The diploma thesis is focused on analysis of the banking portfolios quality evolution of the Czech market in observed period from 2004 to 2014. In the first part related regulatory rules and their changes are defined. The rules are listed for the categorization of the receivables due from customers, the creation of allowances, the portfolio concentration and the amount of capital. Next part of the thesis is focused on the analysis of the banking portfolios quality evolution of the whole banking sector. In this part are described factors, which influenced the banking sector in observed time period. In the last chapter the thesis examines quality of banking portfolio of three banks in related areas. For the comparison were used chosen financial ratios.

This diploma thesis deals with countercyclical measures of Basel III which will come into force in future. Thesis outlines the issue of cyclical effects which appeared in connection with application of Basel II and provides basic information about new treatment of this issue in Basel III. Further the thesis discusses preparedness of the czech banking sector for the introduction of countercyclical buffers and possibility of Tier I capital formation which should be the main part of the new bank capital adequacy including the capital buffers in future. Subsequently this thesis informs about conditions of using the countercyclical buffers and examines possible appropriate timing for their application. In the other parts of the thesis three selected foreign banking sectors and czech banking sector are examinated with the main focus on their weak spots and their possible development in the case of application of Basel III before the beginning of the world economic crisis in 2007 . In the end the stability of the czech banking sector is examined in detail by using the crisis scenarios and also the impact of application of Basel III before 2007 is discussed.

The thesis studies the impact of European banking regulatory reforms on the stability of Central and Eastern European countries after the financial crisis with the annual data from Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia from 2009 to 2019. The thesis reaches several conclusions. Firstly, increasing minimum Tier 1 capital adequacy ratio through CRR/CRD IV did not significantly promote the bank stability in sample countries. However, total capital adequacy ratio is found to have positive and significant association with overall insolvency risk. Secondly, relaxing restrictions would have negative impact on bank stability measured by bank z-score. Thirdly, countries that are more open on the regulation may have more stable banks, while tighter entry restrictions boost bank fragility. Fourthly, when only taking deposit insurance variables as explanatory variables, increasing the level of deposit insurance coverage may dampen the bank stability. However, when controlling other regulation and supervision indexes, the results do not show any significant effect of deposit insurance scheme on bank z-score. Lastly, the supervisory variables are not significantly associated with bank stability in sample countries.

En kapitaltäckningsgaranti kan användas för att rädda ett aktiebolag som hamnar i en kapitalbristsituation från likvidationsplikt. En kapitaltäckningsgaranti innebär att en fysisk eller juridisk person avger ett ensidigt löfte om att tillskjuta medel till det mottagande aktiebolaget om ekonomin försämras till den grad att det registrerade aktiekapitalet understiger hälften. En sådan situation är ålagd handlingsdirigerande regler som kan resultera i likvidation enligt 25 kap. Aktiebolagslag (2005:551), ABL. Genom att en garant åtar sig att vid avrop eller enligt överenskommelse tillskjuta medel till mottagaren kan verksamheten fortsätta bedrivas. Kapitaltäckningsgarantier regleras inte i ABL utan har istället varit föremål för diskussion i den juridiska doktrinen. Eftersom reglerna om kapitalbrist är uppställda i borgenärsintresse diskuteras ofta frågor kopplade till det bolaget som mottar en kapitaltäckningsgaranti. Enligt vår mening saknas det diskussion kring hur ett aktiebolag som garant kan påverkas av ett sådant åtagande. En fråga som uppstår är huruvida det överhuvudtaget kan anses rationellt att ställa ut en kapitaltäckningsgaranti och betydelsen av huruvida det sker inom eller utom ett koncernförhållande. Eftersom utställande av en kapitaltäckningsgaranti innebär att garanten tar på sig en ekonomisk risk bör det anses fördelaktigt om garanten kan kontrollera åtagandet i största möjliga utsträckning. Genom att en kapitaltäckningsgaranti utställs till ett bolag som garanten har insyn i och kan kontrollera kan potentiella risker minimeras. Garanten kan även se till att skyldigheterna enligt garantin begränsas för att uppnå förutsebarhet. I en koncern ska styrelsen i moderbolaget verka för koncernens bästa. För det fall en kapitaltäckningsgaranti ställs ut inom ett koncernförhållande innebär det att utställaren bör gynnas av mottagarens ekonomiska förbättring. Ett åtagande som sker mellan bolag i samma koncern innebär dessutom ett ökat skydd för garantens minoritetsaktieägare eftersom utställandet sker i bolagets intresse vilket även innebär att kapitaltäckningsgarantin är utställd i aktieägarnas intresse.

The master's thesis is devoted to assessment and analysis of the economic capital of a commercial bank in conditions of increasing risk load. The purpose of the research is to develop a methodological approach to assessment of economic capital based on the account of typical banking risks. The paper concludes that the amount of economic capital, which includes all types of risks, may exceed the amount of regulatory capital. Proper assessment of "risk capital" directly affects the financial stability of a credit institution. / Магистерская диссертация посвящена вопросам оценки и анализа экономического капитала коммерческого банка в условиях повышения рисковой нагрузки. Целью исследования является разработка методического подхода к оценке экономического капитала на основе учета типичных банковских рисков. В работе сделан вывод о том, что величина экономического капитала, включающая все виды рисков, может превышать величину регулятивного капитала. Грамотная оценка «капитала под риск» напрямую влияет на финансовую устойчивость кредитной организации.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена исследованию влияния операционного риска на финансовые показатели банка и выявлению специфики различных подходов к оценке операционного риска. В качестве научной новизны выявлено наличие обратно-пропорциональной корреляции между операционным риском и рентабельностью активов банка на основе корреляционно-регрессионного анализа, что позволяет прогнозировать величину ROA при изменении риск-метрик банка. На основе методических подходов BIA и TSA определена шкала критичного значения операционного риска. / The master's thesis is devoted to the study of the impact of operational risk on the financial performance of banks and the study of various approaches to assessing operational risk. As a scientific novelty, the presence of an inversely proportional correlation between operational risk and the profitability of the bank's assets was revealed, based on correlation and regression analysis, which makes it possible to predict the value of ROA when the bank's risk metrics change, and based on the calculations of operational risk and the bank's equity adequacy ratio based on the methodological approaches of BIA and TSA, the scale of critical operational risk values.

在當前競爭態勢下，台灣金融市場的發展，勢必朝向跨業經營的方向前進。我國亦於民國九十年六月二十七日通過金融控股公司法，賦予台灣金融業跨業經營的法源，為國內金融業創造成為金融集團的契機，以達成金融跨業經營現代化、國際化的目標。雖然金融機構業務營運多樣化，但金融機構承擔風險亦隨之增加，金融監理機制在面臨這樣的挑戰下勢必得做一番調整，才能持續扮演健全及穩定國內金融體系的重要角色。 我國主管機關對於金融控股公司要求以合併基礎計算資本適足比率，並訂定了「金融控股公司合併資本適足性管理辦法」，以期能發揮適度的監理功能。然該辦法中僅以簡單的加減乘除運算求得之資本適足率，是否為反映集團資本需求的良好指標實不無疑問。因此，本文除了研究國際監理官組織所發布的相關報告外，並藉由介紹和討論歐盟指令對金融集團的補充監理原則和措施，如：資本適足性、集團內部交易、風險集中等問題，以及美國對於金融控股公司之相關監理規範，加以比較研究後，來探討我國現行規範是否妥當，並提出相關監理制度改善之建議，以期能作為我國建構健全金融市場之參考。 / Under current competitive circumstances, the development of Taiwan’s financial market will be bound to move forward in the direction of cross-sector business. In Taiwan, Legislative Yuan also has passed the “Financial Holding Company Act” in June 2001. With the passage of the act, it not only gives Taiwan’s financial institutions authority to operate cross-sector activities, but also creates a trigger for financial institutions to become financial conglomerates in order to meet the objectives of financial modernization and globalization. Although financial institutions may diversify their business, additional risks may arise. Financial regulatory mechanisms have to adjust their function to ensure the safety and soundness of financial system. Our competent authorities demand financial holding companies calculating their capital adequacy ratio on a consolidated basis, and enact “Regulations Governing the Consolidated Capital Adequacy of A Financial Holding Company.” However, in this regulation, the ratio was calculated in simple aggregated method, and it is doubtful that such ratio is a good index to reflect consolidated capital requirement. Therefore, this thesis not only studies on related publications issued by international supervision organizations, but also introduces EU Financial Conglomerate Directive with regard to some supervisory issues (e.g. capital adequacy, intra-group transactions and risk concentrations etc.) and U.S. framework for financial holding company supervision. After investigating and comparing different models, this study tries to find whether current regulation is appropriate or not, and make some suggestions concerning the supervisory system in order to construct a sound financial market as a reference in our country.

