Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-11-13T11:43:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Andrioli_.pdf: 5963177 bytes, checksum: 0dd9cdd5c0188f881c9b9f986588a60f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-13T11:43:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Andrioli_.pdf: 5963177 bytes, checksum: 0dd9cdd5c0188f881c9b9f986588a60f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-26 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / A ação de entender é essencial em qualquer interação social, mas torna-se especialmente relevante na sala de aula, uma vez que, supostamente, os participantes nesse contexto estão orientados para a aprendizagem como principal objetivo. (GARDNER, 2012). Na sala de aula de segunda língua (SL), entender pode tornar-se uma tarefa mais onerosa, visto que a SL pode dificultar o entendimento entre professores e aprendizes. Refletindo acerca dessas questões, este estudo dedica-se a investigar como aprendizes e professoras de inglês como segunda língua constroem o entendimento por meio da interação corporificada no contexto de sala de aula de curso livre. Nesse âmbito, distinguimos as ações de declarar e demonstrar entendimento. (SACKS, 1992). Para cumprir nossos objetivos, quinze aulas foram gravadas em áudio e em vídeo. A análise dos dados, amparada pela perspectiva teórico-metodológica da Análise da Conversa (SACKS et al., 1974) e da Multimodalidade (STREECK et al., 2011), evidencia que a busca pelo entendimento em momentos de atividade pedagógica pode partir tanto das professoras quanto dos/as aprendizes. Além disso, foi possível observar padrões no formato e posição das ações de declarar e demonstrar, contribuindo para o alargamento do que se conhece sobre esses fenômenos. Discutimos, também, sobre o status e a relevância das ações corporificadas nas sequências de construção de entendimento e problematizamos o fato da declaração de um/a aprendiz ser tomada como compartilhada por toda a turma, frequentemente sem que essa assunção seja contestada. Por fim, refletimos sobre as implicações pedagógicas da produção de declarações e demonstrações de entendimento na sala de aula, pensando nas consequências desses fenômenos para a agenda pedagógica e nos benefícios que professores/as e alunos/as podem ter ao conseguir identificá-los e diferenciá-los de modo autônomo em suas práticas. / The action of understanding is essential in any social interaction, but it becomes especially relevant in the classroom setting where, supposedly, participants are oriented to learning as the main goal. (GARDNER, 2012). In Second Language (SL) classrooms, understanding may become a more onerous task, as the SL may interfere in the understanding between teachers and learners. Upon reflecting on these matters, this study dedicates to the investigation of how English learners and teachers build understanding by means of embodied interactions in classes in a private language school. Within that scenario, we distinguish the actions of claiming and displaying understanding. (SACKS, 1992). In order to meet our objectives, fifteen classes were audio and video recorded. Data analysis, supported by the theoretical-methodological perspectives of Conversation Analysis (SACKS et al., 1974) and Multimodal Analysis (STREECK et al., 2011), shows that the search for understanding may stem from both teachers and learners. In addition, it was possible to observe patterns in the position and composition of the actions of claiming and displaying understanding, thus contributing to the expansion of what is known about these phenomena. We also discuss about the status and relevance of embodied actions in the sequences in which understanding is being built, and question the fact that the claim of one single learner is taken as shared for the entire group, often without the teacher contesting it. To conclude, we reflect on the pedagogical implications of producing claims and displays of understanding in the classroom, thinking about the consequences of these phenomena to the pedagogical agenda and the benefits that teachers and students may have when they are able to identify and differentiate them in an autonomous ways in their own their practices.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-05-26T14:11:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Joseane de Souza.pdf: 968658 bytes, checksum: 829b2d7efae01f53c4f417cbdf44f8eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-26T14:11:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joseane de Souza.pdf: 968658 bytes, checksum: 829b2d7efae01f53c4f417cbdf44f8eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese provém de uma pesquisa de doutorado em Linguística Aplicada que visa a entender como se dão as interações entre oncologistas e mulheres com câncer de mama em consultas de acompanhamento ao longo de seus tratamentos ou de revisão. O foco do estudo foi em atendimentos que não consistiam em comunicação de más