Les adhérences focales (AF), structures adhésives reliant la cellule à la matrice extra-cellulaire (MEC), constituent de véritables plateformes de signalisation biochimique et mécanique qui contrôlent l'adhérence, la migration, la différenciation et la survie cellulaire. Les récepteurs transmembranaires intégrines sont au coeur des AF, où elles connectent la MEC au cytosquelette d'actine. Au début des années 2000, la protéine intracellulaire taline, qui se lie aux parties cytoplasmiques bêta des intégrines, était considérée comme le principal activateur des intégrines. Néanmoins, il a depuis été montré que la kindline, autre protéine intracellulaire se liant aux parties bêta cytoplasmiques, jouait également un rôle essentiel dans l'activation des intégrines. Ainsi,plusieurs études ont mis en évidence que la kindline et la taline étaient complémentaires et avaient une action synergique durant l'activation des intégrines. Les bases moléculaires de ces phénomènes restent à déterminer. De plus, la plupart des données sur lerôle de la kindline dans l'adhérence et l'activation des intégrines provient d'expériences menées sur des cellules en suspension et/ou avec l'intégrine plaquettaire αIIbβ3. Ainsi, la régulation de ces processus par la kindline dans les cellules adhérentes est encore peu comprise. Dans cette étude, nous combinons la microscopie PALM et le suivi de protéines individuelles pour révéler le rôle et le comportement de la kindline à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur des AF au cours des événements moléculaires clés se déroulant au niveau de la membrane plasmique, et qui mènent à l'activation des intégrines. Nous avons observé que les intégrines bêta1 etbêta3 portant une mutation ponctuelle inhibant l'interaction avec la kindline montrent un défaut d'immobilisation dans les AF. Nous avons également observé que la kindline-2, qui est enrichie dans les AF, diffusait librement au niveau de la membrane plasmique,à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur des AF. Ceci constitue une distinction majeure par rapport à la taline, qui, au niveau de la membrane plasmique, est essentiellement observée dans les AF où elle est immobile, montrant qu'elle est recrutée dans les AF directement depuis le cytosol sans diffusion latérale membranaire (Rossier et al. 2012). Afin d'identifier les bases moléculaires du recrutement et de la diffusion membranaire de la kindline, nous avons utilisé différents variants mutés de kindline précédemment décrits. Le mutant kindline-2-QW614/615AA (liaison aux intégrines inhibée) montre une diffusion membranaire accrue, ce qui suggère que la kindline peut diffuser au niveau de la membrane plasmique sans être associée aux intégrines. Par ailleurs, la baisse d'immobilisation au niveau des AF observée avec ce mutant montre qu'une partie de l'immobilisation de la kindline est due aux intégrines, suggérant l'existence d'un complexe intégrine-kindline immobile dans les AF. La délétion du domaine PleckstrinHomology (PH) de la kindline diminue considérablement son recrutement et sa diffusion membranaire. Nous avons évalué le rôle fonctionnel du recrutement et de la diffusion membranaire de la kindline en réexprimant ces mutants dans des cellules déplétéesen kindline-1 et -2 (cellules KO kindline-1 -/-, kindline-2 -/-). Ces expériences montrent que le recrutement et la diffusion membranaire de la kindline sont cruciaux pour l'activation des intégrines durant l'étalement cellulaire et favorisent la formation d’adhérences. Cela suggère que la kindline utilise un chemin différent de celui de la taline pour atteindre et activer les intégrines,ce qui pourrait expliquer au niveau moléculaire comment la kindline complémente la taline durant l'activation des intégrines. / Focal adhesions (FAs) are adhesive structures linking the cell to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and constitute molecular platforms for biochemical and mechanical signals controlling cell adhesion, migration, differentiation and survival. Integrin transmembrane receptors are core components of FAs, connecting the ECM to the actin cytoskeleton. During the early 2000s, the intracellular protein talin, which directly binds to the cytoplasmic tail of β-integrins, was considered as the main integrin activator. Nevertheless, it has been shown that kindlin, another intracellular protein that bind to β-integrin, is also a critical integrin activator. In fact, several studies have shown that kindlin and talin play complementary and synergistic roles during integrin activation. The molecular basis of these phenomena remains to determine. Moreover, most studies focusing on the role of kindlin during integrin activation and cell adhesion have been performed with suspended cells and/or with the platelet integrin αIIbβ3. Here we combined PALM microscopy with single protein tracking to decipher the role and behavior of kindlin during key molecular events occurring outside and inside FAs at the plasma membrane and leading to integrin activation, as we have done previously for talin (Rossier et al., 2012). We found that beta1 and beta3-integrins with a point mutation inhibiting binding to kindlin show reduced immobilization inside FAs. We also found that kindlin-2, which is enriched inside FAs, displayed free diffusion at the plasma membrane outside and inside FAs. This constitutes a major difference with talin, which, at the plasma membrane level, is observed almost exclusively in FAs, where it is immobile, which shows that talin is recruited into FAs directly from the cytosol without lateral diffusion along the plasma membrane (Rossier et al. 2012). To determine the molecular basis of kindlin membrane recruitment and diffusion, we used a kindlin variant known to decrease binding to integrins (kindlin-2- QW614/615AA). This mutant displayed increased membrane diffusion, suggesting that kindlin-2 can freely diffuse at the plasma membrane without interacting with integrins. Moreover, the kindlin-2-QW mutant showed decreased immobilization inside FA, showing that part of kindlin immobilization depends on interaction with integrins. This suggests that kindlin can form an immobile complex with integrins inside focal adhesions. Deletion of the kindlin pleckstrin homology (PH) domain strongly reduced the membrane recruitment and diffusion of kindlin. We assessed the functional role of kindlin membrane recruitment and diffusion by re-expressing different kindlin-2 mutants in kindlin-1/kindlin-2 double KO cells. Those experiments demonstrated that kindlin-2 membrane recruitment and diffusion are crucial for integrin activation during cell spreading and favor adhesion formation. This suggests that kindlin uses a different route from talin to reach integrins and trigger their activation, providing a possible molecular basis for their complementarity during integrin activation.

L’adrénomédulline (AM) est un des principaux facteurs de croissance impliqués dans la formations de nouveaux vaisseaux. L’AM est responsable de la formation de jonctions adhérentes stables entre cellules endothéliales vasculaires via le maintien d’un état déphosphorylé du complexe d’adhésion VE-cadhérine/caténines. La phosphorylation de tyrosines est un évènement régulé par un équilibre entre protéine tyrosine kinases et protéine tyrosine phosphatases (PTP). Peu de choses sont encore connues sur le rôle des PTPs dans les voies de signalisation de l’AM au niveau des cellules endothéliales. La SHP2 a été décrite comme étant capable de déphosphoryler le complexe d’adhésion. Son association avec la β-caténine lui permet de contrôler le niveau de phosphorylation du complexe et de maintenir l’association entre VE-cadhérine et caténines. Nous avons ainsi émis l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’AM puisse agir sur la SHP2 permettant ainsi le contrôle de la formation du complexe d’adhésion VE-cadhérine-β-caténine. Nos travaux ont mis en évidence une augmentation de l’activation de la SHP2 induite par l’AM dans les cellules endothéliales entrainant sa localisation au niveau de la membrane et la stabilisation de l'adhésion cellulaire induite par la VE-cadhérine en réduisant le niveau de phosphorylation de cette dernière. Le blocage de la SHP2 entraine des effets opposés avec une inhibition de la déphosphorylation induite par l’AM de la VE-cadhérine sur les tyrosines 731 et 658. En résumé, l’AM régule l’activité de la SHP2 via sa phosphorylation sur la tyrosine 542 ce qui entraine une stabilisation des contacts cellules-cellules via une diminution de la phosphorylation de la VE-cadhérine. / Adrenomedullin (AM) is one of the main factors in the formation of tumor neo-vessels. It's responsible for stable adherent junction formation between vascular endothelial (VE) cells by maintaining VE-cadherin/catenins adhesion complex in a dephosphorylated status. Indeed, AM blockade induces phosphorylation of VE-cadherin in tyrosine 731, which is followed by disruption of VE-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts of endothelial cells (ECs), thereby leading to EC adhesion loss and tumor vessels disruption. Tyrosine phosphorylation events are controlled by the balance of activation of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Little is known about the role of endogenous PTPs in AM signaling in ECs. SHP2 is capable of dephosphorylating the complex. Its association with β-catenin allows it to control the dephosphorylated steady state of the complex and to maintain the VE-cadherin/β-catenin association. To study the mechanism of AM on the inter-endothelial junction stabilization, we hypothesized that AM may act on SHP2 allowing a control upon formation of VE-cadherin-β-catenin complex. In this study, we found that SHP2 activity is markedly increased by AM. In ECs, AM-induced phospho-SHP2 Y542 activity to localize at the human umbilical vein endothelial cell membrane and stabilizes VE-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions by reducing VE-cadherin tyrosine phosphorylation. SHP2 inhibition causes opposite effects with inhibiting AM-induced dephosphorylation of VE-cadherin at Y731 and Y658. In summary, AM regulates SHP2 activity through phosphorylation of Y542, which stabilizes cell-cell adhesions through reducing tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin.

