Yes / The purpose of this study is to determine whether Indian banks were able to weather the COVID-19 storm. We estimate banks’ deposits-generating and operating efficiencies using a two-stage directional distance function-based network data envelopment analysis (DDF- NDEA) approach and seek to capture the immediate impact of COVID-19 on these efficiency measures by comparing their magnitudes in the pre-pandemic (2014/15-2019/20), just 1-year prior to the pandemic (2019/20), and during the pandemic year (2020/21) periods. The study looks at whether the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was uniform across ownership types and size classes. The empirical findings suggest that the Indian banking system was resilient and withstood the immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the study period, however, the large and medium-sized banks experienced some effi ciency losses. By and large, regardless of bank group, banks have shown resilience to the shock of the global health pandemic and improvements in efficiency. / The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 28 Dec 2024.

Jails play a unique role in the criminal legal system, incarcerating people who are awaiting trial or serving short sentences of less than a year. At midyear 2023, jails incarcerated 664,200 people and admitted 7.6 million people in the preceding 12 months (Zeng 2024). People incarcerated in jail often face several co-occurring hardships, including housing instability, untreated mental illness, and substance use problems, which jails can exacerbate. This dissertation argues jails create and respond to many of these problems associated with poverty, especially problems related to the health of incarcerated people. Across three papers, I demonstrate jails (1) were used as a punitive response to the prescription opioid crisis, especially in rural communities; (2) became a highly infectious environment in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic after failing to enforce many basic preventative measures like masking and social distancing, threatening the health of incarcerated people; and (3) readmit people with mental illness and substance use problems at much higher rates than people in good health. Taken together, these papers demonstrate the complex relationship between jails on the one hand and the health of incarcerated people and the public on the other.

With the onset of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 in Germany, the population faced a mentally challenging time. Governmental measures like social distancing measures, lockdowns and quarantines were implemented to reduce the spread of the coronavirus and save as many lives as possible. People of old age were soon identified as high risk group for a lethal course of disease and as in particular need of protection. Mental health professionals feared an aggravation of mental distress and mental pathology. Against this background, this dissertation aimed to investigate mental coping and the progression of mental health outcomes in old and oldest-old risk groups over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as associated sociodemographic and psychosocial factors associated with it. In our first study, we investigated the perceived stress coping competence (self-efficient coping vs. helplessness-associated coping) as well as perceived worries about and perceived threat by the COVID-10 pandemic and associated sociodemographic and psychosocial factors in the oldest-old population in Germany in the early phase of the pandemic. Linear multivariate regression models revealed that in our sample of n=197 people aged 78 to 100 years old higher levels of resilience were linked to higher perceived self-efficient coping. Male gender compared to the female gender, and a medium educational level in reference to a low educational level, was associated with less helplessness-associated coping. Loneliness showed associations with both, self-efficient and helplessness-associated coping. Higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms were linked to higher scores of helplessness-associated coping. Regarding perceived worries about the pandemic, binary logistic regression models showed that male gender and higher perceived social support were linked to more worries about the pandemic. Despite the higher risk for a severe course of disease for people of old age, older age was associated with less perceived personal threat by the coronavirus. Furthermore, more reported depressive symptoms were linked to less perceived threat, and higher reported somatization symptoms were associated with higher personal threat by the virus. Therefore, mental health factors seem to shape the way