Résumé : L’intégration européenne a changé profondément les dynamiques politiques en Europe. Parallèlement, on a vu un essor du nombre de mouvements régionaux tant politiques qu’économiques. En suivant la logique du principe de subsidiarité, ils ont réclamé plus d’autonomie face à leur État central. Au même moment, les États centraux voyaient leur souveraineté s’éroder par le haut et par le bas. À l’aide du cas de la Catalogne, nous expliquons comment l’Union Européenne offre sans cesse de nouvelles opportunités aux régions qui veulent plus d’autonomie tout en permettant d’éviter les conflits entre ces régions et leur État central en créant une dynamique triangulaire qui permet de voir d’une manière nouvelle la relation État-région. // Abstract : European integration has profoundly changed political dynamics in Europe. Simultaneously, there’s been an increase in the number of regional movement, be they political or economic. Following the subsidiarity principle logic, they asked more autonomy from their central state. At the same time, central states were seeing their sovereignty eroding from the top and the bottom. With the Catalan case study, we explain how European Union offers more and more new opportunities to the regions that want more autonomy while permitting to avoid conflict between these regions and their central states in creating a triangular dynamics that helps to see the state - region relation in a new way.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéresserons à l’évolution du système migratoire entre l’Amérique latine et l’Espagne depuis la fin du XIXè siècle jusqu’à la crise économique qui a débuté en 2008. Notre hypothèse de départ est que cette dernière remet en cause la théorie de la « proximité culturelle » selon laquelle la communauté de langue, de culture et de religion avec les Espagnols faciliterait l’intégration des Latino-Américains en Espagne par rapport aux autres communautés d’immigrés. Après le boom migratoire des années 2000, les chiffres de la crise semblent indiquer un changement de cycle migratoire et une recomposition des flux, basée sur un processus de « délatino-américanisation » en cours. Qu’en est-il réellement ? Ce processus est-il réversible ? Nous répondrons à ces questions en étudiant la façon dont les Latino-Américains sont affectés par la crise dans deux Communautés Autonomes aux traditions migratoires différentes, l’Aragon et la Catalogne / Throughout this thesis, our interest will be drawn to the evolution of the migration system between Latin America and Spain from the end of the 19th century until the economic crisis that took place in 2008. Our starting hypothesis is that the latter makes us reconsider the theory of the « cultural proximity » according to which the language, cultural and religious communities with the Spanish, would make the integration of the Latin-Americans easier than the other migrant communities. After the migration boom in the 2000’s, the crisis figures seem to reveal a change of migration cycle as well as a recomposition of the migratory flows on the basis of an ongoing « Dis-Latin-Americanization» process. What about the real facts ? Is that process irreversible ? We are going to answer these questions by studying the way Latin-Americans are affected by that crisis in two Autonomous Communities, the migratory traditions of which are different : Aragon and Catalonia.

O claustro do mosteiro beneditino de Sant Benet de Bages, na Catalunha espanhola, é caracterizado pela grande quantidade e diversidade de elementos ornamentais esculpidos em seus capitéis, o que é um importante indício de como a ornamentação se constituía em tanto que instância fundamental para a estética medieval. No entanto, até hoje poucas pesquisas foram realizadas sobre este claustro, o que é revelador da pouca atenção dada pela historiografia da arte tradicional ao tema da ornamentação. De modo geral, as imagens medievais mais valorizadas enquanto objeto de estudo são as historiadas. Isso em muito se deve à supervalorização da ideia de Bíblia dos iletrados, em detrimento de uma análise mais profunda sobre a presença estrutural e da complexidade dos diversos elementos que compõem as imagens, dentre os quais, os elementos ornamentais. Os trabalhos existentes sobre o tema da ornamentação e sua presença nas imagens medievais são, com poucas exceções, superficiais, procurando categorizações estilísticas e raízes filológicas. Uma das exceções é a obra do medievalista e teórico da arte francês Jean-Claude Bonne, principal marco teórico de nossa pesquisa, e que cunhou os conceitos de ornamental e ornamentalidade. A partir destas noções é que nos dedicamos ao estudo do claustro de Sant Benet de Bages, considerando os papéis estruturantes da ornamentação na economia imagética medieval e a diversidade de funções que ela pode adquirir, relacionando-a ao contexto sócio-histórico onde foi produzida. / The cloister of the Benedictine monastery of Sant Benet de Bages, in the Spanish Catalonia, has a large number and diversity of ornamental elements in its capitals, what sets us a fertile field of study. The few studies on this cloister indicate little attention by art historians to ornamentation, generally engaged in studying the historiated images. This is greatly due to the overemphasis of the idea of images as a \"Bible of the illiterate\", at the expense of a deeper analysis on the structural presence and complexity of the various elements that compose the images, among which, the ornamental elements. The existing papers on the subject of ornamentation and its presence in medieval images are generally superficial, limited to studies for stylistic categorizations, occupying a marginal place because they are supposed to be additional and unnecessary elements. At Sant Benet de Bages, like some other Romanesque cloisters, the amount of ornamental capitals exceeds that of historiated, which reveals the possibility of ornamentation to constitute a critical field to the aesthetic functioning of medieval art. This research aims to study such elements present in the cloister considering their structuring aspects in medieval imagetic economy, and the diversity of functions that can carry the concepts of \"ornemental\" and \"ornementalité\", proposed by the medievalist and French art theorist Jean-Claude Bonne, opening new possibilities for their study.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the early work of the Catalan poet Pere Gimferrer, in which the elements of Franco's dictatorship and restrictions are examined. Special attention is paid to the poem The Deserted Space (L'espai desert), in which Gimferrer responds more explicitly to the Francoist regime in Catalonia, and the philosophical topic of this poem is also partly described in the thesis. Furthermore, the work depicts the history and politics of the Francoist period from 1939 to 1975 and deals with the specific problems of restriction in Catalonia. The thesis also focuses on literature in the period of Franquism and the new aesthetic poetry of the Novísimos group to which Gimferrer belongs and which wanted to break free from the long- standing social poetry condemning the political situation after the civil war. At the same time, the thesis proves that Gimferrer does not completely abandon the social poetry, because the elements of the Franco's dictatorship can be found in his poems.

The thesis is focused on the Catalan nationalism as the nationalism of the nation without state and its changes during the economic crisis. The objective is to analyse potential impact of the economic crisis to the Catalan nationalism and its changes after 2008, firstly at the level of public opinion, secondly and mainly at the political level in the frame of the analysis of the Catalan political parties in the Catalan parliament after the elections in 2006, 2010 and 2012. The parties are divided according their demands to the central government using the Dandoy's typology. The intensification of the demands for the independence in the Catalan society and its correlation with the worsening economic indicators, as the unemployment, Catalan debt or the changes of GDP, is analysed by the linear regression analysis in the first part of the study. The connection between nationalist questions and the economic crisis is analysed in the second part of the thesis. Three tools of the election campaign in 2006, 2010 and 2012 are used for this analysis - the electoral programmes, the electoral debates and interviews in television and the electoral spots. The conclusion of the thesis is whether the nationalist demands in the Catalan society and of the Catalan political parties increased and if so, whether it is...

We don’t sit and talk about this, aims at quite the opposite. While societies such as the Catalan and Swedish have become more gender equal and seem to advance towards being more welcoming for menstruating bodies, there are still many discomforts and oppressions related to the menstrual experience. The research in this subject has been primarily focused on menstrual health and hygiene management issues, while ignoring the social and cultural aspects related to this natural bodily process. Indeed, the menstrual cycle is a biological and psychological journey, throughout women lifespan. Acknowledging the complexity and uniqueness of the menstrual experience, this study aims at exploring and comparing the menarche and menstruation experiences of Primary school teachers. Aiming at examining two specific settings, this research sampled National and International teachers, specifically 9 teachers working and living in Catalonia and 9 teachers working and living in Sweden. Drawing from these two samples, in-depth interviews were conducted, and the resulting findings were analyzed through thematic analysis. The diverse sample of this investigation shows differences and similarities among the two settings, mainly referring to their current embodied experience of menstruation and their way of approaching menstrual-related issues within the school context. It appears, then, that the women that participated in this study faced menarche without the adequate support and information. Besides, menarche was the period where they learnt and interiorized the social and cultural norms of hiding and concealing menstruation and faced physical restrictions. As they grew older, some of these women changed their way of managing and communicating about their period. However, the topic was still difficult to share and discuss, not only in their private life but in their role as teachers, where they attempt to promote a period positive image and help their daughters and students have a comforting menstrual experience. The findings are further discussed considering the concepts of menstrual etiquette, institutional non-acceptance,and the pollution theory and the development theory of embodiment.

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This thesis examines stylistic technique and narrative strategy in a range of George Orwell’s fictional and non-fictional texts to demonstrate how personal experience and detached interpretation interact dialectically in his work to create layers of narrative complexity. Moving from Raymond Williams’ observation that the figure of “Orwell” is the writer’s “most successful” creation, this study asserts a vital correlation between form and content in Orwell’s work, specifically in the central position that perspective occupies in his political outlook. The multiple perspectives that surface in Orwell’s texts – the reluctant Imperial policeman, the tramp in disguise, the advocate of the working poor, the rebellious and satirically-inclined anti-totalitarian writer – correspond with the author’s life experiences, and yet are revealed as rhetorically constructed positions that are adopted strategically to generate nuanced, and at times contradictory, impressions of a wide range of subject matter. Chapter 1 treats Orwell’s Burmese writings as ethnographically-inflected texts; Chapter 2 examines the figure of the mask in Down and Out in Paris and London and in The Road to Wigan Pier; Chapter 3 analyses a dialectic of experience and interpretation at play in Homage to Catalonia; Chapter 4 scrutinizes the mobilization of the rebel writer figure in a selection of Orwell’s mature essays; and Chapter 5 examines the strategic deployment of competing perspectives in Nineteen Eighty-Four’s anatomy of the totalitarian state. This array of analytical approaches serves the dual function of highlighting the versatility and sophistication of narrative strategy across a range of individual texts in Orwell’s oeuvre, and of demonstrating a trajectory in his work that adheres simultaneously to both formal and political considerations. Orwell’s highly prolific two-decade-long writing career, I argue, can be productively understood as an ongoing experiment with narrative strategy, and this experiment exerts at each stage a direct influence on his evolving political aesthetic.

Cette thèse explore et compare des représentations élaborées au sujet des langues étrangères ayant leur place dans les curricula de la formation professionnelle du second degré de trois entités socio-historiques et politiques, l’Allemagne, la Catalogne et la France. Elle s’intéresse aussi aux finalités de l’enseignement de ces langues étrangères et aux éventuelles influences exercées par les contextes politiques, idéologiques, sociolinguistiques et éducatifs sur les représentations élaborées par les personnes interrogées. Ces questionnements permettent de formuler que dans les représentations élaborées par des personnes résidant en Allemagne, en Catalogne et en France, une langue étrangère et une finalité de l’apprentissage de langues étrangères dominent : l’anglais et la fonction utilitariste de la langue. / This doctoral thesis seeks to explore and compare representations about forein languages to learn in vocational education in three socio-historical and political entities, Germany, Catalonia and France. It also aims to explore and compare the finalities of learning foreign languages in this kind of education and the eventual influences of political, ideological, sociolinguistical and educational contexts on the representations of the interviewed persons. Those questions allow to formulate that one language and one finality are hegemonical in the representations, english and the utility to learn a foreign language.

Nesse trabalho, a incidência da prisão para além de seus limites físicos e institucionais é problematizada a partir da exploração e confrontação de dois contextos sociais distintos: a Catalunha e São Paulo. Os vasos comunicantes que conectam a prisão a outros territórios sociais, bem como as experiências de diversos agentes que fazem a mediação entre o mundo prisional e a sociedade mais ampla, são questões abordadas através de uma perspectiva analítico-descritiva, visando evidenciar a produção de um multifacetado campo social estruturado ao redor e através das instituições prisionais. Explorando diferentes trajetórias que se conformam nesse campo é possível problematizar algumas das circunstâncias do processo de massificação do encarceramento, assim como outras importantes alterações recentes no dispositivo carcerário contemporâneo. / This work intends to problematize the impacts of prison beyond its physical and institutional limits. Such aim is achieved through exploration and confrontation of two different social contexts: Catalonia and São Paulo. The communicating vessels, which connect jail to other social territories, and the experience of several agents, that provide mediation between prison and the rest of society, are questions treated through an analytical-descriptive perspective, intending to show up the production of a multifaceted social field that is structured around and through prison institutions. Exploring different paths in this field, it is possible to problematize some circumstances of mass imprisonment process, as well as recent changes in the penal contemporary mechanism.