This paper examines dialogue between disputing students and the teacher/facilitator in conflict mediation meetings, and discusses what kind of teacher/facilitator’s actions help disputing students find a constructive solution, or even relational transformation. Key theories that inform my research are taken from Martin Buber and Carl Rogers. Buber argues that a human needs to set him/herself at a distance to see the other as an independent existence, and that humans enter relationship through self-becoming, and confirmation of the other’s existence. This is very difficult to achieve in a conflict situation, but Rogers’ core conditions of Person Centred Therapy: Unconditional positive regard; Empathy; Genuineness, fill this gap. The conflict mediator can help this process. Data for the study is taken from twenty video recordings in a secondary school in England, where diversified students, including those who were born abroad, learn together. I examine the outcomes of twenty video-recorded meetings, grouped into three categories: Relational Transformation; Resolution Only; Conflict not transformed. I describe how I have selected three meetings each (nine in total) for thematic coding and conversation analysis. Elicitive and empathetic facilitation appeared most frequently in Relational-Transformation cases, whereas judgmental and directive facilitation were observed most frequently in Conflict-not-transformed cases. As for student’s actions, openness and expansiveness appeared most frequently in Relational-Transformation cases, and attacking and defiance appeared most frequently in Conflict-not-transformed cases. Resolution-Only cases lie between these two categories. These findings suggest that conflict mediation favours elicitive and empathetic facilitation, and leads to the transformation of students’ relationships. When the facilitator/teacher shows judgment and directiveness, students respond with attacking and defiance, which impairs transformative process. It was also revealed that students were only able to acknowledge the other student’s feelings and experiences after their own feeling had been acknowledged.

Can a constitution commit suicide? How should a liberal democratic state respond when social movements threaten war with one another and against the state itself? How should liberal democrats respond when extremist parties are strong enough to cooperate in parliament and obstruct essential legislation? Can an illiberal antidemocratic party legitimately obtain power through elections and then kick the ladder down by legally amending democracy and liberalism out of the constitution entirely? Beginning in 1929, theoretical questions like these suddenly became both practically and existentially relevant for Weimar Germany. The share of the vote Nazis and Communists received in elections swelled until, combined, they were the majority. Neither movement accepted the legitimacy of liberal democracy and both were explicit that their only goal in running for seats in parliament was to gain a strong enough majority to amend the Weimar Constitution out of existence. Until then, they cooperated across the aisle, so to speak, to constitute negative majorities and prevent the SPD, Zentrum, and other parties from being able to pass legislation to respond to the economic, social, and political crises Weimar faced. By 1932, the Nazis held a plurality. In January 1933, exhausted with alternatives, Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor. This dissertation extrapolates Carl Schmitt's state theory and looks at how it was conceived in response to Weimar's legitimation crisis. It shows how Schmitt looks back to the tradition of state theory to address this crisis. In particular, it shows how he models his solution on Thomas Hobbes, whose Leviathan was also a response to civil war and the breakdown of political order. This dissertation argues Schmitt updates Hobbes' state theory to respond to the unique problems of the 20th century, especially modern mass democracy. Modern mass democracy was the product of universal suffrage, mass media, and advances in psychology. Disingenuous social movements exploited the media and whipped up an emotionally charged base, obtaining for themselves a veneer of democratic legitimacy and the means to parliament. Once in parliament, they exacerbated Weimar's crises and struggled against each another to advance their particular goals. Schmitt saw these conflicts as the 20th century equivalent of the Confessional Civil Wars and he saw himself as the 20th century Hobbes. He theorized ways to neutralize those conflicts and restore the state's sovereign authority. But, besides that, Schmitt thought these issues begged the basic question of constitutionalism: are there any objective limits to a goal "the people" want, even if 99 percent of citizens support that goal? Can "the people" legitimately be bound to the mast? Can democracy be tyrannical? Schmitt's peers, such as Hans Kelsen and Richard Thoma, answered in the negative and argued that there was no basis to deny a democratic will that had formed through proper procedures. Schmitt disagreed. He argued the constitution imposed hard limits on democracy. Through this answer, this dissertation argues Schmitt's state theory anticipated what is today known as militant democracy. Militant democracy is a type of liberal democratic constitution that guards against certain forms of popular sovereignty and prevents constitutional suicide. Its institutional mechanisms include the entrenchment of core constitutional principles, such as basic rights, and political bans on certain illiberal and antidemocratic parties. Although one finds militant democracy embedded in constitutions around the world today, it has been undertheorized. Because Schmitt's theory of militant democracy rests on his substantive state theory, this dissertation concludes he offers us a foundation for developing a normative theory of militant democracy - something invaluable for making sense of its legitimacy and its limits today.