oldest-old individuals perceive the COVID-19 pandemic in partly unexpected ways, and resilience may illustrate an important factor when targeting more functional ways of coping with stress. Moreover, people of oldest-old age experiencing greater loneliness, high depressive and anxiety symptoms could be supported by adapting their coping skill repertoire to foster the feeling of self-efficiency when coping with stress. In our second and third study, we analyzed the development and progression of mental health factors like depressive, anxiety and somatization symptoms. First, in study 2 with n=156 people of oldest-old age (range= 78 to 97 years) Wilcoxon t-tests showed an increase of anxiety, depressive and somatization symptoms from 2021 to 2021 with generalized regression models revealing that higher levels of symptomatology in 2020 were associated with higher symptom burden in 2021. Higher perceived social support in 2020 was linked to less depressive symptoms in 2021. Building on this findings, we then conducted multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear models to analyzed data over three points of measurement from 2020, 2021 and end of 2021/beginning of 2022 with n=135 participants (age range= 78 to 97 years). Results showed that after a first increase of depressive and anxiety symptoms from 2020 to 2021, symptomatology levels stayed relatively stable from 2021 to 2021/2022. Moreover, older age and higher reported worries were associated with higher levels of anxiety symptoms. Greater perceived social support was linked to less anxiety and depressive symptoms over time. Resilience was associated with less depressive symptoms. Since pre-existing heart conditions illustrated an additional risk factor, next to an older age (60+ years), for a serious and lethal course of coronavirus disease, the fourth study additionally focused on an old age sample with cardiovascular risk profiles. The aim was a comparison of this cardiovascular risk group with the general old age population in terms of symptomatology levels and psychosocial factors associated with it. We analyzed data of n=1236 participants with n=618 showing a cardiovascular risk profile, drawn from the AgeWell.de study, and n=618 from a representative survey of the old age general population with an age range of 64 to 81 years in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results showed that the cardiovascular risk group showed higher depressive symptom levels compared to the general population. Multivariate regression models revealed that in the cardiovascular risk group higher perceived social support was linked to less depressive and anxiety symptoms. In the general old age population perceived social support was associated with depressive symptoms, social support and anxiety symptoms showed no such association. Higher perceived worries were associated with higher reported anxiety symptoms in the general population only. Perceived resilience was linked to less depressive and anxiety symptoms in both groups. In conclusion, the oldest-old individuals showed an overall good mental health in the long term despite a first increase in anxiety and depressive symptomatology within the first year. Fostering perceived social support and perceived resilience may play an important role in preventing and reducing depressive symptomatology in times of crises like the pandemic.:Table of Contents I 1. Introduction 1.1. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: the Disease and the Pandemic 1.2. Mental Health during the Pandemic in the General Adult Population 1.3. Mental Health in Old Age – with a Focus on Depression and Anxiety 1.3.1. Epidemiology 1.3.2. Etiology 1.4. Social Support as a Protective Factor? The Role of Social Goals over the Lifespan 1.5. Aims of the Dissertation 2. Empirical Investigations in the Old Age Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic 2.1. The Perception of Coping with Stress in the Oldest-old Population 2.2. The Development of Mental Health Factors and the Role of Social Support in the Oldest-old Population 2.3. The Development of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Role of Psychosocial Factors in the Oldest-old Population 2.4. Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in an Old Age Cardiovascular Risk Group Compared to the Old Age General Population 3. General Discussion 3.1. Implications for Prospective Research and Impulses for Public Mental Health Strategies 4. Conclusion Summary References Appendix List of Tables and Figures II