Text in Afrikkans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The capital-adequacy problem is essentially concerned with the amount of capital that a bank should maintain in order to conduct its operations in a prudent manner. Because one of the primary functions of bank capital is to act as a risk cushion for the protection of a bank's depositors, a bank's capital funds are often regarded as comprising an insurance element. The capital-adequacy concept, therefore, may be seen as part of the overall banking risk, or prudential management. An attempt has been made to indicate that bank supervisors should use not only capital ratios when analysing a bank's capital position. Other factors, such as asset quality and other financial risks, should also be taken in consideration. Financial ratio analysis, however, provides bank supervisors with useful information. When combining ratio analysis with non-quantifiable factors, bank supervisors may indeed achieve their goal of determining capital adequacy. / Die kapitaaltoereikendheidsprobleem is hoofsaaklik gebaseer op die hoeveelheid kapitaal waaroor 'n bankinstelling moet beskik, ten einde die bankbesigheid op 'n verstandige wyse te bedryf. Een van die primere funksies van kapitaal is om te dien as verliesabsorberingsbuffer ter beskerming van 'n bankinstelling se deposante, en daarom word toereikende kapitaal dikwels geag om 'n soort versekeringselement te bevat. Die konsep van kapitaaltoereikendheid kan dus beskou word as deel van die totale risikobestuurskonsep. Daar is tydens die studie gepoog om aan te dui dat banktoesighouers nie net kapitaalverhoudings behoort te gebruik om 'n bankinstelling se kapitaalposisie te ontleed nie. Ander faktore, soos batekwaliteit en antler finansiele risiko's, moet ook in ag geneem word. Finansiele verhoudingsgetalontledings voorsien banktoesighouers van waardevolle inligting. Indien verhoudingsgetalle egter met nie-gekwantifiseerde inligting gekombineer sou word, kan banktoesighouers hul doel om kapitaaltoereikendheid te bepaal, bereik. / M.Com. (Business Management)

This master thesis deals with the area of external audit of the bank in the Czech Republic. Its goal is to identify and describe the specifics making the procedures during bank's financial statements audit different from those applied by non-financial commercial subjects. The first part is focused on the general framework of the external audit. The second part describes main features of the bank identifying several risks connected with the business which have a significant influence on the approach used by the auditors. The third part describes the methodology applied by auditors during the audit of the bank.

Bakgrund: En ny reglering har införts den 1 januari 2018, vilket är IFRS 9 finansiella instrument som ersätter IAS 39. Värdering och redovisning förändras från en objektiv till en subjektiv bedömning av kreditförluster. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilken effekt IFRS 9 har på svenska banker efter införandet. Studien undersöker även om effekten varierar beroende av bankers storlek. Metod: För att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvantitativ studie med deduktiv ansats tillämpats. Sekundärdata har inhämtats ur bankernas årsredovisningar för 2018 från respektive hemsida. Banker som ingår i studien är 43 svenska banker som står under Finansinspektionens tillsyn. Studiens tre hypoteser testades med hjälp av ttest, där parvis observation gjordes mellan åren 2017 och 2018. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet visade en signifikant förändring av totala kapitalrelationen och kärnprimärkapitalrelationen i de större bankerna, vilka nyckeltalen var lägre efter införandet av IFRS 9. Egna kapitalet, kreditförlusterna och soliditeten kunde inte visa någon signifikant förändring. Slutsats av studiens resultat är att införandet av IFRS 9 haft en marginell effekt på svenska banker. / Background: The new regulation IFRS 9 has replaced IAS 39. The new regulation is subjective, forward-looking, compared with the old, objective model. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect IFRS 9 has on Swedish banks after the transition. Another aim is to study the effect of IFRS 9 on different bank sizes. Method: To achieve the purpose of the study, a quantitative method has been applied. Data has been obtained from annual reports for the year of 2018. The data consist of shareholders equity, balance sheet total and reported loan losses. Hypothesis testing has been done by using t-test Result and conclusion: The results can support a week significant positive effect on Tier 1 capital and capital adequacy ratio from large banks. No results could be found for Shareholders equity, Credit loss or Solidity.