notícias (uma vez que as pacientes já haviam passado pelo diagnóstico de câncer) nem em tratamento de pacientes terminais. A literatura a respeito da relação médico-paciente no câncer tem englobado largamente esses dois pontos. Entretanto, a preocupação com a interação em consultas mais rotineiras, durante os tratamentos e nas revisões periódicas, em que nenhum diagnóstico ou prognóstico negativo é de fato entregue pelo médico, ainda é escassa. A metodologia utilizada advém da abordagem teórico-metodológica da Análise da Conversa ou Fala-em-Interação (SACKS, 1992; OSTERMANN; MENEGHEL, 2012). Seu foco é a observação, gravação em áudio (podendo ser também em vídeo) e posterior descrição das interações, das características das ações que os participantes ali produzem e de como as ações de um interagente afetam o outro, que irá produzir suas ações em resposta. Os dados (24 consultas gravadas em áudio) foram coletados em um hospital da região sul do Brasil que possui um centro para tratamento de câncer, transcritos segundo convenções próprias da área (JEFFERSON, 1984) e então analisados. A partir das análises, são descritas ações recorrentes realizadas por oncologistas e pacientes, tais como solicitações de avaliação; avaliações do próprio estado emocional; avaliações de estado físico; recomendações e avaliações prognósticas com justificativas e argumentação; accounts. Essas ações interacionais revelam que os participantes estão a lidar com a impossibilidade da certeza em vários aspectos nas consultas; por exemplo: a impossibilidade de uma avaliação prognóstica absolutamente certa, a impossibilidade de certeza sobre estar-se livre de recidivas, a impossibilidade de certeza de que determinados testes realmente servirão de base para as tomadas de decisão necessárias, etc. Além disso, algumas ações dos médicos (avaliações positivas, recomendações e avaliações prognósticas com justificativas e argumentação e accounts) possuem um potencial de tranquilização da paciente ao poderem diminuir incertezas por meio da construção de uma maior assertividade. Ao final, a contribuição do estudo pode consistir no aprimoramento de um dos eixos básicos da relação médico-paciente: como humanizar a relação oncologista-paciente de câncer de mama por meio de um aparato comunicacional – as práticas interacionais de gerenciamento da certeza. / The present dissertation derives from doctoral research in Applied Linguistics that aims at understanding how interactions between oncologists and women with breast cancer play out in long-term treatment consultations and/or follow-up ones. The focus of the study was neither on consultations where bad news was delivered (since the patients had already been diagnosed with the illness) nor on those with terminally ill patients. Literature on the doctor-patient relationship in cancer has largely covered these issues. However, concern about verbal interaction in routine consultations during treatment and in periodic revisions, during which no diagnosis or negative prognosis is actually delivered by the doctor, has been scarce. The methodology used originates in the theoretical-methodological approach of Conversation Analysis or talk-in-interaction (SACKS, 1992; OSTERMANN; MENEGHEL, 2012). Its goal is the observation, audio (or video) recording and latter description of the interactions, the characteristics of the actions the participants produce therein and how one party’s actions affect the other, who will, in turn, produce his/her action in response. The data (24 audio recordings) were collected in a hospital in southern Brazil which is equipped with a cancer treatment center, then transcribed in accordance with conventions used in the field (JEFFERSON, 1984), then analyzed. From the analyses, recurring actions performed by doctors and their patients are described, such as requests for assessments; self-assessments of a patient’s emotional state; physical assessments; recommendations and prognostic evaluations with justifications and argumentation; accounts. These interactional actions show that the participants are dealing with a situation in which certainty is impossible in various aspects of the consultations, for instance: the impossibility of an absolutely certain prognostic evaluation, the impossibility of being sure about not having a relapse, the impossibility of certainty with regard to whether certain tests will actually serve as a basis for making necessary decisions, etc. Furthermore, some of these actions by the doctor (positive assessments, recommendations and prognostic assessments with justifications and argumentation, and accounts) have the potential to reassure the patient as they can reduce uncertainty by means of the construction of assertiveness. Ultimately, the contribution of this study may lie in the improvement of one of the basic axes of the relationship between doctors and their patients: how to humanize the oncologist-breast cancer patient relationship by means of a communicational apparatus – the interactional practices of certainty management.