Bakgrund: Den 11 mars 2020 tillkännagav världshälsoorganisationen covid-19 som en pandemi. Röntgenavdelningen är en central del i patientflödet på ett sjukhus inte minst under pandemin. Till röntgenavdelningen kommer misstänkta eller bekräftade covid-19 patienter. Detta gör att röntgensjuksköterskor utsätts för en stor risk att bli smittade på sitt arbete. Syfte: Syftet med enkätstudien var att undersöka röntgensjuksköterskors upplevelser av sin arbetsmiljö under covid-19 pandemin. Metod: Kvantitativ enkätstudie med 197 deltagande röntgensjuksköterskor från Sverige. Resultat: Över hälften av de svarande kände oro för att smittas av covid-19 på arbetsplatsen. Majoriteten ansåg att deras kollegor tog covid-19 på allvar samtidigt som över hälften svarade att deras kollegor inte tog emot covid-19 patienter, den vanligaste orsaken var att de tillhörde en riskgrupp. Mer än tre fjärdedelar uppgav att patienter med misstänkt covid-19 hade anlänt till röntgenavdelningen utan förvarning. Gällande skyddsutrustning ansåg nästan alla att det fanns helt eller delvis tillgång till på arbetsplatsen och endast en bråkdel valde att själva införskaffa egen. Mer än hälften upplevde att det fanns klara rutiner för omhändertagande av covid-19 patienter och en tiondel upplevde att det inte fanns några klara hygienrutiner för covid-19 patienter. Slutsats: Enkätstudien visar på betydelsen av tydliga riktlinjer för hur arbetet ska bedrivas under en pandemi. Det visar även på betydelsen av att det finns adekvat skyddsutrustning vilket de allra flesta uppgav att det fanns. Vanligt förekommande var att patienter med misstänkt covid-19 anlände till röntgenavdelningen utan förvarning. Bristfälliga remisser var också förekommande, detta är något som måste förbättras. För att få mer kunskap om röntgensjuksköterskors upplevelse av att arbeta under covid-19 pandemin ser vi ett framtida behov av forskning i form av kvalitativa intervjustudier. / Background: On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced covid-19 as a pandemic. The radiology department is a central part of the patient flow in a hospital, not least during the pandemic. Suspected or confirmed covid-19 patients arrive daily to the radiology department. This exposes radiographers for a great risk of becoming infected at work.Aim: The aim of the survey study was to investigate radiographers' experiences of their work environment during the covid-19 pandemic.Method: Quantitative survey study with 197 participating radiographers from Sweden.Results: More than half of the respondents felt anxious about being infected with covid-19 in their work. The majority considered that their colleagues took covid-19 seriously, while more than half answered that their colleagues did not receive covid-19 patients, mainly because they belonged to a risk group. More than three quarters stated that patients with suspected covid-19 had arrived in the radiology department without warning. Regarding personal protective equipment (PPE), almost everyone considered that there was full or partial access to PPE and only a fraction chose to acquire their own PPE. More than half felt that there were clear routines for the care of covid-19 patients and a tenth felt that there were no clear hygiene routines for covid-19 patients.Conclusion: The survey study shows the importance of clear guidelines for how the work should be conducted during a pandemic. It also shows the importance of having adequate PPE, which the vast majority stated was sufficient. It was common that patients with suspected covid-19 arrived in the radiology department without warning. Inadequate referrals were also common, which is something that needs to be improved. To gain more knowledge about radiographers' experience of working during the covid-19 pandemic, we see a future need to investigate this with qualitative interview studies.

Determining whether great crises in donor countries, such as the contemporary COVID-19 pandemic, alter foreign aid allotment represents an urgent research problem. This thesis aims to disentangle if and how aid is increased, reduced or remained the same during crises. The work conducted is a case study of three donor countries: Sweden, the United States and the United Kingdom. Their aid is scrutinized in relation to three crises, the Nordic crisis, the global crisis of 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic. An identified disagreement in the previous research helps create the theoretical framework guiding this study. A hypothesis is drawn from said framework, that aid allotment is to decrease during crises in donor countries. The findings of this thesis can neither confirm nor reject the hypothesis. Case-specific patterns emerge, implying a relationship between crises and alterations of aid. Seemingly, crises affect foreign aid allotment both positively and negatively, opening up for further research to verify the relationship.

