Previous ideologies about the reading woman resulted in circumscriptions of women's rights to education and free access to literature. Today women in the western world are considered to have unlimited access to education and literature. But research has shown that there still are traces of old-established ideologies of the woman reader in today's society. If so, it is possible that women experience hindrances in the identity as a reader. The overall purpose of the study is to examine representations of the woman reader in fictional texts during different time periods in order to illustrate the hindrances and opportunities that emerge in relation to women´s reading. This is accomplished by examining common discourses about the woman reader in three fictional texts and in what way the discourses have changed during the course of time. The questions are studied with the background of previous research about the woman reader by Flint (1993), Golden (2003) and Jack (2012). The methodology used is Fairclough´s (2015) critical discourse analysis. The result and analysis show that there are five common discourses about the woman reader in the studied material, whereof four shows hindrances and one opportunities women experience in their identity as a reader. The discourses have changed in a way that indicates social struggle. The result and analysis suggests that it is possible that there is a connection between the discourses and previous ideologies. The conclusion is that it is important for libraries to observe attention to whether women express barriers to reading, what these hindrances are and in what situations they arise.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Physicians receive multiple CCDs for a single patient encompassing various encounters and medical history recorded in different information systems. It is cumbersome for providers to explore different pages of CCDs to find specific data which can be duplicated or even conflicted. This study describes the steps towards a system that integrates multiple CCDs into one consolidated document for viewing or processing patient-level data. Also, the impact of the system on healthcare providers’ perceived workload is evaluated. A modular system is developed to consolidate and de-duplicate CDA-based documents. The system is engineered to be scalable, extensible and open source. The system’s performance and output has evaluated first based on synthesized data and later based on real-world CCDs obtained from INPC database. The accuracy of the consolidation system along with the gaps in identification of the duplications were assessed. Finally, the impact of the system on healthcare providers’ workload is evaluated using NASA TLX tool. All of the synthesized CCDs were successfully consolidated, and no data were lost. The de-duplication accuracy was 100% based on synthesized data and the processing time for each document was 1.12 seconds. For real-world CCDs, our system de-duplicated 99.1% of the problems, 87.0% of allergies, and 91.7% of medications. Although the accuracy of the system is still very promising, however, there is a minor inaccuracy. Due to system improvements, the processing time for each document is reduced to average 0.38 seconds for each CCD. The result of NASA TLX evaluation shows that the system significantly decreases healthcare providers’ perceived workload. Also, it is observed that information reconciliation reduces the medical errors. The time for review of medical documents review time is significantly reduced after CCD consolidation. Given increasing adoption and use of Health Information Exchange (HIE) to share data and information across the care continuum, duplication of information is inevitable. A novel system designed to support automated consolidation and de-duplication of information across clinical documents as they are exchanged shows promise. Future work is needed to expand the capabilities of the system and further test it using heterogeneous vocabularies across multiple HIE scenarios.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Precision medicine refers to the delivering of customized treatment to patients based on their individual characteristics, and aims to reduce adverse events, improve diagnostic methods, and enhance the efficacy of therapies. Among efforts to achieve the goals of precision medicine, researchers have used observational data for developing predictive modeling to best predict health outcomes according to patients’ variables. Although numerous predictive models have been reported in the literature, not all models present high prediction power, and as the result, not all models may reach clinical settings to help healthcare professionals make clinical decisions at the point-of-care. The lack of generalizability stems from the fact that no comprehensive medical data repository exists that has the information of all patients in the target population. Even if the patients’ records were available from other sources, the datasets may need further processing prior to data analysis due to differences in the structure of databases and the coding systems used to record concepts. This project intends to fill the gap by introducing an interoperable solution that receives patient electronic health records via Health Level Seven (HL7) messaging standard from other data sources, transforms the records to observational medical outcomes partnership (OMOP) common data model (CDM) for population health research, and applies predictive models on patient data to make predictions about health outcomes. This project comprises of three studies. The first study introduces CCD-TOOMOP parser, and evaluates OMOP CDM to accommodate patient data transferred by HL7 consolidated continuity of care documents (CCDs). The second study explores how to adopt predictive model markup language (PMML) for standardizing dissemination of OMOP-based predictive models. Finally, the third study introduces Personalized Health Risk Scoring Tool (PHRST), a pilot, interoperable OMOP-based model scoring tool that processes the embedded models and generates risk scores in a real-time manner. The final product addresses objectives of precision medicine, and has the potentials to not only be employed at the point-of-care to deliver individualized treatment to patients, but also can contribute to health outcome research by easing collecting clinical outcomes across diverse medical centers independent of system specifications.

This study investigates the news media coverage in Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter, the two major newspapers in Sweden, surrounding narcotics. We investigate the relationship between the hegemony in Swedish drug-policy and news reporting, to examine whether a larger cultural hegemony can be said to exist. The existence of a larger cultural hegemony depends upon social institutions, such as news media, reproducing the values of a political hegemony. We have chosen a discourse-theoretical framework, where hegemony, ideology and discourse are central concepts. Our theoretical framework also includes broader concepts and theories from the field of journalism studies, such as agenda setting and news values. The study contains both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis, to examine different aspects of news coverage of narcotics. Our methodological approach is based on Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) and is largely operationalized using Carvalho’s (2008) methodological template, with analytical tools borrowed form Boréus (2005), Cohen (2002) and Christie & Bruun (1985). Our analysis shows that news coverage of narcotics in the second half of 2020 in Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter is heavily dominated by crime-reporting, where law enforcement agents and narratives are given great amounts of framing power, which in turn reproduces the hegemonic values of Swedish drug policy, which promotes a juridical discourse in relation to drug-related problems. Previous research has found that Swedish drug policy is largely influenced by moral values rather than scientific research, which reflects our study’s findings of a higher prevalence of a moral discourse over a medical discourse. Lastly, there is an almost total absence of a recreational discourse in our material. These findings demonstrate how the hegemonic values of Swedish drug policy are reflected in the news media, which could point to the existence of a larger cultural hegemony in relation to narcotics in Sweden. However, the qualitative analysis also highlights examples where a high degree of interdiscursivity can be distinguished, which could point to a challenging of hegemonic values in Swedish drug policies.

This study examines the discourses on reproduction and parenthood produced through media initiatives aimed at stimulating a higher birth rate in Bulgaria. It focuses on gender inequality issues in Bulgaria through the lenses of feminist media theory, cultural studies and theoretical frameworks from critical discourse analysis. Using Fairclough's three-dimensional model for a critical discourse analysis, the research explores the gender roles represented in media advert initiatives in collaboration with the campaign 'Do it now' and public discourse through the media initiative 'Parents on time'.The study reveals how motherhood and fatherhood are portrayed, and whether the discourse on reproductive responsibilities and fertility issues correspond to traditional gender roles. The analysis critically explores the use of sexist stereotypes and stigmas, and how women and men are positioned in relation to them. Results point to a predominant focus on women, reinforcement of traditional gender roles, and exclusion of men from discourse on fertility and parenthood. Thus, this thesis makes an academic contribution to the subjects of gender inequality and media representations in the context of contemporary Bulgarian society.

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This study investigates the discursive ways in which the Syrian war and the Syrian refugees are being portrayed in the American news media. It was conducted by combining the method Corpus Linguistics with the concepts of Critical Discourse Analysis. The data for this research consists of a virtual sub-corpus created from the NOW (News on the Web) corpus, hosted by English-Corpora. The virtual corpus contains all the data from the NOW corpus with the word SYRIA* in the title and the words SYRIA* and REFUGEE* weref urther investigated by the use of concordance, collocate and KWIC tools. The results for SYRIA* showed that the Syrian war was not the prime focus for media coverage and were therefore underrepresented. The collocations around REFUGEE* demonstrated that the conceptual metaphor REFUGEES ARE WATER, and by extension, REFUGEES ARE A DISASTER, were mapped onto the Syrian refugees. Consequently, the nuisance and inconvenience of the refugees was emphasised and represented them negatively.

Fitness is considered as a diverse spectrum and the society surrounding it is considered to be in constant flux. There are few male fitness influencers on Instagram acting as mass mediums communicating their daily lives in front of a mass of followers. This study investigates how five Swedish male fitness influencers communicate male body ideal by gathering 15 similar Instagram posts while qualitatively analysing five of them. Methodology-wise, multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA) is used to analyse Instagram posts made by Swedish fitness influencers that are communicating something explicitly referred to fitness. Structure of the analysis relies on semiotic denotation and connotation while Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) theory is operationalised on linguistic and semiotic elements. The analytical results argue that they were following three sorts of discourses for communicating their daily lives. Additionally, the identified three discourses are argued to be constructed under certain ideologies.

Då antagonismen mellan öst och väst forstätter att eskalera i vårt postindustriella samhälle är det viktigt att ta reda på de bidragande faktorer som leder till en fortsatt motsättning. Det är min uppfattning att Hollywood är en bidragande faktor till denna antagonism. Det är även min åsikt att Hollywood blir påverkade av USA:s Mellanösternpolitik i utformandet av de filmer där människor från Mellanöstern och islam porträtteras.Syftet med studien är att utifrån teorier såsom orientalism, stereotypering, representation och common-sense antaganden analysera nio utvalda Hollywoodfilmer. Tre från 1960-talet, tre från 1990-talet och tre från 2000-talet för att klarlägga hur människor från Mellanöstern framställs och hur islam representeras.Syftet är även att med hjälp av Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys belysa hur samhället påverkar Hollywoods produktioner och hur dessa i sin tur påverkar samhället. Mot bakgrund av detta är Faircloughs trestegsmodell lämplig för att tydligöra det dialektiska samspel som existerar mellan samhälle och produktionen av film.Utifrån de teorier och metod som har presenterats har jag funnit att de nio utvalda filmerna framställer människor från Mellanöstern och islam på ett negativt sätt. Det har även varit möjligt att med hjälp av Faircloughs trestegsmodell tydligöra ett dialektiskt samspel mellan USA:s Mellanösternpolitik och Hollywood. / In a time when antagonistic feelings continue to escalate in our postindustrial society, it tends to be vital to look for the contributing factors to why opposition seems to continue. It is my understanding that Hollywood is one of several factors to the ongoing animosity. It is also my belief that the ongoing US Middle Eastern policy has an influence on Hollywood, which has a direct impact on the production of movies that represent people of the Middle East and Islam.The purpose if this paper is to analyze nine selected Hollywood movies using theories such as Orentalism, stereotypes, representation and common-sense assumptions. The films will be taken from three separate decades, from the 1960s, 1990s and the 2000s. The function of the investigation is to determine how people of the Middle East and Islam are being represented.Another purpose is also to establish an understanding on how society affects Hollywood productions but also how these productions in turn affect society; this will be done by using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. Fairclough’s framework for CDA is ideal in determenating the ongoing dialectical relationship between society and the production of movies.By using the theories and method formerly presented, I have concluded that when analyzing the nine selected movies, people of the Middle East and Islam are being represented in a negative manner. It has also been possible to establish that there exists a dialectical relationship between US Middle Eastern policy and Hollywood by using Fairclough’s framework for CDA.

Davidsson, Karin & Dornwald, Katharina. På tal om estetik. En diskursanalytisk studieav Statens Offentliga Utredningar/Speaking about aesthetics. A discourse analytic studyof two official government reports. Examensarbete på avancerad nivå, 15högskolepoäng. Malmö högskola: Lärande och Samhälle, enheten för Kultur, språk ochmedier, KME 2013.Denna uppsats ingår som en del av lärarutbildningen med KME-inriktning (kulturmedier-estetik), 210 högskolepoäng på Malmö högskola. Vi har undersökt hurbegreppet estetik används i två av statens offentliga utredningar, SOU 1999:63 ochSOU 2008:109. Dessa föregår lärarutbildningsreformerna 2001 och 2011. Genom attgranska rapporterna ville vi undersöka vilka olika diskurser som framträder i de tvåutredningarna med fokus på olika sätt att definiera, använda och beskriva begreppetestetik. Vi har genomfört en diskursanalys med utgångspunkt i Faircloughs kritiskadiskursanalys, CDA. Vi har använt oss av CDA som både teori och metod med syfte attsynliggöra hur begreppet estetik används i offentliga utredningar och vad det skullekunna ha för påverkan på vilken status estetik får i lärarutbildningar. Vi ger även enövergripande redovisning för hur begreppet estetik har används både historiskt och iskolans värld. Resultatet av vår analys visar på diskursiva skillnader i de båda SOUtexterna där vi kan se ett samband mellan utredningarna och de lärarutbildningarna som formats därefter. Vi har kommit fram till att SOU 1999:63 har möjliggjort ett radikaltanspråk på estetik på Malmö högskolas lärarutbildning, åtminstone inom vårthuvudämne KME. / Davidsson, Karin & Dornwald, Katharina. Speaking about aesthetics. A discourseanalytic study of two official government reports. Examensarbete på avancerad nivå, 15högskolepoäng. Malmö högskola: Lärande och Samhälle, enheten för Kultur, språk ochmedier, KME 2013.This paper is part of teacher training with KME (culture - media - aesthetics) as a majorconsisting of 210 credits at Malmö University. We have investigated how the concept ofaesthetics is used in two official government reports, SOU 1999:63 and SOU 2008:109.These present teacher education reforms in 2001 and 2011. By reviewing the reports,we wanted to investigate the different discourses that appear in the two documentsfocusing on different ways to define, use and describe the concept of aesthetics. Weconducted a discourse analysis based on Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis, CDA.We have used CDA as both theory and method in order to highlight how the concept ofaesthetics is used in government reports and what impact it could have on the status ofaesthetics in teachers’ education. We have also given an overview on the historical useof the term aesthetics, as well as in school contexts. The results of our analysisdemonstrate the discursive differences in the various reports and we can see aconnection between the reports formation and the outcome of the teacher’s educations.We have concluded that SOU 1999:63 has made a radical approach on aestheticpossible at least in our major KME.