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-08T18:48:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Silva.pdf: 2538429 bytes, checksum: e38e3a5558aa1da279cae93d065120a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-08T18:48:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Silva.pdf: 2538429 bytes, checksum: e38e3a5558aa1da279cae93d065120a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O ultrassom obstétrico faz parte do pré-natal de quase todas as mulheres em todo o mundo, seja ofertado pelo sistema público de saúde ou pelo privado. Realizado diversas vezes ou não durante a gestação, o contexto criado com a realização desse exame suscita a reflexão de questões de diferentes ordens, sejam macro ou micro. A partir desse contexto, objetiva-se com esta dissertação analisar a interação entre médicos ultrassonografistas e gestantes durante o exame. Pretende-se especificamente com esta pesquisa (1) analisar como o assunto parto ? questão de ordem macro ? é trazido às interações e (2) sistematizar o conceito de orientação, utilizado abertamente pelos analistas da conversa, analisando-o como um tópico, observando momentos interacionais que evidenciem problemas de orientações entre os interagentes durante os exames de ultrassonografia obstétrica. A pesquisa fundamenta-se, principalmente, por meio do aparato teórico-metodológico da Análise da Conversa (SACKS; SCHEGLOFF; JEFFERSON, 1976). Utiliza-se também como aporte para as análises desenvolvidas estudos que reflitam a questão do parto e textos da Análise da Conversa que fomentem a tentativa de definição para o termo orientação. Os dados analisados são provenientes de exames de ultrassom obstétrico gerados em uma clínica da rede privada de saúde, em um total de 85 interações. Quanto ao primeiro objetivo analisado, verificou-se que as gestantes, mesmo antes da realização e resultado do exame, trazem o tipo de parto, principalmente cesáreo, como já definido. Foi possível identificar também em relação ao parto que há compreensões distintas do médico e da gestante sobre a palavra ?encaixe?, produzindo impasses interacionais. Concernente ao segundo objetivo, a orientação dos participantes tornou-se evidente ? em termos de ter sido observada pelo analista e demonstrada pelos interagentes ?, quando foi divergente entre eles e relacionada a divergentes conhecimentos, como técnico e leigo, e a informações obtidas pela tela do ultrassom. A partir da análise das orientações divergentes, foi possível compreender que a orientação está presente na interação para auxiliar na manutenção da intersubjetividade entre os participantes. / Obstetric ultrasound examinations are a part of almost all women’s prenatal care around the world, be it offered by either public or private healthcare systems. Being undertaken several times or not throughout pregnancy, the context created by the exam arouses some reflection upon issues of different orders, both at micro and macro levels. With the present investigation, we aim at analyzing interactions between sonographic practitioners and pregnant women during the exam. We specifically intend (1) to analyze how the topic delivery – here understood as a macro-level issue – is brought up at the interactional level and (2) to systematize and (re)define the term orientation (widely used by conversation analysts), by means of reviewing the literature and analyzing the moments during the interactions in which problems of orientation between participants were made evident. This research study is mainly based on the theoretic-methodological apparatus of Conversation Analysis (SACKS; SCHEGLOFF; JEFFERSON, 1976). In order to support the analysis, we also rely on studies that reflect upon childbirth issues and Conversation Analysis literature that fosters the attempt to define orientation. The data analyzed consist of 85 obstetric ultrasound examinations which were audio e and video recorded at a private healthcare clinic. With respect to the first objective of this investigation, we found that pregnant women, even before the exam and its findings, bring up the type of childbirth, mainly caesarean, as their desired (if not already chosen) form of delivery. It was also possible to identify that there are distinctive understandings by physicians and pregnant women about the meaning of the word engagement, which ends up leading to interactional conflicts. With regards to the second objective, the investigation shows that the participants’ orientation becomes evident – on what concerns being demonstrated by the participants and observed by the analyst – when divergent between them and related to differing knowledge (such as technical and lay) and to the interpretation of the images projected on the screen. From the analysis of divergent orientations, it was possible to understand that orientation is present in the interaction to help intersubjectivity maintenance between participants.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-17T16:58:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carina Maria Hilgert Mossmann.pdf: 1622825 bytes, checksum: b1123c243aa65678f19c4a71c0ccdf58 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-17T16:58:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carina Maria Hilgert Mossmann.pdf: 1622825 bytes, checksum: b1123c243aa65678f19c4a71c0ccdf58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho faz parte de um projeto maior (OSTERMANN, 2013) e procura descrever e sistematizar a empatia por meio da perspectiva interacional. Tendo sido objeto de estudo de várias áreas (filosofia, sociologia, antropologia, psicologia, psicanálise e, mais recentemente, neurofisiologia), há algumas definições para a empatia. Essas definições, no entanto, tendem a possuir caráter teórico e subjetivo, impossibilitando a compreensão de como a empatia se concretiza de fato na prática interacional. Neste estudo, quer-se avançar na descrição de empatia de modo a descobrir as maneiras com que ela se manifesta na prática por meio de análises empíricas realizadas com base nos princípios da Análise da Conversa (SACKS, 1992; SACKS, SCHEGLOFF, JEFFERSON, 1974). Os dados utilizados na realização deste estudo são provenientes de um hospital materno-infantil do Sistema único de Saúde (SUS), localizado no sul do país. Trata-se de exames de ultrassom obstétricos e morfológicos, além de ecocardiografias fetais. Esses atendimentos acontecem no setor responsável por gestações de médio e alto risco gestacional. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que a escuta ativa costuma ser um elemento-chave nas sequências interacionais em que há empatia. A ação de escuta ativa, por sua vez, está atrelada à agentividade (CLAYMAN, 2012) do/a interagente. Dessa forma, pode-se afirmar que as ações interacionais da paciente durante os atendimentos médicos constituem-se também em elementos fundamentais para que o médico ou a médica tenham a possibilidade de empreender ações empáticas. Percebeu-se que é na sequência de ações interacionais, ou seja, na coconstrução de uma interação, que pode ser estabelecida uma relação empática socialmente efetivada, de modo que a empatia não emerge atrelada a um único formato de turno. Foram encontradas várias recorrências, conforme análise de dados deste trabalho, em que emergem ações potencialmente empáticas, de tal modo que a empatia mostrou-se como um elemento constitutivo ou ausente das diversas camadas que formam uma ação interacional. Desse modo, uma ação interacional pode ser orientada por um “algo a mais” que, dentro de determinado contexto sequencial e interacional, a tornará empática ou não empática. Com base neste estudo, define-se a empatia como um fenômeno subjetivo que se manifesta na interação por meio de diferentes práticas e de forma a permear ações altruístas ou não. / This study is part of a larger project (OSTERMANN, 2013) and aims to describe and systematize empathy by means of an interactional perspective. Having been the subject of several fields of study (Philosophy, Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology, Psychiatry and, more recently, Neurophysiology), there are some definitions to empathy. Such definitions, however, tend to be theoretical and subjective in character, hindering the comprehension of how empathy is realized in interactional practice. In this study, we aim to advance towards the description of empathy so as to reveal the ways it is manifested in practice. Such investigation is carried out by means of empirical analysis and by following the principles of Conversation Analysis (SACKS, 1992; SACKS, SCHEGLOFF, JEFFERSON, 1974). The data used in this study come from a public health system hospital (Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)), located in the southern Brazil. The data consist of interactions that took place during obstetric and morphological ultrasound exams and fetal echocardiography exams. These exams were carried out at the department of the hospital that is responsible for moderate and high-risk pregnancies. The study reveals that active-listening tends to be a key-element in the interactional sequences in which empathy is observed. The action of active-listening, on its turn, is tied to the interactant’s agentiviy (CLAYMAN, 2012). As a result, we can claim that the patient’s interactional actions during the medical consultations are fundamental elements so as the doctor may have the possibility of undertaking emphatic actions. It is in the sequence of interactional actions, that is, in the co-construction of an interaction, that a socially accomplished empathic relationship may be established. In this sense, it becomes evident that empathy does not emerge tied to a single type of turn design. The data also reveal recurrences in which actions potentially empathic emerge, so that empathy becomes apparent as either a constitutive or an absent element of the several layers that form an interaction action. As a result, an interactional action might be oriented by “something else” which, inside of certain sequential and interaction context, will make it empathic or not. Based on this study, empathy has been defined as a subjective phenomenon that emerges in the interaction by means of different practices and as a way to permeate altruistic or non-altruistic actions.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-04-27T12:41:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Moreira Gomes.pdf: 2027104 bytes, checksum: a8c1d21c94db67c4c60ab0424b553aa4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T12:41:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Moreira Gomes.pdf: 2027104 bytes, checksum: a8c1d21c94db67c4c60ab0424b553aa4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Academic studies about spoken language expression on the written and in Literature have lead articles, papers and thesis, whose objetcs of study have been, in the most time, chronic and theater plays. The short story has been few studied by the theories that intend to analize the spoken language. The objetive of this work is to analysis the spoken languagem expression, in literary dialogues, specially the short-story, based on Conversation Analysis. At this study, we checked how happen the micro and macro organizations of the dialogues analysis and how the interactional process happen among the speakers, specificly, the turns change among fictional texts caracters. The Corpus is constituted for a contemporary short story, O gravador, by Rubem Fonseca. We may give preference to a short story of Century XX because of its contemporarity and because it shows examples closer of our presente-day reality. To reach our objectives, we lean on theorics like Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2006), Marcuschi (1986), Preti (2001, 2004, 2005 e 2011), among others. Our analyses let us to prove that the short-atory is an example of hybrid genre, since it shows its own caracteristics of spoken, allied to the written language, and it may be example of the communications competence modals close of a natural dialogue. We hope, with the results presented here, help to the studies about Spoken and Written Language / Os estudos acadêmicos sobre a manifestação da língua falada na escrita e na literatura têm originado artigos, dissertações e teses e, na maioria das vezes, têm sido estudadas crônicas e peças teatrais. O gênero textual do conto tem sido pouco estudado à luz das teorias que visam a analisar a língua falada. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a manifestação da língua falada nos diálogos literários, especialmente no gênero conto por meio das teorias de Análise da Conversação. Neste estudo, verifica-se como se realizam as organizações da microanálise e da macroanálise em diálogos e de que forma ocorre a interação dos interactantes nesses diálogos, especificamente as trocas de turnos entre personagens de textos ficcionais. O corpus desta dissertação é constituído por um conto contemporâneo, O gravador, de Rubem Fonseca. Deu-se preferência a um conto do século XX por sua contemporaneidade e por apresentar um exemplo mais próximo da realidade atual. Para alcançar os objetivos, apoiamo-nos em teóricos como Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2006), Marcuschi (1986), Preti (2001, 2004, 2005 e 2011), entre outros. As análises permitiram comprovar que o conto é um exemplo de gênero textual híbrido, uma vez que apresenta características próprias da modalidade falada, aliada à modalidade escrita da língua, e que pode ser utilizado como ponto de partida para o estudo de ambas as modalidades. Além disso, os diálogos nesse gênero apresentam aspectos que podem ser indicativos de uma competência comunicativa próxima de um diálogo natural. Espera-se, com os resultados aqui apontados, contribuir para os estudos que tratam das modalidades falada e escrita da língua

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-06-12T12:42:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Emiliane Gil Nunes de Souza.pdf: 2962027 bytes, checksum: fa01f64fc53cd69fe5d2ec96841678e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-12T12:42:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emiliane Gil Nunes de Souza.pdf: 2962027 bytes, checksum: fa01f64fc53cd69fe5d2ec96841678e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The language spoken is the first contact to which we have access in language acquisition. Snorted and speech through it in we as subjects in the conversational interactions. Understanding the mechanisms of language spoken in boosted to develop the theme of this research. Anchored by the theory of conversation Analysis, we analyze in this work, a most peculiar element to speak, being most often used in informal talks: conversational markers. We recognize that these markers can be found in more formal contexts, including in matters of