Cette thèse s’intéresse à la construction de sens au travail, favorisant la poursuite, ou la reprise, de l’activité en cours dans les organisations (Weick, 1969-2009). Plus précisément, elle cherche à relier la perspective du Sensemaking à l’éthique. Elle s’appuie essentiellement sur l’analyse d’entretiens semi-structurés réalisés auprès de trois équipes d’un CHU. Après avoir constaté la quasi-absence de travaux prenant en compte la dimension éthique du Sensemaking (Maitlis et Christianson, 2014), elle s’est intéressée aux philosophies éthiques permettant de rendre compte des comportements organisationnels décrits lors des entretiens et de conceptualiser les données empiriques. Sur le plan théorique, le principal apport de cette thèse est d’incarner le Sensemaking en montrant la dimension éthique de ce processus à chacune de ses étapes clefs : situations empreintes d’enjeux éthiques interrompant ou entravant l’action ; mobilisation de ressources éthiques (sélection d’histoires en lien avec la vulnérabilité, compétences éthiques, production d’un récit éthique). Secondairement, elle prend en compte des aspects peu développés dans les travaux sur le Sensemaking : le rôle des émotions, la structuration de l’espace social, le rôle des acteurs de terrain dans les processus de sensegiving (création et transmission de sens). Sur le plan managérial, elle incite le leader à favoriser le Sensemaking, en général, et la narration éthique dans ce processus, en particulier, afin de prévenir et de gérer les crises. Elle l’invite à faire appel à la capacité réflexive des acteurs de terrain et à favoriser un climat éthique dans les organisations. / This thesis deals with the construction of meaning in the workplace, favoring the continuation, or the resumption, of the ongoing activity within organizations (Weick, 1969-2009). More specifically, it seeks to link the perspective of sensemaking to ethics. It is mainly based on the analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with three hospital teams. After discussing the near-absence of analyses of the ethical dimension of sensemaking (Maitlis and Christianson, 2014), we focused on ethical philosophies in order to account for the organizational behaviors described during the interviews and to conceptualize the empirical data. On the theoretical level, the main contribution of this thesis is to embody Sensemaking demonstraing the ethical dimension of this process at each of its key stages: situations involving ethical issues, interrupting or hindering action; mobilization of ethical resources (selection of stories related to vulnerability, mobilization of ethical competencies, production of an ethical narrative), in order to reconstruct meaning. Second, it takes into account the less developed aspects in sensemaking’s research: the role of emotions, structuring of social space, the role of actors involved individuals in sensegiving (creating and assignment of meaning). On the managerial level, this dissertation encourages leaders to promote Sensemaking in general, and the ethical narration in this process; in particular, in order to prevent and manage crises. It invites them to use the reflective capacity of involved individuals and to encourage an ethical climate.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:24:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Patricia Mussi Escobar.pdf: 4797347 bytes, checksum: 854e1a006990b1ef26960eb06da6b9f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-15 / The research was developed based on the thesis of Vetromille-Castro (2007), in which collaboration and autonomy were considered values that fostered interaction and maintained the cohesion and emergency of the group. However, Vetromille-Castro considered that there were other values besides collaboration and autonomy which were shared among co-valorizing individuals (Piaget, 1973). It is precisely on this hypothesis that we developed this work. In this research we studied the interactive process in a group of trainee teachers of Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL) in virtual learning environment forums. We analyzed the posts of 30 students, the e-learning tutor and two researchers from one of the support centers in four forums of the discipline of Spanish III in a teacher development course in a federal university in southern Brazil in a distance learning modality. The results were obtained by descriptive analysis of a qualitative nature and of a virtual ethnographic interpretation (HINE, 2004). In the interactions we confirmed the hypothesis that there were other values at stake in qualitative changes. In addition to collaboration and autonomy, we identified other values that were common among individuals in the groups, which behaved as complex adaptive (sub)systems (SAC) in each of the four studied forums, also considered as a SAC. Taking into consideration Schwartz s (1992) propositions, we have identified exchanges of mutual benefit (PIAGET, 1973) in each group that was formed in the forums, on a map of values of common scales around values such as equality, friendship, responsibility, creativity, solidarity, among others, besides those already noticed in previous work, namely collaboration and autonomy. / A pesquisa é construída com base na tese de Vetromille-Castro (2007), na qual foi constatado que a colaboração e autonomia foram os valores que fomentaram a interação e mantiveram a coesão e emergência do grupo estudado. Entretanto, Vetromille-Castro considerou que havia outros valores, além da colaboração e da autonomia, que foram compartilhados entre os sujeitos covalorizantes (PIAGET, 1973). E é justamente a partir dessa hipótese que desenvolvemos este trabalho. Na presente pesquisa, estudamos o processo interativo em um grupo de professores em formação de Língua Espanhola como Língua Estrangeira (E/LE) nos fóruns de um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem. Analisamos as postagens de 30 alunos, da professora tutora a distância e das duas professoras pesquisadoras de um polo em quatro fóruns da disciplina de língua espanhola III de uma licenciatura em uma universidade federal no sul do Brasil, na modalidade a distância. Os resultados foram obtidos mediante a análise descritiva, de natureza qualitativa e de interpretação etnográfica virtual (HINE, 2004). Nas interações confirmamos a hipótese de que havia outros valores em jogo nas trocas qualitativas, pois identificamos, além da colaboração e da autonomia, outros valores que eram comuns entre os indivíduos dos grupos, os quais se comportaram como um (sub)sistema adaptativo complexo (SAC) em cada um dos quatro fóruns estudados, também considerados como um SAC. A partir de Schwartz (1992), identificamos, no mapa de valores das escalas comuns de cada grupo que se formou nos fóruns, trocas de benefício recíproco (PIAGET,1973) em torno de valores, como igualdade, amizade, responsabilidade, criatividade, solidariedade, dentre outros, além daqueles já percebidos em pesquisa anterior, a saber, colaboração e autonomia.

