This thesis addresses the need to reconceptualise the doctoral experience at a time when the boundaries between education, training, research, work and career development are becoming increasingly blurred. It does so by means of a detailed analysis of what candidates do and how they operate in a variety of disciplinary, employment and other contexts.¶ In order to synthesise and interpret the outcomes of that analysis a broader concept of the doctoral enterprise is developed within which the lived experience is embedded. It is argued that effective representation of the doctoral enterprise is as important as its reconceptualisation, and that both processes are required to generate in-depth understanding of the complexity, diversity and particularity of this phenomenon.¶ Case narratives incorporating the perspectives of candidates—as well as those whom they deem to be influencing their research and learning—are employed to portray distinctive elements of doctoral work and its associated outcomes. Quantitative data and analysis derived from a national survey of doctoral candidates are combined subsequently with this qualitative material in order to generate further insight regarding doctoral activities and the entities that are integral to their enactment.¶ Drawing on theories of practice, an integrative model of the doctoral enterprise is then presented. This comprises two basic components, one of which is a set of doctoral practices classified in terms of curriculum, pedagogy, research and work. The other is a set of doctoral arrangements that reflect configurations of entities inclusive of the participants, the academy and the community.¶ The purpose of the model is to increase understanding of the dynamic and evolving nature of the doctoral enterprise and the interrelationships involving practices and arrangements. This model has implications for candidates and others involved directly in the doctoral enterprise, regardless of their sector, role or status.

在組織間競爭愈來愈激烈的情況下，人成為組織最重要的資源，組織與員工間的關係愈來愈密切。同時工作生活品質觀念的興起，使人們對工作的意義有更新的體認，生涯發展的概念逐漸受到重視，因而有生涯發展系統的設計產生。生涯發展系統的設計強調員工與組織共同負起責任，為雙方的成長努力，為達此目的，除員工雙方需建立自我反省的能力，積極規劃自我生涯之外，組織必須體認到員工在生涯發展的需求，在制度面的設計與管理上為員工建構一能長期發展的生涯策略與環境，以回應員工在這方面的需求。組織任何制度的設計除需考慮組織的需求外，最重要的是與組織文化型態的契合，本研究因此將對組織文化與生涯發展系統間的關係進行探討。本文研究方法採文獻研究法及問卷調查法。文獻調查法主要在蒐集論文、期刊、書籍等資料進行分析，問卷調查法則以公私機關組織成員進行抽樣調查及統計分析。本研究的研究變項包含組織文化、個人生涯規劃及組織生涯管理三類，組織文化部分包含1、組織對人力資源的態度2、組織對錯誤與風險的容忍度3、組織內的溝通網絡及部門間資訊、意見的交流程度4、工作的流動性、擴大化與豐富化5、主管與部屬的關係。個人生涯規劃部分包含1、對自我的了解2、對生涯異動機會的了解3、對自我生涯的投入。在組織生涯管理部分包含1、教育、訓練與發展計畫2、生涯發展路徑的設計3、主管的支持程度4、人力資源計畫5、生涯諮商活動。本研究研究結果如下：1、是否擔任主管、及較年長者在對生涯異動機會的了解上有顯著差異存在。2、組織文化與個人生涯規劃及組織生涯管理活動間有顯著相關。3、個人生涯規劃活動與組織生涯管理活動間有顯著相關。最後根據本文研究的結果加以討論，並提出對理論的建立及實務分的建議。