particular manner: the classroom. It is well known that, in this event, there is a communicational formality in the manner of speaking of the interactantes it involved: teacher and students. Considering factors such as: the class model predominantly expository; the time of possession shifts established the professor and the asymmetric relationship between the interlocutors, it is noted that the conversational markers play various functions that assist in the global Constitution that conversational interaction. Urged us to investigate the functioning of these markers and the way they help in the Organization of speech of professor in the classroom. The results obtained show that the use of markers, this kind of interaction, it is inevitable and essential, due to constant need for adjustments in the Organization of speech of professor, during the explanation of the topic in class. We believe that this work may help teachers/researchers, not only by theoretical approach in which underpin us to the study of the spoken language, but above all to serve as a source for further research / A língua falada é o primeiro contato a que temos acesso na aquisição da linguagem. Apropriamo-nos da fala e, por meio dela, nos constituímos como sujeitos nas interações conversacionais. O desejo de compreender os mecanismos da língua falada nos impulsionou a desenvolver o tema desta pesquisa. Ancoradas pela teoria da Análise da Conversação, analisamos, neste trabalho, elementos muito peculiares à fala, usados, na maioria das vezes, nas conversações informais: os marcadores conversacionais. Reconhecemos que esses marcadores podem ser encontrados em contextos mais formais, dos quais um nos interessa em particular: a sala de aula. É sabido que, nesse evento comunicacional, a fala dos interactantes envolvidos (professor e alunos) exibe uma formalidade. Considerando-se fatores como: o modelo de aula predominantemente expositivo, o tempo de posse de turno instituído ao professor e a relação assimétrica entre os interlocutores, constatamos que os marcadores conversacionais desempenham diversas funções que auxiliam na constituição global dessa interação conversacional. Sendo assim, sentimo-nos instigadas a investigar o funcionamento desses marcadores e a maneira como eles contribuem na organização da fala do professor em sala de aula. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o uso dos marcadores, nesse tipo de interação, é inevitável e fundamental, devido à constante necessidade de ajustes na organização da fala do professor durante a explicação do tema na aula. Acreditamos que este trabalho poderá auxiliar professores/pesquisadores, não só pela abordagem teórica em que nos embasamos para o estudo da língua falada, mas, sobretudo, por servir como fonte de consulta para outras pesquisas

La recherche porte sur la formation universitaire à distance adaptée à des personnes détenues, dispositif qui se situe à l’intersection de plusieurs domaines d’activités, universitaire et carcérale. Cette étude vise à analyser plusieurs étapes d’un processus d’innovation pédagogique. Une première consiste à appréhender le terrain de la prison dans une démarche ethnographique constituée de pratiques d’accès aux activités de cours. Une seconde est conduite de façon à épouser les spécificités sociales et pédagogiques d’un tel terrain. Une troisième analyse les méthodes et les procédures de distribution de la parole dans des interactions enseignant-étudiants. Le corpus a été constitué lors d’activités de cours en prison.Celles-ci ont été recueillies sous forme d’enregistrements sonores et visuels, eux-mêmes explorés à l’aide de l’analyse de conversation. Une quatrième porte sur une collection de propositions techno-pédagogiques développées tout au long de la démarche de terrain. Cette recherche propose une façon d’accéder aux activités sociales en prison. Elle ouvre un champ exploratoire quant à l’étude de l’interaction pédagogique en prison, sa portée sociale et pédagogique, qui va bien au-delà des murs de la prison. / The research focuses on distance learning adapted to prisoners. This activity is situated between two areas of activities, university and prison. The aim is to analyze a pedagogical innovation process, in various stages. The first stage use an ethnographic approach to understand prison fieldwork through classroom activities observations. A second stagematch pedagogicals and socials specificities of this field. A third stage considers methods and procedures of organization of talk in teachers-students interactions. The corpus has been constituted through classroom activities in prison and it relies on audio and video recordings, which are explored using Conversation Analysis and of technopedagogicals proposals throughout field approach. This study proposes an other way to access to social activities in prison. It opens on an exploratory field study of educational interaction in prison, social and educational reach beyond the prison enclosure.