This study evaluates methods for clustering web users via vector space models, for the purpose of web page prefetching for possible applications of server optimization. An experiment using Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is deployed to investigate whether LSA can reproduce the encouraging results obtained from previous research with Random Indexing (RI) and a chaos based optimization algorithm (CAS-C). This is not only motivated by LSA being yet another vector space model, but also by a study indicating LSA to outperform RI in a task similar to the web user clustering and prefetching task. The prefetching task was used to verify the applicability of LSA, where both RI and CAS-C have shown promising results. The original data set from the RI web user clustering and prefetching task was modeled using weighted (tf-idf) LSA. Clusters were defined using a common clustering algorithm (k-means). The least scattered cluster configuration for the model was identified by combining an internal validity measure (SSE) and a relative criterion validity measure (SD index). The assumed optimal cluster configuration was used for the web page prefetching task.   Precision and recall of the LSA based method is found to be on par with RI and CAS-C, in as much that it solves the web user clustering and web task with similar characteristics as unweighted RI. The hypothesized inherent gains to precision and recall by using LSA was neither confirmed nor conclusively disproved. The effects of different weighting functions for RI are discussed and a number of methodological factors are identified for further research concerning LSA based clustering and prefetching.

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Une recherche en psychanalyse nous autorise à effectuer un travail sur un héros ou une héroïne de la littérature et/ou le romancier qui leur a donné vie. À cet effet, nous avons choisi le cas clinique de Guy de Maupassant que nous allons analyser à travers les éprouvés contre-transférentiels de ces divers biographes ainsi qu’à travers ses contes plus circonstanciés et reflétant plus la pensée de leur auteur que ne pouvaient le faire ses romans. Cette dernière option impose que l’on loge entre l’auteur et son oeuvre le fantasme d’auteur qui, une fois déchiffré nous permet de franchir le pont du latent au manifeste et de compléter les contes des biographes par la traduction des énoncés de l’auteur. Les deux facteurs conjugués biographies et étude des contes épurés du fantasme nous permettront de restituer notre propre conte de Maupassant en nous inspirant des études de cas freudiennes dont Freud disait qu’il fallait les lire comme des contes. / A research in psychoanalysis allows us to perform work on a hero or a heroine of literature and/or the novelist who brought them into being. In this regard we will choose the clinical case of Guy de Maupassant that we will analyze (study) through the tested counter-transferences of his various biographers. We will also study Maupassant’s most detailed tales which convey the author’s thought much more than his novels display. This latest choice makes it necessary to insert the author’s fantasy between his true personality and his work, which, once it has been deciphered (decoded) enables us to bridge the gap between what is latent and what is obvious. It also gives us the opportunity to complete biographers’ tales thanks to the commentary of the author’s writing. The two factors composed of biographies and the study of tales both free from fantasy will draw our inspiration from Freudian case-studies considering that Freud used to say they had to be read like tales.