<p>Under utbildningen till Studie- och yrkesvägledare kom vi att upptäcka hur intressetester av olika slag blivit ett allt populärare sätt att skaffa sig förslag på lämpliga studie- och yrkesval. Intressetester används av verksamma vägledare inom både skola och arbetsförmedling. Internet är vårt främsta informationsanskaffningsmedel och används alltmer inom vår bransch. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka elevers attityd till intressetester. Framförallt undersöka om dessa tester genererar i en ökad kunskapsproduktion och om den kunskapen då är giltig. Vi ville även undersöka om intressetester kan ersätta behovet av mer personlig vägledning. En enkätundersökning innehållande 13 frågor kring respondenternas upplevelse av intressetester utfördes på en grupp gymnasieelever i Norrtälje kommun. Med stöd av denna studies undersökningsresultat, karriärutvecklingsteorier och vägledningsmetoder har följande slutsatser kunnat dras: Att intressetester är ett bra verktyg för att finna ny kunskap om sig själv och olika yrken. Att tester har god förmåga att matcha rätt person till rätt yrke men att utfallen av testerna inte bedömdes som helt hundraprocentigt seriösa. Behovet av personlig vägledning ansågs av majoriteten inte direkt kunna ersättas med intressetester. Det finns nästan ingen tidigare forskning kring problemområdet men vi uppmanar för framtida forskning att undersöka konsekvenserna av en alltmer webbaserad vägledning.</p> / <p>During this education to become career counselors we came to detect how measurements of interest of various kinds is becoming more and more popular when to get proposals on appropriate study - and career choices. Measurements of interest are used of career counselors within both schools and employment offices. The Internet is our most useful facility when it comes to find information and is used increasingly within our sector. The aim with this study is to examine students' attitude to measurements of interest. Above all examine if they generate in an increased knowledge production and if that knowledge is valid. We also wanted to examine if measurements of interest can replace the need of more personal guidance. A questionnaire survey containing 13 questions around individuals' experience in measurements of interest was carried out on a group of high school students in the city of Norrtälje. With support of this study's survey results, career development theories and guidance methods the following conclusions can to be drawn: measurements of interest are a good tool in order to find new knowledge about yourself and different trades. Measurements of interest have good ability to match the correct individual with the correct trade but the outcomes of the measurements were not assessed entirely one hundred percent serious. The need of personal guidance was by majority not considered directly to be replaced with measurements of interest. There is almost no previous research around the problem area but we urge for future research to examine the consequences of progressively more guidance on the web.</p>

<p>The objectives of this study were to examine: (a) how athletes perceive a relationship between their athletic career and health; (b) how health issues appear across athletic career stages; (c) how athletes perceive health related strategies in regard of the future career goals. The theoretical frameworks included: the lifespan model on developmental challenge; the circle of health; the developmental model on transitions faced by athletes; the perceived health and sport/exercise participation model. The informants (n=4) consisted of two team athletes and two individual athletes at national or international competitive level. In-depth interviews were carried out based on a semi-structured interview guide specially created for this study. Results are treated and presented as four case studies, and four category profiles describing: the importance of health to the athletic career; the positive influence of athletic career on health; the negative influence of athletic career on health; health related strategies in the future. The results showed that athletes perceive an obvious and important relationship between the athletic career and health. At the same time a lack of health awareness at early career stages was discovered. It was not until the athletes advanced to a higher competitive level or their health decreased they started to think of health. Athletes also demonstrate low awareness of health in regard to future career goals. The athletes’ experiences were discussed in relation to the theoretical frameworks and previous research.</p> / <p>Syftena med föreliggande studie var att undersöka: (a) hur idrottare uppfattar ett samband mellan idrottskarriär och hälsa; (b) att undersöka hur hälsofrågor uppträder under en idrottskarriärs olika stadium; (c) att undersöka hur idrottare använder hälsostrategier med tanke på framtida karriärmål. De teoretiska referensramarna inkluderade: the lifespan model on developmental challenge; the circle of health; the developmental model on transitions faced by athletes; upplevd hälsa och idrotts/motionsdeltagande. Försökspersonerna (n=4) bestod av två lagidrottare och två individuella idrottare på nationell eller internationell tävlingsnivå. Djupgående intervjuer genomfördes med hjälp av en semi strukturerad intervjuguide speciellt tillverkad för denna studie. Resultatet bearbetades och presenterades i form av fyra fallstudier och fyra kategoriprofiler som beskriver: hur viktig hälsan är för idrottskarriären; den positiva inverkan av idrottskarriären på hälsa; den negativa inverkan av idrottskarriären på hälsa; hälsostrategier i framtiden. Resultatet visade på att idrottare upplever ett tydligt och viktigt samband mellan idrottskarriären och hälsa, men det finns samtidigt en låg hälsomedvetenhet i tidiga karriärstadier. Det är inte förrän idrottare avancerar till en högre tävlingsnivå eller får en sämre hälsa som de börjar tänka på hälsan. Idrottare demonstrerade också en låg hälsomedvetenhet i förhållande till framtida karriärmål. Idrottarnas upplevelser diskuterades i relation till de teoretiska referensramarna och tidigare forskning.</p>

In recent years, with the economic development in China and the direct flights between Taiwan and China; there are more and more Taiwanese enterprises invest in China industrial market. This business environment change results in the increasing Taiwanese employees travelling between China and Taiwan frequently, or even been dispatched to China for long-term. In the future, the opportunities of work exchange between Taiwan and China will increase rapidly. Taiwan and China has no language barrier, however, the thinking logic, attitude towards work, and corporate management style between two places are fairly divergent. All these differences impact both Taiwanese and Chinese enterprises development. Today, China¡¦s workers strive for their work and almost catch up with Taiwan. Do Taiwan¡¦s workers notice it? The author has been dispatched to China for more than five years, and returned to Taiwan for three years. We can see the way of business management and the working environment between Taiwan and China through the experience of author. This narrative will give an overview and suggestions to those Taiwanese who is willing to work in China, and to those Taiwanese who plan to return to Taiwan market. For the workers who are seeking for opportunities of work exchange, the author suggests they should have abilities such as authorization management, regulate the rhythm of the work, resource integration, and excellent communication skill with local workers. On the other hand, for the workers who return to Taiwan job market, face to the primary depression, adjust mindset, and balance work and family lives are the keys to a successful transfer.

A model was created in order to assist classical musicians, especially pianists, with the process of creating their own musical niches in order to achieve public recognition, build an audience following and experience financial gain. This blueprint involved creating six arrangements for the piano four-hand medium that were then self-recorded, self-marketed and self-distributed. This essay introduces the repertoire used for this project, five Argentinean tangos by Eduardo Arolas and a habanera by Sebastian Yradier and it also examines the criteria by which they were chosen. A discussion of the arrangements follows, focusing on the compositional techniques that were used. Next, the essay presents the methods employed to self-record, self-market and self-distribute the compilation as well as additional means available to independent musicians pursuing a similar endeavor. The discussion focuses on techniques that pertain to musicians who do not have the support of a record label or a music publisher. The conclusion of this study is that there are a number of accessible methods that independent musicians can employ in order to self-record, self-market and self-distribute their music. However, the level of success of such endeavors depends on the musicians' ability to create a high quality musical product, constantly interact with new audiences and employ various promotional methods. A recommendation for further study is enclosed.

Under utbildningen till Studie- och yrkesvägledare kom vi att upptäcka hur intressetester av olika slag blivit ett allt populärare sätt att skaffa sig förslag på lämpliga studie- och yrkesval. Intressetester används av verksamma vägledare inom både skola och arbetsförmedling. Internet är vårt främsta informationsanskaffningsmedel och används alltmer inom vår bransch. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka elevers attityd till intressetester. Framförallt undersöka om dessa tester genererar i en ökad kunskapsproduktion och om den kunskapen då är giltig. Vi ville även undersöka om intressetester kan ersätta behovet av mer personlig vägledning. En enkätundersökning innehållande 13 frågor kring respondenternas upplevelse av intressetester utfördes på en grupp gymnasieelever i Norrtälje kommun. Med stöd av denna studies undersökningsresultat, karriärutvecklingsteorier och vägledningsmetoder har följande slutsatser kunnat dras: Att intressetester är ett bra verktyg för att finna ny kunskap om sig själv och olika yrken. Att tester har god förmåga att matcha rätt person till rätt yrke men att utfallen av testerna inte bedömdes som helt hundraprocentigt seriösa. Behovet av personlig vägledning ansågs av majoriteten inte direkt kunna ersättas med intressetester. Det finns nästan ingen tidigare forskning kring problemområdet men vi uppmanar för framtida forskning att undersöka konsekvenserna av en alltmer webbaserad vägledning. / During this education to become career counselors we came to detect how measurements of interest of various kinds is becoming more and more popular when to get proposals on appropriate study - and career choices. Measurements of interest are used of career counselors within both schools and employment offices. The Internet is our most useful facility when it comes to find information and is used increasingly within our sector. The aim with this study is to examine students' attitude to measurements of interest. Above all examine if they generate in an increased knowledge production and if that knowledge is valid. We also wanted to examine if measurements of interest can replace the need of more personal guidance. A questionnaire survey containing 13 questions around individuals' experience in measurements of interest was carried out on a group of high school students in the city of Norrtälje. With support of this study's survey results, career development theories and guidance methods the following conclusions can to be drawn: measurements of interest are a good tool in order to find new knowledge about yourself and different trades. Measurements of interest have good ability to match the correct individual with the correct trade but the outcomes of the measurements were not assessed entirely one hundred percent serious. The need of personal guidance was by majority not considered directly to be replaced with measurements of interest. There is almost no previous research around the problem area but we urge for future research to examine the consequences of progressively more guidance on the web.

Omställning, flexibilitet och anställningsbarhet är ledord i debatten om den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Vissa ser tendenser till en nedmontering av ett system som man vill värna om. Andra tycker att det händer för lite och att arbetsmarknaden är för trögrörlig. Men vad betyder ledorden i praktiken? Den här avhandlingen analyserar omställningsprogram. Utbredningen av omställningsavtal och -program tolkas som en förändring av normen om anställningstrygghet. I programmen lär sig deltagarna att bli marknadsaktörer. Karriär konstrueras som ett medel för självutveckling. Det kan ses som en tendens mot en ökad kommodifiering av självet – självet omgestaltas till en del av arbetskraften. I processen sker en förskjutning av risk och ansvar mot den enskilde individen. En i grunden kollektiv situation, att bli övertalig på grund av arbetsbrist, översätts till en individuell omställningssituation. Men avhandlingen diskuterar även hur programmen upprätthåller etablerade normer. Programmen erbjuder en tillfällig status som arbetssökande och reproducerar ett traditionellt karriärideal där individer går från en anställning till en annan utan mellanperioder av arbetslöshet. Med hjälp av programmen bevaras gränser mellan arbete och arbetslöshet, mellan arbetsliv och privatliv samt mellan anställda och uppsagda. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2008

<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:UseFELayout /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]> <object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object><mce:style><! st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } --> <!--[endif]--> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Garamond; panose-1:2 2 4 4 3 3 1 1 8 3; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0cm; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Garamond; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normal tabell"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} --> <!--[endif]--> Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine what attributes graduating students prefer when choosing their first employer after graduation. Background: To attract good employees are becoming more and more important. Since there are over 60 000 students graduating every year from universities in Sweden, it is crucial for organizations to know how to best attract these talents. It is generally small- and medium sized companies (SMC’s) that have problem since they don’t have the resources to find information and brand themselves as good employers, and hence, large multinational companies are being ranked as the most attractive employers. If these SMC’s would know what attributes the graduate students find most important, they would be able to focus on those and more successfully attract the students suitable for their organization. Method: In order to fulfill the purpose, an exploratory study had been made. Quantitative data was collected by a delivery and collection questionnaire, which was handed out in classes at Jönköping International Business School (JIBS) and Jönköping School of Engineering (JTH). The findings in this thesis are based on 124 graduating students preferred job attributes. Conclusion: When looking at JIBS and JTH in total, the students find attributes relating to responsibilities and involvement in decision making to be the most important. However, when only looking at JTH, the students value job security and good relationship at the workplace over other attributes. At JIBS, graduate students are attracted to jobs where they can take responsibility and make further career advancements.

Women working in the Canadian Federal Public Service (CFPS) face complex issues and competing demands. However, despite challenges such as obtaining further education, managing home responsibilities, and dealing with workplace issues, some have also developed and managed successful careers. Problems highlighted within literature on career development for women relate to the nature of women’s lives with their many transitional points, in which personal and organizational factors inextricably intertwine. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to explore the career development and advancement of women towards and into entry executive level positions within the Canadian Federal Public Service (CFPS). Three research questions guided this inquiry: 1) How have personal factors influenced career development and advancement of women in the CFPS towards and into pre-executive and entry executive levels? 2) How have organizational factors influenced their career development and advancement? and 3) How have personal and organizational factors combined to influence their career development and advancement? This research was grounded in a social constructivist paradigm which guided the research both ontologically and epistemologically. Schwandt (1994) contends that “objective knowledge and truth is a result of perspective. Knowledge and truth are created, not discovered” (p. 125). The inquiry attempted, therefore, to understand women’s complex career development processes from a holistic perspective through their career life stories. Ten women at the pre-executive or entry executive level from various departments within the CFPS took part in the study. Data collection was carried out mainly through a series of three semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study describe how participants’ personal dispositions, formal education, and home lives (personal factors) influenced their career development and advancement. In addition, it was found that the organization’s culture of long hours, its support for learning, participants’ organizational networks, and superiors’ contributions (organizational factors) also influenced women’s careers. This study contributes to our understanding of women’s career development, thereby providing important insights for future research. The study may have implications for CFPS policymakers, career counsellors, universities responsible for educating future career counsellors, as well as for individual women themselves, and perhaps even men.