Dans le cadre d’une approche conversationnelle ethnographiquement orientée, mon travail porte sur la coordination dans l’interaction téléphonique dans les appels au 15. Deux aspects de cette coordination sont explorés : (1) l’organisation de l’interrogatoire en formats séquentiels «Question-Réponse-Accusé de réception» ; (2) la coordination entre la production de ces formats séquentiels ternaires et l’interaction avec le dispositif informatique.Cette recherche a été rendue possible par la complexité des données audiovisuelles recueillies au Centre de Réception et de Régulation des Appels (CRRA) du Samu de Versailles(France). Collecte effectuée, après six mois d’observations, en étroite collaboration avec les divers acteurs du Samu. Le premier aspect de la coordination (1) propose une analyse des différentes actions accomplies par un « d’accord » (ou ses équivalents) émergeant après une réponse à une question posée à un appelant (pompier, ambulancier ou particulier) par la permanencière. L’appellation « Accusé de réception » est là pour moindre appât : cette réponse après une réponse revêt une grande richesse tant dans les dimensions prospective que rétrospective, vis-à-vis du travail effectué par les participants pour produire du savoir sur un problème médical, se coordonner pour avancer pas-à-pas, creuser, inférer, marquer des transitions dans l’échange. Le deuxième aspect de la coordination (2) rend compte de la complexité de l’activité de la permanencière qui doit, de façon synchronisée, à la fois s’engager dans un échange conversationnel, organiser la récolte d’informations sur le problème médical, et utiliser des objets tels que souris, clavier, cahiers. / In the context of a Conversational Analysis approach ethnographically oriented, my work deals withcoordination in the telephonic interaction of calls made to the French medical emergency call («15»). Two aspects of this coordination are explored : (1) organization of the questioning in the following ternary sequential format « Question-Answer-Acknowledgement » ; (2) coordination between the production of these ternary sequential formats and their interaction with the computerized system.This research is based on audio-visual data gathered at the Center of Reception and Regulation of Calls (in French : CRRA) of the SAMU of Versailles (France).The first aspect of the coordination (1) proposes an analysis of the various actions accomplished through an « OK » ( « d’accord », or its equivalent) which is itself the result of a question put to a caller (fireman, ambulance staff or a private individual) by the CRRA call takers ( »permanencière » in French). This response after an answer presents a wealth of prospective and retrospective features, in terms of the work performed by the participants to obtain and gather informations about a medical problem, to ensure coordination in order to advance step-by-step, to investigate further, to infer, and to establish transitions in the interaction.The second aspect of the coordination (2) illustrates the complexity of the activities of the CCRA staff who must, in a synchronized manner, be engaged in an exchange of a conversational nature, and at the same time organize the gathering of information on the medical problem, while using objects such as a computer mouse, a keyboard, notebooks.

Cette recherche a pour objet la gestion de l’intercompréhension en interaction, c’est-à-dire l’analyse de la façon dont les interactants s’assurent qu’ils ont produit une interprétation commune des énoncés échangés. La première partie de la thèse définit les concepts et les notions clés (l’interlocuteur et l’interprétant, l’interprétation et l’intercompréhension), elle pose le cadre conceptuel du travail (constructivisme et externalisme), et justifie le choix des données recueillies et analysées : un corpus d’interactions entre des agents administratifs, francophones natifs, et des usagers, francophones non natifs. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons étudié la construction des attentes chez les usagers, la manifestation des insatisfactions vis-à-vis d’une interprétation chez les interprétants et les indices qui signalent le repérage d’un problème dans l’intercompréhension et le déroulement des négociations. Nous avons également analysé l’impact des tâches effectuées dans les interactions de service sur la gestion de l’intercompréhension. Ces analyses ont permis de dégager un ensemble d’indices, de formes, de types de réactions et de stratégies, qui permettent en troisième partie une transposition des résultats dans l’élaboration de programmes (contenus, conduites, activités) pour l’enseignement du français, langue étrangère et pour la formation professionnelle. Ce travail a une visée didactique générale : il suggère de reconsidérer l’enseignement de la compréhension de l’oral en interaction afin de lui accorder un statut d’objet d’enseignement et pas seulement de moyen d’enseignement. / The object of this research is the co-building, maintaining and restoring of mutual understanding in face-to-face conversations. I study the way the participants of an encounter make