Under år 2020 drabbades världen av en pandemi, ett omfattande virus vid namn Covid-19 som har påverkat både organisationer och individer runt om i världen negativt, vilket har krävt att värdet av en lyckad kriskommunikation varit stor för organisationer. På grund av detta är det viktigt att organisationen har kunskap i hur de ska anpassa sin kriskommunikation i sociala medier efter den typen av kris som Covid-19-pandemin är. Därför fokuserar denna uppsats på kriskommunikation i sociala medier för yrkesgruppen kommunikatörer under en pandemi som Covid-19. Syftet är att undersöka och identifiera faktorer som är viktiga för yrkesgruppen kommunikatörer när de ska kriskommunicera på sociala medier, samt undersöka och identifiera sociala mediers viktigaste egenskaper att använda som verktyg under en pandemi som Covid-19.  Uppsatsen grundas av empiriskt material i form av intervjuer och metoden som används är en kvalitativ metodansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer, med avsikt att studera den kunskap och de erfarenheter som respondenterna besitter. Uppsatsen underbyggs även av forskning inom användandet av sociala medier under en pandemi och kommunikatörens roll under en pandemi som tillsammans bygger en förförståelse för ämnet. Uppsatsen resulterar i sex viktiga egenskaper hos sociala medier som kan nyttjas i en kris som Covid-19-pandemin och fem teoretiska och praktiska faktorer som är viktiga för kommunikatören att utgå från i kriskommunikationen under en pandemi. De sex viktiga egenskaperna hos sociala medier är spridning, mätbarhet, ägandeskap, omvärldsbevakning, källa till information och dialog. De fem faktorer som uppsatsen resulterat i är situationen, resurser, saklig och faktabaserad information, snabb kommunikationsprocess och interaktion. Faktorerna kan generera i en lyckad kriskommunikation under Covid-19 och liknande kriser. / In 2020, the world was hit by a pandemic, a widespread virus called Covid-19 that has negatively affected both organizations and individuals around the world, which has shown that successful crisis communication is important for organizations. Because of this, it is important that the organization has knowledge of how to adapt its crisis communication in social media to the type of crisis that Covid-19 is. Therefore, this essay focuses on crisis communication in social media for the professional group of communicators during a pandemic like Covid-19. The purpose is to investigate and identify factors that are important for the professional group of communicators when they are to communicate in crisis on social media, as well as to investigate and identify the most important characteristics of social media to use during a pandemic such as Covid-19.  The essay is based on empirical material in the form of interviews and the method used is a qualitative methodological approach with semi-structured interviews, with the intention of studying the knowledge and experiences that the respondents possess. The thesis is also supported by research in the use of social media during a pandemic and the role of the communicator during a pandemic that together builds a pre-understanding of the subject.  The essay results in six important features of social media that can be used in a crisis such as Covid-19 and five theoretical and practical factors that are important for the communicator to start from in crisis communication during a pandemic. The six important characteristics of social media are dissemination, measurability, ownership, external monitoring, source of information and dialogue. The five factors that the essay resulted in are the situation, resources, factual and fact-based information, fast communication process and interaction. The factors can generate a successful crisis communication during Covid-19 and similar crises.

Flertalet studier har visat att grönområden främjar människors fysiska och psykiska hälsa. I takt med en ökad urbanisering och stadsutbyggnad ersätts naturliga miljöer med bebyggelse vilket påverkar befolkningen i urbana miljöer negativt, eftersom urbana grönområden genererar viktiga ekosystemtjänster. En urban livsstil kan dessutom medföra hälsorisker som psykisk ohälsa, hjärt-kärlsjukdomar och fysisk inaktivitet. Syftet med uppsatsen var att genom en kvalitativ ansats undersöka vilken betydelse urbana grönområden har haft för enskilda invånare i Helsingborg under covid-19-pandemin. Tio kvalitativa e-postintervjuer genomfördes och empirin analyserades med en induktiv ansats. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk bestod av Attention restoration theory samt Stress recovery theory och den insamlade empirin gav upphov till följande teman: lugn och ro, hämta energi, samt miljöombyte. Resultatet visar att urbana grönområden har betydelse för informanternas hälsa, eftersom urbana grönområden bidrar till återhämtning och stressminskning, vilket är betydande faktorer för en god fysisk och psykisk hälsa. Utifrån studiens resultat kan slutsatsen dras att genom att bevara urbana grönområden kanmänniskors livskvalitet öka eftersom urbana grönområden bidrar till bättre fysisk och psykisk hälsa i samhället. / Former studies have shown that urban green spaces improve physical and mental health.Urbanisation and urban development result in green environments being replaced by buildings. This has a negative effect on urban residents as urban green spaces provide important ecosystem services. An urban lifestyle can involve health risks such as mental illness, cardiovascular disease, and physical inactivity. This study aimed to investigate through a qualitative approach, the importance of urban green spaces for individual residents of Helsingborg during the covid-19 pandemic. Ten qualitative e-mail interviews were conducted, and the empirical findings were analyzed with an inductive approach. The collected empirics resulted in the following themes: peace and quiet, gain energy, and change of scenery. The results were analyzed through the theoretical framework Attention restoration theory and Stress recovery theory. The results showed that urban green spacesare essential for the informant’s health, as they contribute to recovery and stress reduction, which are significant factors for good physical and mental health. The main conclusion of this study shows that by preserving urban green spaces, people’s quality of life can increase as urban green spaces contribute to better physical and mental health in society.