Comment comprendre, interpréter, et expliquer la médiation internationale ? Peut-on distinguer différentes formes de médiations internationales ? Face au recours croissant à la médiation sur la scène internationale depuis la fin de la guerre froide et à la diversité des acteurs pouvant entreprendre cette activité de pacification, un travail de clarification s’impose. Mêlant réflexion théorique et analyse de cas d’étude, nous proposons une typologie fondée sur la distinction entre une médiation politique, expertise et sociétale. Pour dégager ces types, nous interrogeons les différentes conceptions du conflit et de la paix ainsi que la rationalité à l’œuvre dans la médiation, la variété des pratiques de médiation et, en dernier lieu, les diverses fonctions de la médiation dans la recomposition du conflit et pour le médiateur. Dans un deuxième temps, nous montrons que les limites de la typologie nous informent sur des problématiques communes aux différentes médiations. En pensant « l’unique » ou les limites des types, nous interrogeons les contextes de médiations, en replaçant les activités de médiations dans leur environnement macro et micro. Penser « le multiple » est ensuite un moyen de mettre en évidence des complexes de médiations, qui redonnent une multi-dimensionnalité au phénomène – d’où le regard sur les médiations multi-types – et témoignent aussi des évolutions possibles des formes de médiations. Enfin, « l’entre-deux » permet de questionner les médiations hybrides, marquées par la combinaison de caractéristiques les rattachant à différents types, et qui émergent des décalages entre discours et actes ainsi qu’entre effets recherchés et résultats obtenus. / How can we understand, interpret and explain international mediation? Is it possible to distinguish several types of international mediations? The growing use of international mediation since the end of the Cold War and the diversity of actors involved in this peacemaking activity explain the need for clarification. Combining theoretical considerations and case studies, we therefore propose a typology based on the distinction between a political, an expert and a societal mediation. These types are constructed through an analysis of the various ways of conceiving conflict, peace, and the rationality of mediation, the different mediation practices, and finally the diverse functions that mediations can have with regard to the conflict and the mediator. In a second part, we demonstrate that the limits of the typological exercise shed light on problems and stakes common to all mediations. We question the limits of our types in relation to the unique macro and micro contexts in which mediations are carried out. We then define “mediation complexes”, characterized by the co-existence of several types of mediations or the changing character of a mediation over time. Lastly, we reflect on hybrid mediations, which combine characteristics from different types, and emerge from the discrepancy between discourses and acts as well as between expected and obtained effects.

Malgré l’engouement des organisations pour les fusions-acquisitions (F/A), leur taux d’échec élevé invite à continuer la recherche en proposant de nouvelles clés de lecture. De nombreux travaux soutiennent que les F/A nécessitent de nouvelles approches pour appréhender la complexité et le dynamisme de ces opérations, et plus spécifiquement de l’intégration post-fusion. Notre recherche propose une analyse des dynamiques inhérentes au cours du processus et plus particulièrement lors de l’intégration. Cette étude se place dans une logique intégrative, appréhendant la multiplicité des dynamiques à l’œuvre dans le but de comprendre comment ces dynamiques engendrent ou entravent la réussite de l’intégration. Nous utilisons ces dynamiques comme un moyen pour parvenir à capter la complexité inhérente au processus de fusion, et comme une opportunité pour capter le dynamisme de l’intégration. Une manière de rendre intelligibles ces dynamiques inter-reliées dans un espace-temps défini est de recourir au concept de paradoxe. Les paradoxes offrent en effet un cadre pour décrypter les dynamiques inhérentes aux organisations. Ainsi, la lecture paradoxale permet une analyse globale des dynamiques à l’œuvre. La question de recherche suivante est posée : « Comment la gestion des paradoxes favorise-t-elle l’intégration post-fusion ? ». La thèse s'appuie sur une méthodologie qualitative d’une étude de cas longitudinale en temps réel d'une fusion sur 24 mois. Il ressort de la thèse que la nature évolutive des paradoxes au cours d’une intégration, ainsi que leur multiplicité, permet de comprendre en quoi ces dynamiques interfèrent dans la réussite du processus d’intégration post-fusion. / Despite the number of mergers and acquisitions (M&As), their high failure rate calls to continue research by proposing new reading keys. Many studies argue that M&As require new approaches to understand the organizational complexity and dynamism of these operations, and more specifically concerning post-merger integration (PMI) process. This phase is defined as a crucial one because it determines the success or failure of the merger. Our research provides an analysis of the dynamics inherent in the process, and especially during the PMI. This study is based on an integrative logic, considering the multiplicity of dynamics at work to understand how they engender or hinder the success of PMI. We use these dynamics as a means to capture the complexity inherent in the merger process, and as an opportunity to capture the dynamics of PMI. The concept of paradox allows us to make intelligible these inter-related dynamics within a defined temporal framework. Paradoxes provides a framework to decipher the dynamics inherent in organizations. The paradoxical reading allows a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics at work in the merger process. This leads us to ask the following research question: "How does the management of paradoxes benefits post-merger integration? ". The thesis is based on a qualitative methodology of a longitudinal and real-time case study of a 24-month merger, once the operation has been signed. It emerges from the thesis that the evolutionary nature of paradoxes during the post-merger integration, as well as their multiplicity (categories, actors, levels), allows us to understand how these dynamics interfere in the success of the PMI process.

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished