A Artrite Reumatóide (AR) é uma artropatia autoimune multifatorial com etiologia desconhecida que afeta aproximadamente 1% da população adulta. A estratégia padrão para o tratamento da AR consiste na administração de baixas doses de Metotrexato (MTX), cujo efeito anti-inflamatório está relacionado com a manutenção dos níveis elevados de adenosina (ADO) extracelular. No entanto, uma parte considerável dos pacientes com AR é refratária ao tratamento com MTX e o mecanismo pelo qual este fenômeno ocorre ainda não está totalmente esclarecido. Neste contexto, o presente estudo descreveu que a eficácia terapêutica ao MTX está associada com a expressão em células Tregs da ectoenzima CD39, cuja função biológica é a geração de ADO extracelular via metabolização do ATP. Especificamente, através da realização de um estudo longitudinal, observamos que pacientes respondedores ao MTX (R-MTX) apresentam uma expansão de células Tregs circulantes expressando CD39 após o tratamento com MTX. Por outro lado, identificamos que pacientes não respondedores ao MTX (UR-MTX) possuem uma redução da expressão de CD39 em células Tregs, o que culmina em um comprometimento das suas funções supressoras. Ainda, demonstramos que a expressão de CD39 em células Tregs é um biomarcador apto em predizer a resposta terapêutica ao MTX, visto que pacientes UR-MTX apresentam uma expressão reduzida de CD39 em Tregs mesmo antes do início do tratamento com MTX. Posteriormente, nós investigamos as bases moleculares que acarretam na expressão reduzida de CD39 observada em células Tregs de pacientes URMTX. Demonstramos que a estimulação com TGF-? tanto em células Tregs isoladas quanto diferenciadas in vitro aumenta a expressão de CD39 através da ativação sequencial da seguinte plataforma molecular: receptores de TGF-? (TGFBRII e TGFBRI), transdutor de sinal SMAD2, fator de transcrição CREB, de modo dependente da atividade de p38. Uma vez identificada a via envolvida com a indução da expressão de CD39, demonstramos que células Tregs diferenciadas de indivíduos que apresentam uma expressão reduzida de CD39 são incapazes de induzir a expressão desta ectoenzima através da estimulação com TGF-?. Por fim, transpondo nossos achados para pacientes com AR, observamos que pacientes UR-MTX apresentam uma redução nos níveis de RNAm para TGFBRII e CREB bem como também uma redução das proteínas fosforiladas SMAD2 e CREB em células CD4+ e Tregs, sugerindo que o comprometimento na cascata de sinalização de TGF-?, envolvida com a indução da expressão de CD39 em células Tregs, está associado com a resistência ao MTX. / Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune multifactorial arthropathy with unknown etiology that affects approximately 1% of the adult population. The standard strategy for RA treatment comprises the administration of low doses of methotrexate (MTX), whose antiinflammatory effects are associated with maintenance of high levels of extracellular adenosine (ADO). However, a considerable proportion of RA patients is resistant to MTX treatment and the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon occurs is poorly understood. Within this context, the present study showed that therapeutic efficacy of MTX is associated with expression on Treg cells of the ectoenzyme CD39, whose function is related to the generation of extracellular ADO by ATP metabolism. Specifically, we conducted a longitudinal study and observed that responsive patients to MTX (R-MTX) exhibit an increase in the frequency of circulating Treg cells expressing CD39 after MTX treatment. On the other hand, we found that non-responsive patients to MTX (UR-MTX) have a reduction of CD39 expression on Treg cells, which culminates in an impairment of Treg function. Furthermore, these findings indicate that CD39 expression on Treg cells is a biomarker for therapeutic response to MTX, since UR-MTX patients had a depressed CD39 expression on Treg cells even before MTX treatment. Subsequently, the present study investigated the molecular mechanisms that would cause the reduction of CD39 expression on Treg cells from UR-MTX patients. For this, we demonstrated that TGF-? stimulation increases CD39 expression in isolated and in vitro differentiated Treg cells through participation/activation of the following molecules: receptors of TGF-?, TGFBRII and TGFBRI, signal transducer SMAD2 and transcription factor CREB, through p38 activity dependent-manner. Once identified these molecules involved with CD39 induction, we demonstrated that differentiated Treg cells from healthy individuals with an intrinsic reduction of CD39 expression on circulating Treg cells are unable to increase CD39 expression by TGF-? stimulation. Transposing our findings to RA patients, we found that UR-MTX patients exhibit a reduction of mRNA for TGFBRII and CREB as well as reduction on levels of phospho-SMAD2 and phospho-CREB in CD4+ and Treg cells, suggesting that an impairment in TGF-? signaling pathway, related to induction of CD39 expression on Treg cells, is associated with MTX resistance.

Les lymphocytes T régulateurs (Treg) jouent un rôle prépondérant dans la tolérance du système immunitaire. En physiopathologie, un défaut quantitatif ou fonctionnel en Treg favorise le développement de maladies auto-immunes tandis que leur présence participe au développement tumoral. En particulier, la présence de Treg dans le stroma immunitaire de la tumeur (TiTreg) est de mauvais pronostic pour la survie des patientes atteintes de cancers du sein et de l'ovaire. Les Treg sont recrutés dans la tumeur via l'axe CCL22/CCR4 et sont activés et amplifiés via leur interaction avec les pDC et l'axe de co-stimulation ICOS-ICOSL qui favorise leurs capacités suppressives. Ce projet contribue aux efforts réalisés ces dernières années visant à la compréhension des mécanismes d'immunosuppression des Treg opérant dans les tumeurs humaines. En effet, ce projet met en évidence que les Ti-Treg humains expriment fortement l'ectonucléotidase membranaire CD39. Cette enzyme extracellulaire catabolise l'Adénosine tri-phosphate (ATP) en Adénosine Monophosphate (AMP) pouvant être ensuite dégradé, via l'ectonucléotidase CD73, en Adénosine (Ado). Alors que l'ATP représente une Alarmine (signal de danger extracellulaire) qui en particulier contribue à l'activation de l'inflammasome, l'Ado possède un fort pouvoir immunosuppresseur qui est illustré chez les patients atteints d'une déficience de l'enzyme Adénosine Déaminase (ADA), ne pouvant dégrader l'Ado en Inosine (Ino), développent un Syndrome d'Immunodéficience Sévère. Contrairement au Treg murins, les Treg humains n'expriment pas CD73. Cependant nous avons pu identifier une population de lymphocytes T CD4+ mémoires non régulateurs (Tconv) exprimant CD73 et coopérant ainsi avec les Treg CD39+ pour la génération d'Ado. Cette population présente une capacité accrue de sécrétion de cytokines inflammatoires (IFNgamma, IL-17A, IL-22, GM-CSF) et l'expression de molécules (CXCR3, CCR6, MDR1) caractéristiques du profil Th1/17. De plus ces cellules semblent être moins sensibles à une régulation médiée par les points de contrôles dits immune-checkpoints (ICPs) tel que PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, TIGIT. Par contre, les Tconv CD73+ sont sensibles à l'Ado généré lors de la coopération avec les Treg CD39+ qui engendre l'inhibition de leur prolifération et de leur sécrétion d'IFNgamma et de GM-CSF mais pas de l'IL-17A. L'Ado qui agit localement, peut également entrainer la suppression des Tconv CD73neg dans l'environnement proche. L'ensemble de ces résultats montre que l'expression de CD73 caractérise une population de T CD4 effecteurs polyfonctionnelle Th1/17 qui est une cible privilégiée et coopérative de l'immunosuppression des Treg dans l'environnement tumoral. En outre l'action d'Ado transforme ce puissant effecteur anti-tumoral en cellule potentiellement pro-tumorale via l'unique sécrétion privilégiée d'IL17 / Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in the immune system tolerance. In pathophysiology, a quantitative or functional defect in Treg promotes development of autoimmune diseases while their presence involved in tumor development. In particular, the presence of Treg in the immune stromal tumor environment (Ti-Treg) is associated with a poor prognosis for survival of patients suffering from breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Treg are recruited in the tumor through the CCL22 / CCR4 axis and are activated and amplified through their interaction with pDC expressing costimulatory axis ICOS-ICOSL and promoting their suppressive capacity. This project contributes to the efforts made in recent years to understand suppressive mechanisms of Treg operating in human tumors. Indeed, this project demonstrates that humans Ti-Treg strongly express the membrane ectonucleotidase CD39. This extracellular enzyme catabolizes Adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine-monophosphate (AMP) which can then be degraded through the ectonucleotidase CD73 into Adenosine (Ado). While ATP is an Alarmine (extracellular danger signal) that particularly contributes to the inflammasome activation, Ado has strong immunosuppressive effect which is illustrated in patients with deficiency of the enzyme Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), which cannot degrade Ado into Inosine (Ino) and develop an Immunodeficiency Syndrome Severe. Unlike murine Treg, human Treg do not express CD73. However we could identify a non-regulatory population of CD4+ T cells (Tconv) expressing CD73, and thus cooperating with CD39+ Treg for Ado generation. This population has an increased capacity of secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IFNgamma, IL-17A, IL-22, GM-CSF) and the expression of molecules (CXCR3, CCR6, MDR1) characteristics of Th1/17 profile. Moreover, these cells appear to be less sensitive to regulation mediated by the immunocheckpoints (ICPs), such as PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, TIGIT. Nonetheless CD73+ Tconv are sensitive to Ado generated in cooperation with CD39+ Treg which induce the inhibition of their proliferation and their secretion of IFNgamma and GM-CSF but not IL-17A . Ado acting locally, can also inhibit the Tconv CD73neg in the surrounding environment. All these results show that the expression of CD73 characterizes a population of multifunctional effector T CD4 Th1/17, which is a specific and cooperative target of Treg immunosuppression in the tumor environment. In addition the action of Ado transforms this potent anti-tumor effector to potentially pro-tumor cells which only secret IL17

La signalisation purinergique participe à de nombreux processus physiopathologiques dans le système cardiovasculaire. Alors que les nucléotides extracellulaires sont considérés comme des « signaux de danger » ; la NTPDase1(CD39), ectonucléotidase à l’origine de leur hydrolyse, permet de maintenir l’homéostasie vasculaire par ses actions anti-thrombotiques etimmuno-modulatrices. Le rôle de CD39 dans la fonction vasculaire liée à l’hypertension artérielle(HTA) reste méconnu. L’HTA, facteur de risque majeur de complications cardiovasculaires, est caractérisée par un remodelage structurel(hypertrophie, fibrose) et fonctionnel (hypercontractilité, dysfonction endothéliale) des vaisseaux, causées notamment par un stress oxydatif et une inflammation périvasculaire. L’objectif de notre projet a consisté à étudier l’évolution de CD39 ainsi que son rôle potentiel dans la condition vasculaire pathologique de l’HTA. Nous mettons en évidence une diminution de l’expression et de l’activité du CD39 vasculaire dans l’HTA. Une diminution de l’activité ADPase du CD39 soluble a également été observée au niveau circulant. L’étude des éléments à l’origine de cette diminution montre une sensibilité du transcrit vasculaire de CD39 à certaines cytokinespro- et anti-inflammatoires, mais également à une tension mécanique. Une étude in vivo du potentiel rôle de CD39 (souris déficientes pour le gène de CD39 (Entpd1) et traitement à l’apyrase) dans un modèle d’HTA à l’Angiotensine-II a également été réalisée. L’ensemble de ces données suggère qu’une diminution du CD39 vasculaire et circulant pourrait contribuer à majorer les altérations vasculaires contemporaines de l’HTA. / Purinergic signaling is involved in numerous physiopathological processes in cardiovascular system. While extracellular nucleotides are considered as « danger signals » ; the NTPDase1(CD39), ectonucleotidase responsible for their hydrolysis, preserves vascular homeostasis by itsanti-thrombotic and immunomodulatory actions.The role of CD39 in vascular function related to arterial hypertension remains unknown. Hypertension, the major risk factor of cardiovascular complications, is characterized by structural remodeling (hypertrophy, fibrosis) and functional (hypercontractility, endothelial dysfunction) of vessels caused in particular by perivascular oxidative stress and inflammation.Our aim was to investigate the evolution of CD39 expression / function and its potential contribution in the pathological vascular condition of hypertension. We highlighted a decrease invascular CD39 expression and activity in the context of hypertension. A decrease in soluble ADPase activity specific to CD39 was also observed in blood circulation. Investigation of elements responsible for this decrease reveals asensitivity of vascular CD39 transcription to several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and to mechanical tension. In vivo study of potential role of CD39 (mice deficient for CD39 gene (Entpd1) and treatment with apyrase) in Angiotensin-II model of hypertension was also carried out. All these data suggest that a decrease in circulating and vascular CD39 may contribute to vascular changes associated with hypertension.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-13T12:21:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 viniciusschmitzpereiranunes.pdf: 31716642 bytes, checksum: 9cfc92a2078f124a8a9e3fa1c6509c7e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T03:28:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 viniciusschmitzpereiranunes.pdf: 31716642 bytes, checksum: 9cfc92a2078f124a8a9e3fa1c6509c7e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T03:28:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 viniciusschmitzpereiranunes.pdf: 31716642 bytes, checksum: 9cfc92a2078f124a8a9e3fa1c6509c7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-07 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Esquistossomose é uma doença negligenciada causada por parasitas do gênero Schistosoma. Segundo a Oganização Mundial da Saúde, mais de 200 milhões de pessoas no mundo estão infectadas, sendo de 4 a 6 milhões de pessoas somente no Brasil. A principal forma de tratamento da doença é o uso do medicamento praziquantel, porém, há relatos na literatura de resistência do parasita ao medicamento. Tal situação levantou a necessidade pela busca de novos alvos moleculares e novos medicamentos para o tratamento da doença. Um grupo de proteínas apresentadas como potenciais alvos moleculares de esquistomicidas é o das NTPDases. Estas enzimas hidrolisam nucleotídeos di e trifosfatados (e.g. ADP e ATP) em presença de cátions bivalentes, e estão descritas em diferentes organismos. No parasita Schistosoma mansoni foi descrita uma isoforma de NTPDase ancorada na membrana plasmática das células do tegumento do verme adulto e conhecida como SmATPDase1 ou Sm1. Segundo a literatura, esta isoforma é a segunda proteína mais expressa no tegumento dos vermes adultos. Devido à localização e a importância dos nucleotídeos di e trifosfatos na ativação hemostática e de células do sistema imunológico, foi sugerido que a Sm1 estaria envolvida na regulação das concentrações de nucleotídeos em torno do parasita, o que contribuiria com sua evasão. Baseado nos pressupostos acima, tem sido proposto o uso da Sm1 como possível alvo molecular de novos esquistomicidas. Nos mamíferos foram descritas oito isoformas de NTPDases. A isoforma 1 de humanos (HsNTPDase1), mais conhecida como CD39, está presente nas células do endotélio dos vasos sanguíneos, sendo responsável pela regulação das concentrações extracelulares de ATP e ADP. No presente trabalho, apresentamos os modelos 3D da Sm1 e CD39, construídos por meio da técnica de modelagem por homologia. Devido a semelhança da estrutura 3D de ambos os modelos, foi necessário realizar uma análise estrutural comparativa entre as duas enzimas, por meio de simulações de dinâmica molecular e estudos de docking receptor-ligante. Predição de cavidades foram feitas no modelo da Sm1 a fim de detectar cavidades diferentes do sítio-ativo que pudessem ser usadas em estudos de docking. Dessa etapa resultou a seleção de duas cavidades, o sítio-ativo e um sítio alternativo. Em seguida foram realizadas simulações de dinâmica molecular envolvendo os modelos da Sm1 e CD39, e os moldes PDB3ZX3 e PDB3CJA. Para cada modelo foram feitas duas simulações, uma com a presença do ANP (análogo do ATP) no sítio-ativo e uma na ausência do ANP. Em todas as quatro simulações os modelos estão acoplados a uma membrana do tipo POPC, e o tempo de simulação foi de 32ns. Para os moldes o tempo de simulação foi 40ns. As simulações mostraram que a região do sítio alternativo apresentou, no modelo da Sm1 sem o ligante, mudanças na conformação que não foram observadas na Sm1 com ligante e nas duas simulações envolvendo o modelo da CD39. Isso sugere que o ligante contribui na estabilização da estrutura da Sm1 e CD39. Também foram feitas análises de drogabilidade e de agrupamento das conformações geradas ao longo das simulações envolvendo os modelos. Para as análises de agrupamento foi proposto o uso da metodologia GLCM, juntamente com o algoritmo K-means. Essas análises tinham como objetivo selecionar conformações das trajetórias que pudessem ser usadas nos estudos de docking. Para os estudos de docking foram analisadas a afinidade de três ligantes (ANP, ARL67153 e praziquantel) no sítio ativo e no sítio alternativo, de ambas as enzimas. Para o sítio ativo, os melhores resultados foram obtidos com os ligantes ANP e ARL67153, em todas as simulações. Foi observado que o ARL67153 apresentou resultados similares com os do ANP. No sítio alternativo os melhores resultados foram obtidos com as conformações da simulação da Sm1 sem o ANP no sítio ativo, sendo que na CD39 nenhum dos ligantes foram atracados dentro do sítio. Com relação ao praziquantel, os melhores resultados foram observados no sítio ativo da Sm1 e CD39. É possível concluir que o sítio alternativo da Sm1 é uma região que pode ser usada para o atracamento de possíveis inibidores dessa enzima. / Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma. According to the World Health Organization, over 200 million people worldwide were infected, and 4 to 6 million people only in Brazil. The main treatment is the use of the drug praziquantel, but there are reports in the literature suggesting the parasite’s resistance to praziquantel. This situation raised the need for search new molecular targets and new drugs for treating this disease. A group of proteins as potential targets is NTPDase. These enzymes hydrolyse nucleotides (e.g., ADP and ATP) in the presence of bivalent cations, and they are described in different organisms. In the parasite Schistosoma mansoni, an isoform of NTPDase„ named SmATPDase1 or Sm1, was described as a protein anchored in the plasma membrane of cells in the seed coat of the adult worm. According to the literature, this isoform is the most expressed enzyme in the tegument of adult worms. Due to the location and importance of nucleotide triphosphates in the hemostatic and activation of immune cells, Sm1 has been suggested to be involved in the regulation of nucleotide concentrations around the parasite, which could be a mechanism of immune evasion in schistosomiasis. Based on the above assumptions, it has been proposed the use of Sm1 as a possible target for new schistosomicide drugs. In mammals have been described eight isoforms. Isoform 1 of human NTPDase (HsNTPDase1), also known as CD39, is present in the endothelial cells of blood vessels, and it is responsible for the regulation of extracellular concentrations of ATP and ADP. In this paper, we present 3D models of Sm1 and CD39, constructed by homology modeling technique. Due to the similarity of 3D structures of both models, it was necessary to perform a comparative structural analysis of both enzymes by molecular dynamics simulations and and receptorligand docking. Cavities prediction were made in Sm1’s model and two cavities were selected, the active site and an alternative binding site proposed in this work. After, it was performed molecular dynamics simulations involving models of Sm1 and CD39, and PDB3ZX3 and PDB3CJA templates. Two simulations were performed for each model, one in the presence of ANP (ATP analog) in the active-site and other in the absence. In models’ simulations, structures were coupled to a POPC membrane, and the simulation time was 32ns. Simulation time for templates was 40ns. Simulations showed that the alternative site in Sm1 without ANP presented conformational changes which were not observed in simulations of CD39 and Sm1 with ANP. This suggests that the presence of ligand in the active site contributes in stabilizing the structure of Sm1 and CD39. Druggability and clustering analysis were performed with conformations generated through simulations. In this work, we proposed the use of GLCM methodology with Kmeans algorithm for clustering analysis, aiming to select conformations from trajectories that could be used in receptor-ligand docking. We analyzed the affinity of three ligands (ANP, ARL67153 and praziquantel) in the active site and in the alternative site of Sm1 and CD39 enzymes. The best results for active site were obtained with ANP and ARL67153 ligands, in all simulations. For alternative site, the best results were obtained with conformations from the simulation of Sm1 without ANP in the active site. For CD39’s simulations, none of the ligands were docked within the cavity of alternative site. With regard to praziquantel, the best results were observed in the active site of Sm1 and CD39. It is possible to conclude that the alternative site of Sm1 is a region which can be used for docking of possible inhibitors of this enzyme.

Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), exist in a process-bearing, ramified/surveying phenotype under resting conditions. Upon activation by cell-damaging factors, they get transformed into an amoeboid phenotype releasing various cell products including pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, proteases, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, and the excytotoxic ATP and glutamate. In addition, they engulf pathogenic bacteria or cell debris and phagocytose them. However, already resting/surveying microglia have a number of important physiological functions in the CNS; for example, they shield small disruptions of the blood–brain barrier by their processes, dynamically interact with synaptic structures, and clear surplus synapses during development. In neurodegenerative illnesses, they aggravate the original disease by a microglia-based compulsory neuroinflammatory reaction. Therefore, the blockade of this reaction improves the outcome of Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc. The function of microglia is regulated by a whole array of purinergic receptors classified as P2Y12, P2Y6, P2Y4, P2X4, P2X7, A2A, and A3, as targets of endogenous ATP, ADP, or adenosine. ATP is sequentially degraded by the ecto-nucleotidases and 5′-nucleotidase enzymes to the almost inactive inosine as an end product. The appropriate selective agonists/antagonists for purinergic receptors as well as the respective enzyme inhibitors may profoundly interfere with microglial functions and reconstitute the homeostasis of the CNS disturbed by neuroinflammation.

Les fonctions immunitaires déclinent au cours du vieillissement, un phénomène qui pourrait être lié à l'accumulation de cellules sénescentes dans les tissus. La sénescence est un état irréversible d'arrêt de croissance qui s'engage principalement en réponse à des dommages irréparables de l'ADN. Les cellules sénescentes ont un phénotype sécrétoire pro-inflammatoire (SASP) qui affecte les tissus voisins. CD73 est une enzyme qui travaille en collaboration avec CD39 pour produire de l’adénosine à partir d‘adénosine triphosphate (ATP). Il a été démontré que des concentrations plus élevées d'adénosine dans un microenvironnement tumoral nuisent aux fonctions des cellules immunitaires. L'objectif de ce projet est de déterminer si les fibroblastes sénescents ont la capacité d'induire l'expression de CD39/CD73 à la surface des cellules tueuses naturelles (NK) et d'inhiber la réponse immunitaire antitumorale. Nos résultats montrent que les cellules NK-92, NKAES (cellules tueuses naturelles amplifiées) et les cellules NK primaires expriment des niveaux plus élevés de CD39/CD73 lorsqu'elles sont cultivées avec des fibroblastes sénescents. De plus, nous avons observé que le marqueur CD73 est aussi augmenté dans les fibroblastes sénescents. L'augmentation était cependant plus prononcée lorsque la sénescence était induite en raison de la surexpression de l’oncogène hRASv12 plutôt que suite à l'exposition à des radiations ionisantes. En outre, la cytotoxicité des cellules NK diminue lorsque celles-ci sont exposées à un environnement sénescent et lorsqu'on traite les cellules avec 2-Chloro Adénosine (CADO), un analogue de l'adénosine. Nous supposons que l'augmentation de l'expression de CD39/CD73 conduira à une production accrue d'adenosine, créant ainsi un environnement immunosuppressif. La caractérisation de l'impact de la sénescence cellulaire sur les fonctions des cellules NK pourrait donner un aperçu du développement de stratégies visant à augmenter la capacité du système immunitaire à éliminer les cellules tumorales, améliorant potentiellement les résultats du traitement du cancer. / Immune functions decline during aging, a phenomenon that may be linked to the accumulation of senescent cells in tissues. Senescence is an irreversible state of cell growth arrest often in response to irreparable DNA damage. Senescent cells have a proinflammatory secretory phenotype (SASP) that affects nearby tissues. CD73 is an enzyme that works in collaboration with CD39 to produce adenosine from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Higher concentrations of adenosine in a tumor microenvironment were shown to impair immune cell functions. The objective of this project is to determine whether senescent fibroblasts have the ability to induce CD39/CD73 expression at the surface of natural killer (NK) cells and inhibit the antitumoral immune response. Our results show that NK-92, NKAES and primary NK cells express higher levels of CD39/CD73 when grown in co-culture with senescent fibroblasts. Similarly, we also observed that the CD73 marker is increased in senescent fibroblasts. The effect was, however, more pronounced when fibroblasts were induced to senesce because of the overexpression of oncogenic hRASv12 compared to when induced to senesce following exposure to ionizing radiation. In addition, the cytotoxicity of NK cells decreases when NK cells are exposed to a senescent environment and when treated with 2- Chloroadenosine (CADO), an analog of adenosine. We hypothesize that increased CD39/CD73 expression will lead to an increased production of adenosine creating an immunosuppressive environment. Characterization of the impact of cellular senescence on the function of NK cells could provide insights into the development of strategies to increase the ability of the immune system to eliminate tumor cells, potentially improving cancer treatment outcomes.

Introduction: Le mélanome est le type de cancer de la peau le plus fréquent et les métastases du système nerveux central en sont une complication fréquente et grave. Les cellules de mélanome interagissent avec une grande variété de types de cellules dans le microenvironnement tumoral (MET), ce qui peut entraîner des effets pro- ou antitumoral. Plusieurs voies immunosuppressives ont été récemment découvertes comme des cibles médicamenteuses prometteuses, notamment la voie de l'adénosine. L'adénosine extracellulaire s'accumule dans le MET suite à l'hydrolyse de l'ATP par les ectonucléotidases CD39 et CD73. Les principaux régulateurs de la voie de l'adénosine sont CD39, CD73, et les récepteurs A2a et A2b. Matériel et Méthodes: Pour caractériser spatialement le MET des métastases cérébrales du mélanome (MCM), nous avons quantifié l'expression de 35 marqueurs protéiques à l'aide du time of flight (CyTOF) Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) dans 21 MCM, et segmenté et classé plus de 130 000 cellules. Ensuite, pour évaluer les effets du ciblage du récepteur A2b et du CD73 dans la voie de l'adénosine sur le développement du mélanome, nous avons utilisé les tests de prolifération IncuCyte et MTS pour évaluer la prolifération des cellules de mélanome. Résultats: Dans notre ensemble de données, les caractéristiques immunitaires du MET étaient hétérogènes dans tous les échantillons et le type de cellule le plus courant après les cellules cancéreuses du mélanome était les macrophages dérivés de la moelle osseuse (MDMO). Les échantillons à propagation leptoméningée avaient significativement moins de neutrophiles, de MDMO de type M1, d'autres cellules T et plus de cellules cancéreuses dans leur microenvironnement. Nous avons observé que la stimulation du récepteur A2b a un effet antiprolifératif sur les cellules cancéreuses du mélanome. Conclusion: Cette recherche met en évidence le rôle du MET dans la progression du mélanome et l'importance du MET comme base pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies pour les patients atteints de cancer. / Background: Melanoma is the most frequent type of skin cancer and metastasis to the central nervous system is a common and serious complication of it. Melanoma cells interact with a wide variety of cell types in the tumor microenvironment (TME) which can lead to tumor-promoting or tumor suppressive effects. Several immunosuppressive pathways have emerged as promising drug targets, including the adenosine pathway. The extracellular adenosine accumulates in the TME as the result of ATP hydrolysis by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. Key regulators of the adenosine pathway are CD39, CD73, A2a and A2b receptor. Methods: To spatially characterize the TME of melanoma brain metastases (MBM), we quantified the expression of 35 protein markers using time of flight (CyTOF) Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) in 21 MBMs, and segmented and classified over 130 000 cells. Then, to evaluate the effects of targeting the A2b receptor and CD73 in the adenosine pathway on the development of melanoma, we used the IncuCyte and MTS proliferation assays to assess the proliferation of melanoma cells. Results: In our dataset, the immune landscape of the TME was heterogeneous across all samples and the most common cell type after melanoma cancer cells were bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM). Samples with leptomeningeal spread had significantly less neutrophils, M1-like BMDM, T other cells and more cancer cells in their microenvironment. We observed that stimulation of the A2b receptor has an antiproliferative effect on melanoma cancer cells. Conclusion: This research highlights the role of the TME in the progression of melanoma and the importance of the TME as grounds for development of new therapies for cancer patients.