Sveriges regering införde år 2020 ett statligt hyresrabattsstöd för ekonomiskt utsatta branscher som avsåg årets andra kvartal, och infördes som en snabb åtgärd för att begränsa oron som pandemikrisen medförde på marknaden. Stödet har kritiserats av både lokalhyresgäster och fastighetsägare. Frågan har varit kontroversiell med blandade åsikter om hur fördelningen av statens subventioner ska konstrueras för att uppnå bästa resultat i rådande situation.Syftet med studien är att belysa hur den statligt subventionerade hyresrabatten under coronapandemin har använts i praktiken. För att besvara studiens olika frågeställningar och för att uppnå syftet med studien, har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod använts. Avsikten med den kvalitativa forskningsintervjun är att förstå det utforskade ämnet ur de intervjuade fastighetsbolagens perspektiv och erfarenhet.Resultatet visar på att de främsta grunderna till varför bolagen tilldelat hyresrabatt till sina hyresgäster, har grundats i att fungera som en hjälpande hand och samtidigt undvika vakanser genom att värna om relationen mellan bolag och kund. Hyresrabatten har medfört en ekonomisk fördel för både fastighetsägare och hyresgäster där majoriteten av hyresgästerna har kunnat fortsatt bedriva sin verksamhet. För fastighetsägarna har det inneburit minimerade ombyggnadskostnader för att anpassa lokaler till nya hyresgäster. Det har framförts kritik mot själva upplägget av hyresrabattstödet, den administrativa delen har varit mycket invecklad och komplicerad. Man har dels fått agera som mellanhand och som ensam bransch behövt axla ansvaret, men även inneha rollen av en vågmästare vad avser tilldelning av hyresrabattstödet. / The Swedish government introduced a state rent rebate support for vulnerable industries in the first quarter of 2020, as a quick solution to dampen market turmoil. The support has been criticized by both tenants and property owners. It has been a controversial issue with various opinions on how the distribution of state subsidies should be constructed to best fit the current situation.The study is based on examining the state subsidized rent rebate that was distributed to the most affected industries. The purpose of the study is to clarify how the state-subsidized rent rebate during the corona pandemic has been used in practice.To answer the study's questions and to achieve the purpose of the study, a qualitative research method has been used. The purpose of the qualitative research interview is to understand the topic explored from the interviewee's own perspective and experience.The results show that the main reasons to why a rent discount was given to tenants, was to act as a helping hand to those most effected by the pandemic, but also to avoid vacancies. The rent discount resulted in a clear financial advantage for both the property owners and the tenants, where the majority of the tenants have been able to continue their business. The property owners have avoided high renovation costs to adapt premises for new tenants.Criticism has been leveled at the very structure of the rent rebate support, as the administrative part was complicated. The propery owners have partly been acting as an intermediary and solely shoulder the responsibility in terms of allocating the rent rebate.

