Qualitative, Exploratory in nature. It adapts critical realism as its research philosophy while developing the study with an Abductive Approach. The data for this paper was collected through related literature, articles, and a series of semi-structured interviews. The collected Empirical Data was analyzed using Creswell's Six Steps method. Findings: The paper explores the challenges faced by the small garments manufacturers in an IOR with large retailers in the Garments Industry of Pakistan, which include the struggle to have fair pricing, dominant behavior of the retailer, over-controlling inspections of the production, unavailability of resources to manage the production scale, overly strict sanctions or price cut by the retailers, and misunderstandings created by cultural and lingual diversity. These challenges almost always start from the Negotiation stage of the collaboration leaving the small garments manufacturer little to no room for mitigating them. The most effective strategy that the small garments manufacturers can adopt while dealing with power dominance. It is to apply Boundary Systems as early as the Negotiation Stage to prevent the retailer from imposing opportunistic behavior. Involving Boundary Spanners can be useful to have better control over the challenges. Originality and Contribution: The paper attempts to explore the fairly under-studied area of power dominance between small garments manufacturers and large retailers working in the developing garments manufacturing-supplying industry in Pakistan and how Boundary Systems can be used in this dynamic. A significant lack of awareness and studies were identified while researching for this study. Hence this paper can be considered a new and fresh way to look at the issue that has been previously undermined. And a contribution to the literature and future researchers to further the studies in this area.

This dissertation comprises three essays which empirically investigate consequences of transparency. The first essay investigates how transparency, demanded by the government as a customer of firms, affects firms’ financial reporting. It provides evidence that, relative to firms without government customers, government suppliers have a higher quality of financial reporting. Findings indicate that government procurement requirements, which are linked to internal control over financial reporting, can positively affect the external information environment of firms. The second essay examines how managers react to a stricter transparency mandate in pension accounting, if this mandate increases the expected volatility of balance sheet items. Managers of affected firms change decisions on pension plans which mitigate volatility and in addition, affected firms exhibit less volatile accruals but more volatile discretionary real actions suggesting managers reduce volatility in balance sheets. Findings imply that a transparency mandate in pension accounting may have (unintended) consequences for managerial decision-making if the mandate reveals more economic volatility on balance sheets. The third essay studies how (data-transparently) researchers visualize their quantitative findings and how this affects the impact of academic work. It finds that, compared to articles in field-specific economics journals, articles in economics journals with a broader audience use more figures than tables and that articles visualizing (data-transparently) with figures receive more citations. An online experiment, which manipulates how a fictive study visualizes scientific results, finds that participants assess the internal validity of research as being higher and are more willing to cite research if it visualizes results data-transparently. The findings imply that (data-transparent) visualization can enhance the impact of academic work. / Die Dissertation besteht aus drei Aufsätzen, die die Auswirkungen von Transparenz untersuchen. Im ersten Aufsatz wird analysiert, wie sich die von einer Regierung im Rahmen der öffentlichen Auftragsvergabe geforderte Unternehmenstransparenz auf die Finanzberichterstattung von Unternehmen auswirkt. Lieferanten der Regierung weisen eine höhere Qualität der Finanzberichterstattung auf als Vergleichsunternehmen. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht, wie Manager auf strengere Transparenzanforderungen in der Pensionsbilanzierung reagieren, wenn diese die Bilanzvolatilität erhöhen. Die Manager nehmen Bilanzanpassungen vor, die die Volatilität reduzieren, was auf eine beabsichtigte Bilanzglättung hindeutet. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen der Visualisierung von quantitativen Forschungsergebnissen in wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften und dem Einfluss akademischer Forschung. Economics-Journals verwenden mehr Abbildungen als Business-Journals, was Zitationen zu fördern scheint. Experimentelle Evidenz zeigt weiterhin, dass datentransparente Visualisierungen den Einfluss akademischer Forschung positiv beeinflussen können, dass dies aber auch stark disziplinabhängig ist.