Le processus de création de la connaissance (CC) est crucial pour une entreprise, en vertu d'identifier, transformer et créer des actifs tangibles et intangibles qui sont mobilisés en profit d'innovations. Les entreprises sont en quête de surmonter les limitations qui interfèrent ce processus, et une des formes consiste dans la localisation en clusters industriels (CIs). Le manque de littérature a entraîné l'intérêt à focaliser dans cette recherche le processus de CC dans les entreprises localisées en CIs. Cette recherche a pour objectif comprendre la forme de structuration du processus de création interne aux entreprises participantes de clusters industriels du secteur de biotechnologie en France et au Brésil. Le secteur de biotechnologie a sa base dans les connaissances de nature de frontière technologique. En vertu du dynamisme du processus de CC, on a choisi des entreprises de clusters ainsi caractérisées pour l'observation de ce phénomène, notamment le cluster Bioméditerranée (Marseille, France) et le cluster de Belo Horizonte (Brésil). Cette recherche est caractérisée comme une étude de cas multiples, focalisé de façon déductive de caractère exploratoire. Après la structuration de l'instrument de recherche et de la quête de données, les mêmes ont été réduits, découpés et synthétisés, pour postérieur utilisation des techniques d'adéquation au modèle et synthèse des cas croisés à partir des modèles logiques de niveau organisationnel, qui ont emmené à une typologie de cas général, en forme d'un framework. Les évidences empiriques ont démontrés que quoique les processus internes de CCs soient similaires dans son structure, en tant que processus, les différentiels pour l'obtention de nouvelles connaissances et innovations ce sont les actifs tangibles et intangibles qui sont disponibles dans chacune des entreprises et dans les actifs qui sont captés dans son extérieur. En vertu de la sélection d'un secteur de connaissance de frontière pour l'observation des phénomènes, la relation des entreprises avec le cluster est un facteur d'accélération des processus internes car le cluster favorise les divers accès à une ambiance sociale avec ses intégrants, ce qui proportionne l'acquisition et l'absorption d'informations et de connaissances. Les connaissances spécifiques des professionnels largement qualifiés, dans chacune des entreprises, constitue le core knowledge qui permet la création de nouvelles connaissances et découvertes d'innovations, normalement commercialisées au niveau extra-cluster. Les entreprises qui ont obtenu des encouragements et investissements divers, notamment issus des sphères publiques du gouvernement, ont eu des développements importants dans ses processus de CCs surtout en vertu de la réduction des coûts que tels investissements ont proportionnés. Le cluster aide avec plusieurs actifs qui sont utilisés pour réduire les coûts, accélérer les processus internes et développer et perfectionner les connaissances existantes dans l'entreprise. L'implication théorique de cette recherche réside dans l'identification de processus, les stratégies et les habiletés à être considérées a priori et a posteriori dans un processus de CC. Comme implications managériales, on a constaté que les entreprises qui sont insérées en CIs cherchent des facteurs d'accélération des processus internes dû aux actifs disponibilisés par les CIs lesquels possibilitent aux entreprises de gagner plus de vitesse dans la création de nouvelles connaissances et dans la découverte d'innovations. Comme suggestions aux futures recherches, on recommande l'application de cette recherche à d'autres secteurs économiques. / O processo de criação de conhecimento (CC) é crucial para uma empresa, em virtude de identificar, transformar e criar ativos tangíveis e intangíveis que são mobilizados em prol de inovações. As empresas buscam superar limitações que interferem nesse processo, e uma das formas reside na localização em clusters industriais (CIs). A escassez da literatura desencadeou o interesse em focalizar nesta pesquisa o processo de CC em empresas localizadas em CIs. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender a forma de estruturação do processo de criação de conhecimento interno às empresas participantes de clusters industriais do setor de biotecnologia na França e no Brasil. O setor de biotecnologia tem sua base em conhecimentos de natureza de fronteira tecnológica. Em virtude de o processo de CC ser dinâmico, escolheu-se empresas de clusters que assim fossem caracterizados para observação deste fenômeno, notadamente o cluster Bioméditerranée (Marseille, França) e o cluster de Belo Horizonte (Brasil). Esta pesquisa caracteriza-se como um estudo de casos múltiplos, de enfoque dedutivo e de caráter exploratório. Após a estruturação do instrumento de pesquisa e da coleta dos dados, os mesmos foram reduzidos, recortados e sintetizados, para posterior utilização das técnicas de adequação ao padrão e síntese de casos cruzados a partir dos modelos lógicos de nível organizacional, que conduziram a uma tipologia de caso