Syfte: Studiens relevans grundar sig i e-barometerns årsrapport gällande en påvisad ökning av svensk e-handel under år 2020. Följaktligen är syftet med denna studie att studera svenska kvinnors konsumentbeteenden inom detaljhandeln under Covid-19 pandemin med fokus på digitaliseringens roll. Studien ämnar bidra med kunskap kring kopplingen mellan begreppen konsumentbeteenden och digitalisering under en världsomfattande pandemi, för att vidare skapa en diskussion kring Covid-19 pandemins inverkan på det paradigmskifte som det redan talas om kring konsumentbeteenden inom detaljhandeln. Metod: I studien tillämpas en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med fokusgrupper, baserat på ett snöbollsurval. Urvalet består utav kvinnor i åldrarna 18–35, vidare används en tematisk analysmetod för att skapa struktur och på ett metodiskt sätt sammanställa och analysera resultatet av undersökningen. Studien baseras på både primär- och sekundära data. Det primära datamaterialet har samlats in via digitala fokusgrupper och det sekundära datamaterialet kommer från vetenskapliga artiklar men även tidigare statistik från bland annat handelsrådet. Teoretiskt perspektiv: Det teoretiska ramverk som ligger till grund för studien är huvudsakligen köpprocessen och Maslows behovstrappa. Vidare presenteras även relevant tidigare forskning kring Covid-19 pandemin samt konsumentbeteende för att skapa en komplett bakgrund till studien. Slutligen presenteras en kort beskrivning om hur de teoretiska ramverken kommer att tillämpas samt hur det kopplas till varandra. Resultat/Analys och Slutsatser: Studien baseras på 12 kvinnliga respondenter, där majoriteten hade påverkats av Covid-19 pandemin i någon form. Vår tolkning blir därmed att trots det faktum att ett intresse för digitala lösningar redan fanns innan pandemin så hade det ändå ökat i samband med respondenternas upplevelse av en marknadsföring av digitala tjänster, slutsatsen blir därför att användningen av digitala lösningar som Instabox, hämta i butik och hemleverans blivit mer vanligt förekommande under pandemin. Vidare påvisar respondenterna en tendens till att kompensera sociala aktiviteter och tristess med att handla online. Resultatet visar på att respondenterna som arbetar eller studerar hemifrån har förändrat sin klädsel, men med undantag för viktiga sammankomster så var det tydligt att respondenterna fortfarande vill se representativa ut. Vidare har resultatet diskuterats utifrån syftet, forskningsfrågor och de teoretiska ramverken. / Purpose: The relevance of this study is based on Postnord’s annual report regarding a demonstrated increase in Swedish e-commerce in 2020. Consequently, the purpose is to examine the buying-behavior of Swedish women during the Covid-19 pandemic with focus on the digitalization in retail. The study intends to contribute with knowledge about the connection between consumer buying-behavior and digitalization during a worldwide pandemic, further on to create a discussion about the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the already ongoing paradigm shift in retail, associated to digital consumer buying-behavior.  Methodology: The study applies a qualitative research method with focus groups, based on a snowball sampling. The sample consists of women aged 18-35 and a the maticanalysis method is used to create structure and in a methodical way compile and analyze the results of the focus group. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data has been collected through online focus groups and the secondary data comes from scientific articles, but also previous statistics from, among others, Handelsrådet.  Theoretical perspective: The theoretical framework which the study is based on, is mainly the buying process, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Furthermore, it also presents relevant previous research on the Covid-19 pandemic’s effect on and consumer buying-behavior in order to create a complete background to the study. Finally, a brief description is presented of how the theoretical framework will be applied and how the frameworks relate to each other. Empirical analysis and Conclusion: The study is based on twelve female respondents and their individual experiences ofhow the covid-19 pandemic has affected their consuming behaviour. Despite the fact that an interest in digital solutions already existed before the pandemic, it has nevertheless increased in connection with the respondents' experience of increased marketing of digital services during the pandemic. The conclusion is therefore that the use of digital solutions such as instabox, download in store and home delivery has surged during the pandemic. Furthermore, the respondents show a tendency to do more online shopping to compensate for lack of social activities and boredom. The results have been discussed based on the purpose of the report, research questions and the theoretical frameworks.