by Liu Hoi-ying April. / Thesis submitted in: December 2003. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-113). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Preface --- p.i-v / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- Chapter one: The History of the Romantic Lied --- p.7 / Chapter 2. --- Chapter two: Literature Review --- p.24 / Chapter 3. --- Chapter three: Lieder Analyses --- p.46 / Chapter 4. --- Chapter four: Summary and Conclusion --- p.100 / Chapter 5. --- Selected Bibliography --- p.110 / Chapter 6. --- Appendix A: Statistics / Chapter - --- Table w: Lieder set by Schubert from 1811-1828; statistical information on setting method (strophic vs through-composed) --- p.113 / Chapter - --- Table x: Schubert's Lieder settings from 1811-1828 of Goethe's poems; statistical information on setting method (strophic vs through-composed) --- p.114 / Chapter - --- Table y: Chronological statistical analysis for setting method (strophic vs through-composed) and related poet for all Schubert's Lieder from 1811-1828. --- p.115 / Chapter - --- Table z: Loewe's strophic Lieder settings collected in Max Runze's edition4 --- p.124 / Chapter 7. --- Appendix B: English Translation of Goethe's poems --- p.127

Contemporary work in the metaphysics of realization has produced two central theories as to what it is for an individual to realize a kind. According to the 'flat theory' of Lawrence Shapiro, an individual realizes some kind by exemplifying or instantiating the properties that define realizations of that kind. With Carl Gillett's, 'dimensioned theory', on the other hand, an individual takes part in the realization of some kind merely by contributing causally towards the properties that define realizations of that kind. Both views are vulnerable to objections. Flat realization is focused on the realization of functional kinds, and, therefore, is poorly suited to describe the realization of scientific or compositional kinds. The dimensioned view handles compositional kinds very well, but has difficulty delineating limits as to what may count as a causal component for sake of realization. If everything qualifies as a causal component of realization, every individual with different causal components begins to resemble a unique realization. If every individual qualifies as a unique realization, every kind constituted by more than one individual will be constituted by more than one realization. This threatens to trivialize the realization thesis, as every kind becomes multiply realizable. In order to resolve these problems, I develop a two-level theory of realization inspired by Lewis' 'Mad Pain and Martian Pain'. According to Lewis, pain should be identified only contingently with the physical properties of typical pain. It is also the case, according to Lewis, that pain should be identified only contingently with the functional properties of typical pain. Accounting for this dual contingency suggests two different ways in which a causal role may be fulfilled. On the one hand, a causal role can be fulfilled in the sense in which an individual's internal systems and structures are understood to produce certain aggregate, object-level capacities. On the other hand, a causal role can also be fulfilled in the sense in which certain object-level capacities are understood as the instantiation of psychological or conceptual abilities. If these different senses of role fulfilment qualify as different ways of realizing a causal role, there will be different, but compatible, ways in which an individual may be understood to realize a particular kind.

This thesis looks at the Jungian concept of the archetypes and the connection between the process of individuation and social ecology. An unnatural split between thinking and feeling is seen to be entrenched in society and to be a cause for conflict. It is argued that this split has its origins in the individual 's unresolved inner conflict of ego and shadow. The idea of the archetype is examined in the context of Jung's observations about psychic features which he made throughout his lifetime. While it is true the psychic archetypes have an immense significance for a society in general, it is also true that archetypes are absolutely central in the life of the individual. The central part played by mythology and fairy tale in Jungian psychology is explored using a North American Indian myth as a vehicle for an exposition for some major concepts. Inheritance of archetypes is perhaps the central feature of controversy surrounding the Jungian concept of psychic archetypes and a possible mechanism of inheritance based on the idea of the 'meme' and its relationship to the gene, is examined. The ancient story of Aladdin and the Lamp, is found to contain inherent psychic features or artefacts, which elucidate the concept of the ego/shadow polarity, and so can be seen to constitute an example of an 'archaeology' of archetypes. The apparent dual nature of the archetype is further explored by comparing and contrasting the archetypes of the 'wise old man' and the 'wicked magician', and this dual nature exploration is seen to be in essence an examination of the ego/shadow equilibrium, which exerts its influence on all manifestations at the moment of expression. This unexpected influence on the archetype, despite the archetype's collective nature, explains the positive and negative faces of the archetypes and seems to resolve some questions about their moral, amoral and/or polar nature. The resolution of psychic conflict in the context of Jungian individuation and how the individuation process may influence the expression of collective features, is also found to have the ego/shadow equilibrium as the central psychic structure. / Master of Science (Hons) (Social Ecology)