sure that they give a common meaning to what they interpret. The first part of the thesis defines the key concepts and notions (the listener, the co-speaker – interprétant –, interpretation and mutual understanding – intercompréhension), it sets the conceptual back-ground of the work (constructivism and externalism), and it justifies the choice of the data used for the analyses. The corpus contains face-to-face conversations between administrative agents who are native speakers of French, and users, who are non native speakers. In the second part, I have studied the way agents help users build expectations, the way the listener shows that he is not satisfied with his interpretation, the way the speaker shows that he has identified a divergence between his interpretation and the listener’s, and the way they negotiate meaning. I have also analysed the impact of the kinds of tasks performed on the behaviour of the participants. These analyses have brought to light a set of cues, of forms, of types of reactions and of strategies that have been used in the third part to propose contents, techniques and activities for the teaching of French as a foreign language and for professional training. This work has a general aim related to teaching and didactics: it suggests to reconsider the teaching of listening so that it becomes an object of teaching, and not only a means to teach.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de la communication orale parmi des locuteurs de langues romanes différentes, dans une situation professionnelle plurilingue. En utilisant la méthodologie et les principes théoriques de l’analyse de la conversation, nous proposons l’analyse d’un corpus audiovisuel, que nous avons réalisé dans trois salons commerciaux internationaux, en France et en Italie. Le but principal de cette recherche est d’étudier une dimension encore peu explorée dans le domaine de l’intercompréhension romane, celle de l’interaction orale plurilingue en situation de communication spontanée. La thèse s’ouvre par un cadre théorique sur la didactique de l’intercompréhension et l’analyse de la conversation et une présentation des données, puis propose trois chapitres analytiques. Premièrement, nous décrivons les spécificités des interactions dans les salons commerciaux – un contexte professionnel qui n’avait pas encore été étudié en analyse de la conversation – en nous appuyant sur des single cases représentatifs des trois corpus. Ensuite, nous proposons une analyse systématique des pratiques explicites et implicites de négociation et renégociation de la langue attestées dans le corpus et du discours des participants sur leurs (in)compétences linguistiques. Enfin, nous nous concentrons sur certains microphénomènes interactionnels caractéristiques de la communication entre locuteurs romanophones : le recours ponctuel à la langue maternelle lors de la formulation de noms propres et de nombres ainsi que lors des recherches de mots ; un type d’hétéro-répétition que nous avons appelé “répétition plurilingue” ; certaines séquences métalinguistiques qui témoignent d’un intérêt des participants envers les langues de leurs interlocuteurs. En nous appuyant sur ces analyses, nous développons enfin une réflexion didactique, fondée sur la notion de compétence d’interaction plurilingue, qui vise à contribuer à l’avancement des études sur l’intercompréhension romane. / This thesis focuses on oral communication between speakers of different Romance languages in a plurilingual professional context. By relying on the methodology and theoretical principles of conversation analysis, I present the analysis of an audio-visual corpus, which I collected in three international trade fairs, in France and Italy. The main goal of this research is to study a dimension which remains relatively unexplored so far in the field of Romance intercomprehension: plurilingual oral interactions in situation of spontaneous communication.The thesis opens with a theoretical framework related to intercomprehension teaching and conversation analysis, and a data presentation, and then unfolds through three analytic chapters. In the first one, I describe the characteristics of interactions in trade fairs – a work context that had not yet been studied in conversation analysis – by relying on single cases from the three corpora. Then, I present a systematic analysis of negotiation and renegotiation explicit and implicit practices found in the data, and an examination of participants’ speech about their linguistic (in)competences. Finally, I focus on some interactional micro phenomena that are recurrent in Romance speakers’ communication: ad hoc use of mother tongue for the formulation of proper names and numbers, and for word searches; a type of other-repetition that I propose to call “plurilingual repetition”; metalinguistic sequences that show the participants’ interest towards the language of their interlocutor. Finally, by relying on these analyses, I develop a teaching-oriented reflexion, based on the notion of interactional competence, which aims to contribute to the progress of the research on Romance intercomprehension.