Distansarbete har till följd av den pågående Covid-19-pandemin blivit ett vanligt förekommande arbetssätt som anammats över hela världen. I Arbetsgivarverkets ramavtal framgår det att distansarbete alltid skall ske på frivilliga grunder. Pandemin har dock inneburit en snabb och radikal förändring i människors sätt att arbeta och många har tvingats in i ett ofrivilligt distansarbete. Syftet med denna studie är således att undersöka vilken påverkan ofrivilligt distansarbete har på medarbetares välmående och på balansen mellan arbetsliv och privatliv. Studien ämnar ge förslag på hur ledare kan säkerställa ett hållbart digitalt arbetssätt, även efter pandemin, och samtidigt tillgodose medarbetarnas välmående. Utifrån ovan syfte har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod varit mest lämplig eftersom författarna ämnade få en bild av respondenternas upplevda verklighet. Därför bestod datamaterialet av 19 semistrukturerade intervjuer med chefer och medarbetare i sju olika företag. För att kunna undersöka medarbetarnas behov och påverkan vid distansarbete, har samtliga medarbetare jobbat åtminstone 80% på distans under en sammanhängande period sedan pandemins start vid intervjutillfället. Således hade de intervjuade cheferna nyligen bedrivit distansledarskap vid undersökningstillfället. Studiens resultat har sammantaget visat att en övervägande del av respondenterna var positivt inställda till distansarbete. Däremot berättade de intervjuade medarbetarna att de saknade det sociala utbytet som de annars fick på kontoret. Vidare ansågs gränssättning som den största utmaningen vid distansarbete, samtidigt som medarbetarna tyckte att gränser och fasta rutiner möjliggör en bra balans mellan arbete och privatliv. De intervjuade cheferna lyfte kontakten med sina medarbetare som den viktigaste delen i distansledarskapet och förespråkade avstämningsmöten som ett sätt att tillgodose medarbetarnas behov. En slutsats från studien är att det finns en problematik i att cheferna upplevde sig ha god kommunikation med sina anställda, medan flera av medarbetarna kände en avsaknad av kontakt med sin chef. Ytterligare en slutsats är att de medarbetare som ansåg att balansen mellan privatliv och arbetsliv underlättades vid distansarbete var de som hade hemmavarande barn. Detta tror vi på längre sikt kan innebära en större risk till försämrat välmående för de som till exempel bor själva. Slutligen kan vi konstatera att det som varit mest betungande för medarbetarnas välmående har varit avsaknaden av de sociala kontakterna. / Due to the ongoing Covid-19-pandemic, telework has become a common way of working that has been adopted around the world. The Swedish Employers’ Agency’s framework agreement states that teleworking should always take place on a voluntary basis. However, the pandemic has meant a rapid and radical change in the way people work. Therefore many people have been forced into mandatory teleworking. The purpose of this study is thus to examine how the well-being of employees and their work-life balance have been affected by the mandatory telework. The study also intends to provide suggestions on how leaders can ensure a sustainable digital way of working, even after the pandemic, and at the same time ensure the well-being of their employees. Based on the above, a qualitative research study has been chosen since the authors of this thesis intended to get the respondents' perceived reality of teleworking and distance leadership. Therefore the data material consisted of 19 semi-structured interviews with managers and employees in seven different companies. All of the employees have worked at least 80% remotely for a continuous period at the time of the interview, in order for the authors to be able to examine their needs when working remotely. The interviewed leaders had recently operated distance leadership at the time of the study. Overall, the results of the study showed that a majority of the respondents had a positive attitude towards teleworking. However, the interviewed employees said that they lacked the social exchange that they otherwise received at the office. Even though boundaries were considered the biggest challenge of telework, the employees thought that boundaries and routines are what enables a good work/life balance. The interviewed managers emphasized the importance of good communication with their co-workers. They advocated that everyday meetings are a way to assure the needs of the employees. From this study we can distinguish one problem regarding the communication between managers and their employees. The interviewed managers felt they had functioning communication with their co-workers, while several of the employees felt a lack of contact with their manager. Another conclusion from this study is that the employees who considered that their work/life balance had improved as a result of working remotely, were those who had children at home. We believe that in the longer term this may mean a greater risk of deteriorating well-being for those who, for example, live alone. Finally, we can conclude that the most negative impact on the well-being of the employees was the lack of social contacts. This paper is written in Swedish.