This study is textual in its resource rather than empirical, and is applied to the experiential nature of the dream-ego. It is conceptual in its application, and its domain of inquiry is focussed on redescribing and reinterpreting the Jungian literature in order to further inform the understanding of the role of the dream-ego in analytical psychological practice. The major underlying assumption which forms the primary foundation for this study is that ‘mind is the subjective experience of brain’ and this statement serves the purpose of positioning the study as being anchored in biological science but not biological in scope. The statement also implies there is no conflict in the conclusions of neurobiological studies and phenomenological studies and positions these realms as correlates of each other. The subjective experience of brain is the realm in which our lives are lived and in which all our perceptions, ideas and feelings are experienced and so the phenomenological approach of the study is a consequence of that fact. The focus is on the dream-ego itself, using a selection of Jung’s own recorded dreams as vehicles to support, describe and reinterpret concepts from the literature in order to elucidate the dream-ego’s function in psychological health. If the dreaming state were exclusively an innocuous epiphenomenon of neurological processes with no experiential function, then it would be expected that the images generated would be quarantined from consciousness entirely, for reasons of psychic stability and hence then cease to be images, but the commonality and regularity of the dream-ego experience indicates an evolved psychic phenomenon with a definite relationship to the waking-ego. The remarkable images and associations experienced in dreams are expressions of the psyche’s uncompromising experiential authenticity and although these dream experiences may be profoundly complex, the dream-ego is seen to have an underlying naivety whose nature is captured by the title of Charles Rycroft’s (1981) book “The Innocence of Dreams”. When the dream-ego is contrasted to the waking-ego it becomes clear that the major difference is in this ‘innocence’ which is a consequence of the attenuation of rationality and volition for the dream-ego. This weaker rationality and volition prevents the dream-ego from talking or walking its way out of confrontation with unconscious content which manifests before it. The dream-ego experience is based on feelings and emotions which were the original reasons and criteria driving the censorship of the ‘feeling toned complexes’, as Jung describes them. The experience of unconscious material by the vulnerable dream-ego and the subsequent transfer to the waking-ego provides the option for the waking-ego to ‘reconsider’ or to make decisions based on the authentic feelings of the psyche. The fact that mammals exhibit REM sleep, and the strong case for mammals dreaming during that period, complicates the understanding of human dream function. In non dreaming sleep the ego is annihilated but is underwritten by the neural networks which constitute the ego when ‘active����. Since neural networks are known to atrophy with disuse, the sequestered ego is at risk of loss of fidelity on manifestation, and therefore may mismatch the environmental context. The study presents the dreaming state as the periodic partial activation of the ����neural ego���� to prevent atrophy and to maintain ego retrieval fidelity. This concept has applicability also to the animal case, since they must maintain their behavioural fluency and environmental congruence. Once the evolved dreaming state is established in mammals it may be subject to further evolutionary possibilities and subtleties in the human case. A consequence of this study is the presentation of the dream-ego as the partial arousal of the waking-ego, rather than the normal wording of the dream-ego as the half asleep waking-ego, since the dream-ego is seen as the psyche rehearsing its ego. The defining phenomenology of the dream-ego is found in its vulnerability to the feelings and emotions of the psyche, but paradoxically this vulnerability is its strength in its role as the feeling nexus between the unconscious and conscious mind. The waking-ego which may misconstrue its role in the psyche’s scheme of things and become aloof in its mentations believing all problems are intellectual, has the innocence of the dream-ego experience as its lifeline to the psyche’s authenticity. It is the intent of this study to contribute to the understanding of the role of the dream-ego experience in therapeutic practice, and placing the dream-ego as the protagonist of the study, to be attentive to the power of its innocence. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>I uppsatsen behandlas brev skrivna av Julie Ekerman, gift Björckegren (1765-1800), till Carl Sparre (1723-1791). Samlingen omfattar sex brev skrivna 1784, då Julie var Sparres unga älskarinna i Stockholm, och 53 brev skrivna 1789-91, då hon gift sig med Nils Björckegren och var i färd med att installera sig som borgmästarhustru i Linköping. Mina frågor till breven kretsar övergripande kring makt och identitet, kring vem brevskriverskan uppfattade sig vara och önskade sig vara, kring vem det var möjligt att vara där hon befann sig och hur brev tjänade som identitetsskapande redskap och maktfaktor i denna process. Såväl biografiska och kulturella/socialhistoriska som textanalytiska infallsvinklar har använts för att diskutera dessa frågor.</p><p>I de brev Julie Björckegren skrev från Linköping till sin forna älskare står livet som borgarkvinna i förgrunden, både den hon enligt sin egen förståelse är och den hon vill bli. Innehållsmässigt kretsar brevskriverskan kring fem teman: husmoderskapet, kroppen-hälsan, det sociala livet, brevskrivandet samt tacksägelserna och behovsframställningarna. Formmässigt karaktäriseras brevkedjan - på grund av brevskrivandets 'pågående' karaktär - av omedelbarhet och oavslutad öppenhet, av ett skrivande "här och nu" som är framåtsyftande, riktat mot framtiden. Framställningen växlar mellan livliga, narrativa partier, officiösa hyllningar, ironiskt lekfulla inslag, argumenterande och deskriptiva avsnitt. Breven förstås som en identitetsskapande berättelse där brevskriverskan arbetar sig fram emot ny självförståelse och genom texten iscensätter och prövar roller och positioner samtidigt som hon skriver fram önskningar och begär. Sättet att skriva sätts i relation till tidens epistolära retorikskifte och framväxten av en ny borgerlig kvinnoroll.</p>

<p>The ambition of this project is to make an overview of the Swedish upholstery industry and to make a suitable complement to the Carl Malmsten upholstery collection.</p><p>The Swedish furniture industry employs about 20 000 people in 815 companies. Totally the branch had a turnover of 17,5 billion Swedish krona in the year 2000. Of these 815 companies most of them are small family driven companies with low-tech industry. 10 % of the 815 companies stand for 60% of the production. These are large-scale companies and have a hi-tech industry, even compared with other types of industries. Approximately 25% of the Swedish made furniture is being exported.</p><p>The upholstery industry is spread over the country but mainly concentrated to the south of Sweden, Småland. After conversations with seven chosen upholstery companies in Tibro and Tranås area I discovered that the companies all have very different views of the market, some of them are increasing there sales and some are shutting down. During the past decade the furniture industry experienced difficult times with competition from low-price-producing countries like The Baltic country and Poland. Even though the corporate climate is rough the seven chosen companies has one thing in common and that is the aversion to outsource the production. They are frightened of losing control over the quality and to maintain hi-quality is of vital importance as it is signified to Swedish made furniture.</p><p>One of these companies is AB OH Sjögrens who has been my calibrator in this final project. This is the company that produce the Carl Malmsten upholstery furniture. Personally it was interesting to work with Carl Malmsten as a platform as I am linked to him trough education at Carl Malmsten CTD at Linköpings University and employment at Carl Malmsten store at Strandvägen in Stockholm.</p><p>Together with AB O.H. Sjögrens a designbreif was made where it was decided that this project was supposed to result in a sofa that would harmonies with the Carl Malmsten furniture called “Rundrygg” and “Jättepaddan”. The ambition is to offer the consumer a generous sofa as a complement to Carl Malmsten’s small sofas.</p><p>When I look at my work I can se that I have not fully been able to answer the question about what the characteristics for upholstered furniture to be optimal in Swedish production are. My work describes instead the search for a suitable match to Carl Malmsten’s furniture. The focus landed on creating new furniture and the project resulted in a sofa that is inviting and generous.</p> / <p>Detta är ett arbete vars målsättning är att göra en översyn av svensk stoppmöbelindustri samt skapa en lämplig komplettering till Carl Malmstens stoppmöbelkollektion.</p><p>Den svenska möbelbranschen sysselsätter omkring 20 000 personer i 815 företag och omsatte år 2000 17,5 miljarder kronor. Av dessa 815 företag är ett flertal små familjeföretag med låg teknologisk nivå i produktionen. 10 % av samtliga företag svarar för 60 % av msättningen.</p><p>Dessa är storskaliga och har modern produktionsteknik, även i jämförelse med annan verkstadsindustri. Ungefär 25 % av de svensktillverkade möblerna går på export.</p><p>Stoppmöbelindustrin är utspridd över hela landet men stor majoritet är lokaliserad i Småland. Efter att jag talat med sju utvalda företag i Tibro och Tranåstrakten konstateras att upplevelsen av marknaden är väldigt olika för företagen, vissa företag ökar sin försäljning medan andra lägger ner. Under de senaste decennierna har prispressen i möbelbranschen ökat och många svenska tillverkare har svårt att hävda sig gentemot utländska lågprisleverantörer, främst från Baltikum och Polen. Trots det hårda företagsklimatet har de sju utvalda företagen en sak gemensamt och det är oviljan att flytta produktionen utomlands. De upplever att de tappar kontrollen över kvalitén och att bibehålla den höga kvalitén är otroligt viktigt då det har blivit signum för svensktillverkade möbler.</p><p>Ett av dessa företag är AB O.H. Sjögrens som varit min samarbetspartner i detta examensprojekt. AB O.H. Sjögrens valdes då de producerar Carl Malmstens stoppmöbler, och för mig har det varit intressant att jobba utifrån Carl Malmsten då jag har stor anknytning till hans formgivning genom utbildning på Carl Malmsten CTD Linköpings universitet i Stockholm och arbete på Carl Malmsten butiken på Strandvägen.</p><p>Tillsammans med AB O.H. Sjögrens skapades en designbreif där det bestämdes att projektet skall resultera i en soffa som skall fungera tillsammans med Carl Malmstens stora fåtöljer, ”Rundrygg” och ”Jättepaddan”. Målet är att erbjuda konsumenterna en generös soffa som komplement till Carl Malmstens små ”fikasoffor”.</p><p>När jag granskar mitt examensarbete konstaterar jag att jag inte helt kunnat svara på frågan om hur en stoppmöbel kan se ut för att vara optimal i svensk produktion, avgränsat till AB O.H Sjögrens. Mitt arbete handlar istället mer om hur en möbel kan se ut för att passa in i Carl Malmstens kollektion. Fokus har hamnat på skapandet av en ny möbel där resultatet blev en soffa som är inbjudande och generös.</p>

<p>The purpose of this essay is to examinate the statements and verbal attributions of King Carl</p><p>XVI Gustaf of Sweden in the early 2000’s. More exactly I’ve got two question formulations:</p><p>Which statements does king Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden make during the early 2000’s and are these</p><p>statements, in line with the king’s attributions, non-political, party-politically neutral and noncontroversial</p><p>according to different perspectives? Question number two is if there are to find any</p><p>boundaries for where the verbal attributions of Carl XVI Gustaf seem to go when he expresses himself in</p><p>the role as the king of Sweden and the chief of state in the early 2000’s. My procedure is to read the</p><p>Christmas speeches of Carl XVI Gustaf during the 2000’s and use former beheld statements of Carl XVI</p><p>Gustaf to seek answers to the research questions. My conclusions are that the king does make political</p><p>as well as party-political statements according to different perspectives. The king sometimes speaks</p><p>fondly about EU, advocates multiculturalism, praises the family as a social building block and embellishes</p><p>the Swedish monarchy. According to different perspectives these notions cannot be seen as nonpolitical</p><p>nor party-politically neutral because in some questions different opinions are prevailed among</p><p>parliament parties and other bigger parties in Sweden. However, the statements of the king can hardly</p><p>be seen as controversial since his statements often rest upon strong common values and national unity.</p><p>The verbal boundary of Carl XVI Gustaf is floating and cannot be unravelled, but it’s possible to approach</p><p>the truth with three cores: 1. The king can encourage, although not tell how something is to be</p><p>done. 2. The king shall keep within the national unity and common values. 3. It’s not always enough with</p><p>Swedish national unity, nor shall Carl XVI Gustaf butt in discussions that undermines the relations with</p><p>other countries.</p>

<p>I den här uppsatsen utgår vi från romanen <em>Kunzelmann och Kunzelmann</em> av Carl-Johan Vallgren. Vi analyserar den för att ta reda på hur den förhåller sig till det postmoderna samhället, och även hur postmodern romanen i sig är. I analysen använder vi oss av en dekonstruktivistisk metod där vi utgår endast från texten och inte författaren, och vi lutar oss på teorier om postmodernism samt queerteori. Analysen har vi strukturerat utefter vissa teman som vi har kunnat urskilja i romanen, som lägger viss tonvikt dels på sexualitet och dels på dikotomierna äkta och falskt. Vi tittar på de två huvudkaraktärerna Joakim och hans far Viktor, deras uppfattning av vad som är falskt och verkligt samt tematas ”porr”, ”queer” och ”en postmodern värld”. I romanen uppfattar vi en tydlig kritisk syn på utvecklingen av människan i det postmoderna samhället, vilket ifrågasätter idag rådande normer; något som i sig är ett typiskt postmodernt litteraturdrag.</p>