geral, em forma de um framework. As evidências empíricas demonstraram que muito embora os processos internos de CCs sejam similares em sua estrutura, enquanto processo, os diferenciais para a obtenção de novos conhecimentos e inovações são os ativos tangíveis e intangíveis que estão disponíveis no interior de cada uma das empresas e nos ativos que são captados em seu exterior. Em virtude de um setor de conhecimento de fronteira ter sido selecionado para observação dos fenômenos, a relação das empresas com o cluster é um fator de aceleração dos processos internos, pois o cluster favorece acessos diversos a um ambiente social com os seus integrantes, o que proporciona a aquisição e absorção de informações e conhecimentos. Os conhecimentos específicos dos profissionais altamente qualificados, em cada uma das empresas, constitui o core knowledge que permite a criação de novos conhecimentos e descobertas de inovações, normalmente comercializadas no nível extracluster. As empresas que obtiveram incentivos e investimentos diversos, notadamente oriundos das esferas públicas de governo, tiveram incrementos significativos em seus processos de CCs principalmente em virtude da redução de custos que tais incrementos proporcionaram. O cluster auxilia com diversos ativos que são utilizados para reduzir custos, acelerar processos internos e incrementar e aperfeiçoar os conhecimentos existentes na empresa. A implicação teórica da presente pesquisa reside na identificação de processos, estratégias e habilitadores a serem considerados a priori e a posteriori em um processo de CC. Como implicações gerenciais, constatou-se que as empresas que estão inseridas em CIs buscam fatores de aceleração dos processos internos devido aos ativos disponibilizados pelos CIs que possibilitam as empresas ganhar maior velocidade na criação de novos conhecimentos e na descoberta de inovações. Como sugestões a futuras pesquisas, recomenda-se a replicação desta pesquisa em outros setores econômicos. / The process of knowledge creation (CC) is crucial to an enterprise whereas it identifies, transforms and creates tangible and intangible assets that are mobilized on behalf of innovations. Enterprises look to overcome limitations that interfere in this process and one of the ways resides in the localization of industrial clusters (CIs). The lack of literary work unleashed the interest on focusing this research in the CC process in localized CIs companies. The present research intends to understand how the knowledge creation process of internal level is structured in participant enterprisers of biotechnological-industrial clusters in France and Brazil. The biotechnological sector is based on the nature of technological frontier. Because the CC process is dynamic we have chosen cluster enterprises that featured this phenomenon, especially the Bioméditerranée cluster (Marseilles, France) and the Belo Horizonte cluster (Brazil). This work is a study of multiple cases with an inferential and exploratory approach. Thereafter the structuring of the theme and data collection, they were reduced, cut out and synthesized to a subsequent use of standard techniques, adaptation and synthesis of crossed cases from logical models of organization levels, which drove us in a typology of a general case, in a framework shape. The empirical evidences have showed that, however the internal CCs procedures are similar to its structure while a process, the differential to obtain new acquirements and changes are the tangible and intangible assets that are available in each enterprise and the assets which can be attracted by its external connections. Considering the frontier knowledge that was chosen to observe the phenomenon, the enterprise relations with cluster is a factor of internal processes acceleration, because cluster promotes various accesses to a social environment, providing knowledge assimilation to its members. The professional’s highly qualified knowledge in each company establishes what we call core knowledge, which allows the access to new innovations and discoveries, usually commercialized in the extra-cluster level. The enterprises which obtained diverse incentive and investment, notably from the government and its spheres, have had significant increments in its CCs processes mainly because these increments have provided reduction of costs. Clusters aid multiply assets that are used to reduce costs, to accelerate internal process and improve existent information in the company. The theoretical implication of the present research settles in identifying processes, strategies and qualifiers being considered beforehand and afterwards in a CC process. As management implications, it was noted that enterprises which are inserted in CIs seek internal processes’ factors of acceleration because of the assets accessed by CIs, which allow companies to acquire innovations in a faster way. Also, as a suggestion to future researches, it is recommended the replication of this work to other economical sectors. / El proceso de creación de conicimiento (CC) es decisivo para una empresa, pues es responsable en identificar, transformar y producir activos tangibles y no tangibles que son movilizados en búsqueda de inovaciones. Las empresas intentan superar limitaciones que interfieren en ese proceso y una de esas formas es la localización en clusters industriales (CIs). La escasez de literatura ha despertado el interés en centrar en esta pesquisa el proceso de CC en empresas localizadas en CIs. Esta pesquisa posee como objectivo comprender el modo de estructuración del proceso de creación del conocimiento interno a las empresas participantes de clusters industriales del setor de biotecnología en Francia y en Brasil. El sector de biotecnología tiene su base en conocimientos de naturaleza de fontera tecnológica. Llevando en consideración que el proceso de CC es dinámico, se a eligido empresas de clusters que tuviesen esa caracterización para la observación de este fenómeno, especialmente el cluster Bioméditerranée (Marseille, Francia) y el cluster de Belo Horizonte (Brasil). Esta pesquisa se caracteriza como un estudio de casos múltiplos, de modo dedutivo y de carácter exploratorio. Después de la estructuración del instrumento de pesquisa y de la recompilación de datos, ellos fueron reducidos, recortados y sufrieron síntesis, para usar las técnicas de adequación a patrones y síntesis de casos cruzados a partir de los modelos lógicos de nivel organizacional, que conducieron a una tipología de caso general, con estilo framework. Aunque los procesos internos de CCs sean semejantes en su estructura, las envidencias empíricas han señalado que, como proceso, los diferenciales para la obtención de nuevos conocimientos e inovaciones son los activos tangibles y no tangibles que están disponibles en el interior de cada una de las empresas y en los activos que son captados en su exterior. Ya que un setor de conocimiento de frontera fue selecionado para la observación de los fenómenos, la relación de las empresas con el cluster es un factor de aceleración de los procesos internos, pues el cluster beneficia accesos diversos a un ambiente social con sus integrantes, el cual proporciona la aquisición y absorción de informaciones y conocimientos. Los conocimientos específicos de los profesionales altamente calificados, en cada una de las empresas, constituye el core knowledge que permite la creación de nuevos conocimientos y descubiertas de inovaciones, normalmente comercializadas en nivel extracluster. Las empresas que obtivieron incentivos e inversión significativos en sus procesos de CCs principalmente devido a la reducción de costos, apresurar procesos internos e incrementar y perfecionar los conocimientos existentes en la empresa. La implicación teórica de la presente pesquisa está en la identificación de procesos, estrategias y habilitadores que necesitan ser considerados a priori y a posteriori en un proceso de CC. Como implicaciones generales, se ha comprobado que las empresas que están inseridas en CIs buscan factores de aceleración de los procesos internos en virtud de los activos disponibilizados por los CIs que permiten las empresas ganar mayor velocidad en la creación de nuevos conocimentos y en la descubierta de inovaciones. Como sugerencias para futuras pesquisas, se aconseja la replicación de esta pesquisa en otros sectores económicos.

Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada / Because of the historical economic and social inequality, especially in rural areas the State of Bahia, and public policies for rural territorial development instituted in the 2000s, the general objective of this work is \"Discuss the borderline of Bahian rural areas, from the identification municipal types\". So initially it describes the evolution and characteristics of initiatives, policies and international and national public programs for rural and regional development that inspired the planning and actions of the Bahian government. Then presents the historical context and the specificities of inducing the development policies in Bahia, talking about the recent process of institution of Rural Territories programs (TRs), Identity Territories (IT) and Citizenship Territories (CTs). In support of scientific systematization, this work has a theoretical review of the development, especially in its rural and territorial aspect, and an empirical review, which presents the main international and national scientific papers, which assessed the development through multidimensional variables and by multivariate methods. All this depended on bibliographical and documentary research. The Bahia characteristics were analyzed, whose descriptive analysis and factor analysis (FA) recorded a state with a rural profile, but with economic, social and environmental conditions short of Brazilian reality. As a reference of the largest and lowest level of Municipal Human Development (HDI) territorial respectively, the Territory South Coast and the Sisal Territory have become objects of research. In order to describe in what aspects Bahian rural areas or are not similar to each other; and check whether they are made of homogeneous municipalities, a descriptive and comparative analysis was performed, and estimate a Rural Development Index (RDI). The results show that both territories record high number of municipalities, area and resident population, aspects that hinder the historical cohesion, cultural, social and economic. Although the two territories are consistent with the requirements of TRs programs, TCs and IT, the Territory Sisal has more rural profile and economic and social conditions most critical. The IDR shows heterogeneity in the two territories, although the Territory of Sisal, focus greater number of municipalities with lower levels of rural development. With the intention of \"propose methodologies for the delimitation of rural areas\", the results point 2 or 3 types of Spatial Clusters for both the Territory South Coast and for the Territory Sisal, groups composed of surrounding municipalities and with homogeneous characteristics. Through the main crops, the effective livestock, the various activities and displacement flow from the occupied have been identified different along guide ideas of each territory. Therefore, the results reveal that the South Coast Territory and the Sisal Territory are formed by heterogeneous municipalities; and that depending on the study variable and the type of method chosen, different possibilities for subdivision are possible territories. The important thing is to identify the demographic, social, cultural, economic, environmental characteristics; identify problems, challenges, possibilities, representative identity of territorial cohesion, able to promote rural development. / Por causa da histórica desigualdade econômica e social, principalmente no meio rural do estado da Bahia, e das políticas públicas de desenvolvimento territorial rural instituídas nos anos 2000, o objetivo geral desse trabalho é Discutir a delimitação dos territórios rurais baianos, a partir da identificação das tipologias municipais . Por isso, inicialmente descreve a evolução e as características das iniciativas, políticas e programas públicos internacionais e nacionais de desenvolvimento rural e territorial que inspiraram o planejamento e as ações do governo baiano. Em seguida apresenta o contexto histórico e as especificidades das políticas públicas indutoras do desenvolvimento na Bahia, discorrendo sobre o recente processo de instituição dos programas Territórios Rurais (TRs), Territórios da Identidade (TIs) e Territórios da Cidadania (TCs). Para fundamentar a sistematização científica, esse trabalho conta com uma revisão teórica sobre o desenvolvimento, sobretudo em sua vertente rural e territorial, e uma revisão empírica, que apresenta os principais trabalhos científicos internacionais e nacionais, os quais avaliaram o desenvolvimento através de variáveis multidimensionais e por métodos multivariados. Tudo isso dependeu da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Foram analisadas as características da Bahia, cuja análise descritiva e a Análise Fatorial (AF) apontaram um estado com perfil rural, mas com condições econômicas, sociais e ambientais aquém da realidade brasileira. Como referência do maior e do menor nível de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M) territorial, respectivamente, o Território Litoral Sul e o Território do Sisal passaram a ser objetos da pesquisa. No intuito de descrever em quais aspectos os territórios rurais baianos são ou não semelhantes entre si; e verificar se são ou não constituídos por municípios homogêneos, foi realizada uma análise descritiva e comparativa, além de estimar um Índice de Desenvolvimento Rural (IDR). Os resultados apontam que ambos territórios registram elevado número de municípios, área e população residente, aspectos que dificultam a coesão histórica, cultural, social e econômica. Embora os dois territórios estejam condizentes com as exigências dos programas TRs, TCs e TIs, o Território do Sisal possui perfil mais rural e condições econômicas e sociais mais críticas. O IDR aponta heterogeneidade nos dois territórios, embora o Território do Sisal, concentre maior número de municípios com níveis inferiores de desenvolvimento rural. Com a intenção de Propor metodologias para a delimitação de territórios rurais , os resultados apontam 2 ou 3 tipos de Clusters Espaciais, tanto para o Território Litoral Sul como para o Território do Sisal, agrupamentos compostos por municípios circunvizinhos e com características homogêneas. Por meio das principais culturas, do efetivo da pecuária, das atividades diversas e do fluxo de deslocamento dos ocupados foram identificadas diferentes ideias-guia ao longo de cada território. Portanto, os resultados revelam que, o Território Litoral Sul e o Território do Sisal são formados por municípios heterogêneos; e, que dependendo da variável de estudo e do tipo de método escolhido, diferentes possibilidades de subdivisão para os territórios são possíveis. O importante é identificar as características demográficas, sociais, culturais, econômicas, ambientais; identificar os problemas, os desafios, as possibilidades, a identidade representativa da coesão territorial, capaz de promover o desenvolvimento rural. / Doutor em Economia

A globalização da economia e dos negócios consolida um novo contexto de competição acirrada, de mercados mutantes, onde não é mais possível auscultar o passado para orientar as decisões do agora e muito menos do futuro. Com isso surgem as crises, os concorrentes mudam rapidamente sua forma de competir, surgem novos conceitos que são aplicados na gestão e organização dos negócios, novas tecnologias aparecem com ciclos de vida cada vez mais curtos, tornando obsoletas as que estão em uso. Nos setores empresariais mais afetados pelo novo ambiente, onde o acirramento da competição está mais presente e visível, parece estar sendo cada vez mais difícil para uma empresa sozinha enfrentar a concorrência. Surgem, então, alguns indícios de que as empresas estão buscando outras formas de gestão e de atuação para competir, que incluem inclusive a competição conjunta. Ou seja, uma forma de competição diferente entre as empresas, nas quais algumas se unem a outras empresas para disputar o mercado com outros agrupamentos e ou aglomerados de empresas. Esta união já foi evidenciada através de diferentes formatos supra-empresas. Dentre esses formatos destacam-se os clusters de negócios e as redes de negócios, nos quais a governança transcende as fronteiras de uma empresa isolada, atingindo a todo o aglomerado. A preocupação da presente pesquisa foi verificar se, dentro de agrupamentos de empresas denominados pela literatura como clusters, existem ou não, dentre as empresas nele instaladas, algumas que, também, se orientam por estratégias supraempresas de redes de negócios, e não só por estratégias de clusters. Isso foi verificado pela pesquisa, que, em dois clusters de negócios importantes para seus países, o do vinho do Porto, no Vale do Douro, em Portugal, e o de vinhos de mesa do Vale dos Vinhedos, na Serra Gaúcha, no Brasil, encontrou empresas orientadas por uma estratégia dual, isto é, por estratégia de cluster e por estratégia de rede de negócios. E esse achado é novo na literatura de entidades supra-empresas, até porque essas próprias entidades só recentemente tornaram-se conhecidas e objetos raras pesquisas. Foi, também, preocupação da pesquisa que embasou esta tese, verificar se o fato constatado de existirem empresas orientadas por estratégia dual contribuía ou não para um aumento em suas respectivas capacidades de competição, o que, também, acabou sendo comprovado. / The globalization of the economy and business consolidates a new context of fierce competition, changing markets, where you can no longer hear the past to guide the decisions of the now much less of the future. With that come the crisis, the competitors rapidly change its manner to compete, new concepts are applied in management and business organization, new technologies appears with lifecycles each time shorter, making obsolete the ones in use. In the business sectors most affected by the new environment, where increased competition is more present and visible, seems to be increasingly difficult for one company alone to face the competition. Then we see some evidence that companies are seeking other forms of management and performance to compete, including even the competition in conjunct. In other words, a form of competition of companies in which they join other companies to compete in the market with others agglomerates of companies. This union has been evidenced by different formats of supra-companies. Among these formats we can highlight the business clusters and business networks, in which governance transcends the boundaries of a single company, reaching the entire agglomerate. The concern of this study was to determine if, within groups of companies named in the literature as clusters, exist or not among the companies in it, some of them that are also guided by supra-companies strategies of networks business, not just by cluster strategies. This was verified by this research, two clusters of important business in their countries, the Port wine, in the Douro Valley, Portugal, and the wines of Vinhedos Valley, in Serra Gaúcha, Brazil, we found companies oriented with a dual strategy, in other words, by cluster strategy and business network strategy. And this discover is new in the literature of supra-companies entities, because those entities themselves are not of very recent scholarship. Another concern of this research was to verify if the fact of companies driven by a dual strategy had contributed to an increase in their competitiveness, what the study also confirmed

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit ist ein selbstkonsistentes, ab-initio Verfahren (SCTBLMTO) entwickelt worden, das die Berechnung elektronischer und geometrischer Strukturen von heterogenen Mikroclustern im Rahmen der Tight-Binding Linear-Muffin-Tin-Orbital Näherung gestattet. Mittels der sogenannten Atomic-Sphere-Approximation (ASA) ist hierbei eine kompakte Formulierung des Hamiltonoperators möglich. Durch die Bestimmung der totalen Energie der Cluster in der Ein-Zentren-Näherung kann die numerisch aufwendige Berechnung der über den ganzen Cluster ausgedehnten Wellenfunktion und damit der dreidimensionalen Elektronendichte umgangen werden. Die angewendeten Approximationen erlauben es, selbst auf vergleichsweise langsamen Rechnern, Cluster mit bis zu einigen hundert Atomen ohne Symmetrieeinschränkungen selbstkonsistent zu berechnen. Gegenüber anderen ab-initio Verfahren bedeutet dies eine Steigerung der berechenbaren Clustergröße um einen Faktor sechs. Im weiteren wurde gezeigt, daß die Parallelisierung des Algorithmus, d.h. die Verteilung von Rechenschritten auf mehrere parallel arbeitende Rechner die Laufzeit des Programms drastisch reduziert. Um die Implementation des SCTBLMTO-Verfahrens zu überprüfen, wurden zunächst Vergleichsrechnungen an kleinen MgON-Clustern mit einem kommerziell verfügbaren DFT-Verfahren (DMol) durchgeführt. Hier traten deutliche Relaxationseffekte bei der geometrischen Struktur der Cluster mit der Herausbildung typischer Bindungswinkel in den kubischen Strukturen zutage. Eine Analyse der Clustergeometrien ergab zudem eine ausgeprägte Abhängigkeit der Bindungsabstände der Atome von deren jeweiligen Koordinationszahlen. MgO18, mit 36 Atomen der größte mit DMol berechenbare Cluster, besitzt trotz der Tatsache, daß etwa 94% seiner Atome an der Clusteroberfläche positioniert sind, bereits 96% der Bindungsenergie des Festkörpers. Dies läßt den Schluß zu, daß die spezifische Kohäsionsenergie von Oberflächenatomen des Clusters sich nicht sehr stark vom Bulkwert unterscheidet. Ein einfaches Modell, welches die Beiträge zur Kohäsionsenergie anhand der Atompositionen in den kubischen und den ringförmigen Clustern festlegt, bestätigt diese Vermutung. Anhand des Modells kann ferner geschlossen werden, daß ein stabiles Wachstum einer kubischen, dem Festkörper ähnlichen Phase ab einer Clustergröße von N=15 Molekülen an beginnt. Die Erklärung der gemessenen Abundance Spektren von MgON-Clustern ist allein auf Basis der totalen Energien der Cluster nicht möglich. Erst die Betrachtung des Zerfalls von neutralen und ionisierten Clustern in Fragmente unterschiedlicher Größe kann die Messungen erklären. Insgesamt ist die Stabilität der Cluster durch das Zusammenspiel elektronischer Effekte, wie z.B. hoher oder niedriger Ionisationsenergien und geometrischer Effekte begründet. Ferner wurde gezeigt, daß auf Basis der ermittelten Daten gemessene Collision-Induced-Fragmentation (CIF) Muster quantitativ interpretierbar sind. Die SCTBLMTO-Rechnungen für sehr kleine MgON-Cluster ergeben im Vergleich mit den Referenzrechnungen einerseits und den experimentellen Befunden andererseits keine zufriedenstellenden Resultate für die Kohäsionsenergien. Der Grund hierfür liegt eindeutig darin, daß diese Geometrien Grenzfälle der Muffin-Tin- (MT) Näherung darstellen. Durch die Einführung von Leerkugeln verbessern sich die Resultate deutlich. Im Gegensatz hierzu stimmen die Gleichgewichtsabstände der Cluster, d.h. im Endeffekt die Minima in der totalen Energie als Funktion der Atomabstände, überraschend gut mit den Referenzdaten im Rahmen der lokalen Dichteapproximation (LDA) überein. Auch hier bewirkt die MT-Näherung einen Teil des Fehlers, der jedoch mit zunehmender Clustergröße geringer wird. Im Vergleich der Hypergeometrieflächen, die mit unterschiedlichen Rechenverfahren ermittelt wurden, zeigt die SCTBLMTO-Methode zwar recht große Isomerunterschiede, beurteilt die lokalen Minima relativ zueinander und damit die geometrischen Grundzustände jedoch meist richtig. Die Untersuchungen zeigten weiter, daß Korrelationseffekte einen starken Einfluß auf die Gleichgewichtsgeometrien der Cluster haben und daher unbedingt berücksichtigt werden müssen. Die totalen sowie die lokalen Zustandsdichten der kleinen Cluster werden von dem hier entwickelten Verfahren in guter Übereinstimmung mit den DMol-Referenzdaten wiedergegeben. Einzig die Zustände im unbesetzten Teil der DOS werden durch die Muffin-Tin-Näherung verzerrt. Schließlich läßt sich zumindest bei kleinen MgON-Clustern ein deutlicher Zusammenhang zwischen der Position der Atome und deren elektronischer Struktur herstellen. Eine detaillierte Analyse der lokalen Zustandsdichte ergibt: Atome an den Ecken der Cluster bilden den höchsten besetzten Zustand, wogegen Atome, die sich innerhalb der Cluster befinden, tieferliegende Zustände besetzen. In allen Strukturen bilden die Sauerstoffatome das höchste besetzte Orbital und die Magnesiumatome das niedrigste unbesetzte. Insgesamt können die Bindungsverhältnisse in den MgO-Clustern als lokalisiert charakterisiert werden. Gegenüber der schnellen Annäherung der geometrischen Eigenschaften an die Festkörperstruktur konvergieren die lokalen Zustandsdichten der Zentralatome langsamer gegen die DOS des Festkörpers. Erst ab MgO147, bei dem die Zentralatome von drei Schichten von oberflächennahen Atomen umgeben sind, können auch Details der Bulkzustandsdichte in der LDOS zugeordnet werden.

No description available.

Galaxy clusters are the largest gravitationally bound structures in the Universe. Their masses are dominated by dark matter ($\sim$85\% of the mass) with stars representing 1-4\% of their masses. A hot, X-ray emitting gas called the intracluster medium makes most of their baryonic mass. The presence of this gas and of numerous neighbouring galaxies prematurely stop the star formation in clusters. In other terms, more galaxies in clusters are passive than in the general population of galaxies. This effect is mass and position-dependant: high-mass galaxies are more likely to be passive than less massive ones; galaxies inhabiting the cluster core are also less likely to form stars than those in the outskirts. The fraction of passive galaxies is greater in local clusters than in high-redshift ones, because they had more time to evolve. Much is unknown about the cessation of star formation, called quenching, in clusters. Thus, although many examples of infalling galaxies being stripped of their gas have been reported for low-mass galaxies, it is unclear if the most massive members became quenched before or after they become cluster members. The relationship between quenching and the cluster mass is also poorly understood. Despite the variety of methods devised to find clusters of galaxies, most of what we know about quenching in $z\gtrsim 1$ clusters was discovered with optically/infrared-selected cluster samples (clusters found as overdensities of galaxies), or samples of mixed origin. Yet, there is tentative evidence that optically/infrared-selected samples are biased toward having more passive galaxies than those that were X-ray selected. In the present dissertation, quenching is explored in X-ray selected cluster samples. A sample of high-redshift, low-mass galaxy clusters is built by finding galaxy overdensities coincident with sources of extended X-ray emission. A photometry-based analysis reveals that the fraction of quenched galaxies in these clusters is very variable. Moreover, the brightest cluster galaxies are also diverse. Yet, for all the information that photometry can provide, this sample candidate clusters need to be confirmed with spectroscopy. Spectroscopic observations obtained for four candidate clusters are reduced and analysed. The results show that three of them are clusters, the fourth candidate being a superposition of structures. Member spectra are examined to infer their star formation history, and the results shows the existence of an intermediary population of galaxies, where an old stellar population coexists with weak star formation. Finally, the galaxies of a $z=1.98$ X-ray selected cluster, XLSSC 122 are investigated in detail. Photometric data in 12 bands are organized to perform spectral energy distribution fittings, a technique that allows a simplified reconstitution of the history of the star formation. Results show that the members were formed at diverse epochs, the oldest being about 2.5 Gyrs old. Simulations drawn from the Multi Dark Planck 2 are used to infer the mass-scale of the cluster when the oldest galaxies were formed, something that has never been done before. The oldest galaxies were probably formed when XLSSC 122 had accreted $<$10\% of its $z=1.98$ mass, i.e. the mass-scale of a galaxy group. / Graduate

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As part of a large investigation with Hubble Space Telescope to study the faintest stars within the globular cluster omega Centauri, in this work we present early results on the multiplicity of its main sequence (MS) stars, based on deep optical and near-infrared observations. By using appropriate colour-magnitude diagrams, we have identified, for the first time, the two main stellar Populations I and II along the entire MS, from the turn-off towards the hydrogen-burning limit. We have compared the observations with suitable synthetic spectra of MS stars and conclude that the two main sequences (MSs) are consistent with stellar populations with different metallicity, helium and light-element abundance. Specifically, MS-I corresponds to a metal-poor stellar population ([Fe/H] similar to -1.7) with Y similar to 0.25 and [O/Fe] similar to 0.30. The MS-II hosts helium-rich (Y similar to 0.37-0.40) stars with metallicity ranging from [Fe/H] similar to -1.7 to -1.4. Below the MS knee (m(F160W) similar to 19.5), our photometry reveals that each of the two main MSs hosts stellar subpopulations with different oxygen abundances, with very O-poor stars ([O/Fe] similar to -0.5) populating the MS-II. Such a complexity has never been observed in previous studies of M-dwarfs in globular clusters. A few months before the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope, these results demonstrate the power of optical and near-infrared photometry in the study of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters.

Notre objectif est de comprendre comment les acteurs qui prennent part à la gouvernance d’une méta-organisation interviennent dans l’émergence et le maintien d’un contexte institutionnel favorable à la confiance dans les relations inter-organisationnelles (RIO). Nous réalisons deux études de cas qualitatifs de clusters des industries culturelles et créatives, en France et au Canada. Pour le cas français nous pointons les difficultés relatives à la confiance et le travail postérieur de construction de nouvelles frontières, avec une conciliation entre besoins économiques et esprit de création artistique. Pour le cas canadien : un climat initial peu propice à la confiance et un travail postérieur d’institutionnalisation de l’idée que le cluster agit dans l’intérêt de toute l’industrie. Nous proposons un cadre conceptuel pour analyser les pratiques de création et maintien d’un contexte institutionnel favorable à la confiance dans les RIO, dans une perspective structurationniste (relation récursive institutions/action). Nous distinguons des dimensions du contexte et deux types de pratiques : « d’activation » (les acteurs font intentionnellement appel à des éléments institutionnels jugés pertinents vis-à-vis de la confiance par rapport à l’interaction) ; et « de structuration », (ils structurent progressivement les bases institutionnelles de la confiance pour des interactions, actuelles et futures). Nous proposons des éléments pour une « compétence liée à la confiance », comme une capacité liée au déploiement, dans une manière perçue comme authentique, de comportements liés à la confiance et jugés appropriés vis-à-vis du rôle de l’acteur dans un contexte institutionnel donné / The aim of the research is to understand how the actors involved in the governance of a meta-organization intervene in the emergence and maintenance of an institutional context favorable to trust in inter-organizational relations (IOR). Following a qualitative approach, we carried out two embedded case studies of clusters operating within the cultural and creative industries in France and Canada. Regarding the French case, we highlighted the difficulties of trust and later work by some actors aimed at adopting new boundaries that involves new sectors, which included the search for conciliation between economic needs and the spirit of artistic creation. As for the Canadian case, we highlighted the initial climate not propitious to trust and the subsequent institutionalization work of the idea that the cluster acts in the interest of the whole industry. We propose a conceptual framework to analyze the practices of creating and maintaining an institutional environment favorable to trust in IOR, within a structurational perspective (recursive relation institutions/action). We distinguish dimensions of the context, and two types of practices: of “activation” (actors intentionally call upon institutional elements considered as relevant to trust in the current interaction); and of "structuration" (actors gradually structure the institutional bases of trust for current and future interactions). In the conclusion, we propose elements for a "trust-related competence" as a capacity related to the deployment, in in a manner perceived as authentic, of behaviors related to trust and considered as appropriate regarding the role of the actor in a given institutional context

Les dynamiques d'opinions suscitent un regain d'intérêt de la part des communautés d'Automatique et de Mathématiques Appliquées. Cela peut s'expliquer par l'émergence des réseaux sociaux en ligne et de la possibilité d'exploiter et comprendre les comportements et données associés. Les modèles de dynamiques d'opinions sont des cas particuliers de systèmes multi-agents. Ces systèmes ont des applications diverses comme par exemple le contrôle du comportement d'une flotte de robots collaboratifs. Un système de dynamique d'opinions est ainsi constitué de plusieurs agents. L'état de chaque agent est alors modélisé par un réel qui représente l'opinion de celui-ci à propos d'un certain sujet. Les modèles mathématiques de dynamiques d'opinions décrivent alors l'évolution des opinions des agents dans le temps. De nombreux résultats ont été obtenus sur le régime asymptotique de ces systèmes, notamment sur la convergence vers le consensus, lorsque les opinions de tous les agents du système tendent vers la même valeur. Le régime transitoire, moins bien connu, présente également des phénomènes intéressants comme la formation d'accords locaux transitoires mais qui sont plus délicats à définir. Une étude de ces phénomènes est présentée pour des systèmes de dynamiques d'opinions à temps discret avec fonctions d'influence génériques dépendant de l'état. La contribution principale propose un critère de détection de la formation de ces accords locaux, ainsi que la prédiction de la durée pendant laquelle ce critère est vérifié. La seconde partie de cette thèse se concentre sur les dynamiques d'opinions en temps continu dont un des agents, appelé leader, a un rôle particulier : l'évolution de son opinion est contrôlable. Le leader est utilisé pour rassembler tous les agents dans son voisinage en temps fini, puis pour les amener vers une valeur de consensus désirée. La loi de commande proposée est valide pour des systèmes à fonctions d'influence dépendant du temps et de l'état et sous certaines conditions. De plus, le problème de contrôle en temps optimal consistant à rassembler tous les agents dans le voisinage du leader en temps minimal est examiné. Ceci est effectué dans le cas particulier de fonctions d'influence dépendant uniquement de l'état. Afin de déterminer la classe des commandes optimales admissible, le Principe du Maximum de Pontryagin est utilisé. Dans un cadre général, la commande optimale est précisée sous la forme de relations implicites. Pour le cas particulier où il n'y a pas d'interaction entre les agents, la loi de commande en temps optimal a été obtenue en pratique pour toute condition initiale / Opinion dynamics systems aroused renewed interest in the Control System Theory and Applied Mathematics communities. This can be explained by the emergence of online social networks and the possibility of exploiting and understanding associated behaviours and data. Opinion dynamic models are special cases of multi-agent systems. These systems have various applications such as controlling the behaviour of a fleet of collaborative robots. A system of opinion dynamics is thus composed of several agents. The state of each agent is then modeled by a real number, which represents the agent's opinion on a certain subject. The mathematical models of opinion dynamics then describe the evolution of agents' opinions over time. Many results have been obtained on the asymptotic behaviour of these systems, notably on convergence towards consensus, when the opinion of all agents of the system tend towards the same value. The less well known transient state also presents interesting phenomena such as the formation of local transient agreements, which are more tricky to define. A study of these phenomena is presented for discrete-time opinion dynamics systems with generic state dependent influence functions. The main contribution proposes a criterion for detecting the formation of these local agreements, as well as a prediction of the duration during which this criterion is verified. The second part of this thesis focuses on opinion dynamics in continuous time in which one of the agents, called leader, has a particular role: the evolution of its opinion is controllable. For systems with time and state-dependent influence functions and under certain conditions, a control law is presented that allows the leader to gather all agents in its neighbourhood in finite time and then steer them to a desired consensus value. In addition, the problem of time optimal control which consists in bringing all agents together in the neighborhood of the leader in minimal time is also examined for the case of only state-dependent influence functions. The Pontryagin Maximum Principle specifies the class of admissible optimal controls with implicit expressions within a general framework. For the particular case where there is no interaction between agents, the time-optimal control law has been obtained in practice for any initial conditions