Visando a obtenção de uma nova classe de copoliésteres biodegradáveis com propriedades aprimoradas resíduos monoméricos de succinato de isosorbídeo (IS) foram incorporados à cadeia molecular de poli(L-lactídeo), PLLA. Quatro copolímeros, três em bloco e um aleatório, de baixas massas molares médias, miscíveis e com maior caráter hidrofóbico e temperatura final de degradação térmica que PLLA, foram obtidos por meio de diferentes enfoques. Estudos adicionais envolvendo a incorporação de resíduos de IS ou LLA à cadeia polimérica de poli(3- hidroxibutirato), PHB, foram realizados. A introdução de resíduos de IS na cadeia principal de PHB proporcionou resultados similares. Partindo-se de um dos enfoques, com condições de síntese melhoradas e utilizando um extensor de cadeia polimérica, copolímeros em bloco miscíveis de altas massas molares médias foram obtidos com diferentes composições dos meros de LLA e IS. Os filmes obtidos a partir do copolímero apresentaram propriedades mecânicas ligeiramente superiores àquelas de PLLA. Os resultados de degradação hidrolítica em meio ácido (pH = 2) e alcalino (pH =12) para os filmes dos copolímeros e PLLA foram comparáveis. Os copolímeros são passíveis de formar fibras por fiação do fundido, necessária para aplicações que visem a obtenção de suturas biodegradáveis e bioabsorvíveis. Malhas de não-tecido, com potencial uso como suportes para crescimento celular e dispositivos para liberação controlada de fármacos, foram obtidas com sucesso por eletrofiação, a partir das soluções desses copolímeros. A introdução de resíduos de succinato de isosorbídeo na cadeia polimérica de PLLA aumentou significativamente a adesão celular das malhas de não-tecido obtidas a partir dos copolímeros. / With the goal of obtaining a new class of biodegradable copolyesters with improved properties isosorbide succinate (IS) moieties were incorporated into the poly(L-lactide), PLLA, backbone. Three miscible block copolymers and one miscible random copolymer with both hydrophobic character and final degradation temperature higher than PLLA and possessing low average molar masses were obtained through different approaches. Additional investigations involving the incorporation of IS or LLA residues into poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, backbone were performed. The incorporation of IS moieties into PHB main chain imparted similar results. Starting from one of the approaches, with improved synthesis conditions and using a chain extensor, miscible block copolymers with high average molar masses were obtained with different mer compositions of LLA and IS. Films obtained from the copolymer presented mechanical properties slightly greater than those from PLLA. Acid (pH = 2) and alkaline (pH = 12) hydrolytic degradation data for the copolymers and PLLA films were comparable. The copolymers are capable of forming fibers by melt spinning, needed for applications that aim at the production of biodegradable and bioresorbable sutures. Non-woven mashes, with potential use as cell growth scaffold and drug-controlled delivery devices, were successfully obtained from the copolymer solutions by electrospinning. The introduction of isosorbide succinate moieties into PLLA main backbone increased significantly the cell adhesion of the non-woven mashes attained from the copolymers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6481.pdf: 9627871 bytes, checksum: 5751525bd7b891b47fd19618bcc84a63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-12 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Tumor spreading occurs mainly by two pathways: through blood vessels and by lymphatic vessels, but the last is preferred by breast tumor cells. Some proteins are involved in cell adhesion and proteolysis, causing metastasis, such as ADAMs, a family of multi-domain and multi- functional proteins that contribute in these processes. ADAM9, a member of this family, has been increased in a large number of human carcinomas, including, breast cancer. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of ADAM9 in tumor spreading via blood and lymphatic systems, in the search for new targets and focusing the development of new therapeutical tools. Therefore, MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells were silenced for ADAM9 and tested with respect to their adhesive and invasive activity against blood and lymphatic endothelium. Our results showed that ADAM9 silencing in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells inhibited the invasion of this cells in matrigel (71.51 ± 8.02%) when compared to control cells, without affecting cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and gene expression of the ADAM10, ADAM12, ADAM-17, cMyc, MMP9, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, Osteopontin and Collagen XVII, however, there was a decrease in the expression of the ADAM15 and increased expression of MMP2 when compared to controls. Furthermore, ADAM9 silencing did not affect the adhesion under flow to these vascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1 and HUVEC) and lymphatic (HMVEC-dLyNeo-Der). However, there was a decrease in the rate of trans-endothelial migration through the monolayer endothelial cells (HUVEC, HMEC-1 and HMVEC-dLyNeo-Der) by approximately 50%, 40% and 32%, respectively. In conclusion, ADAM9 showed to be essential in invasion and extravasation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through the blood and lymphatic vessels in vitro. / A disseminação tumoral ocorre principalmente por duas vias: por vasos sanguíneos e por vasos linfáticos, sendo esta última preferida pelos tumores mamários. Algumas proteínas estão envolvidas na proteólise e na adesão celular, ocasionando metástase, tais como as ADAMs, uma família de proteínas multi-domínios e multi- funcionais que contribuem nesses processos. A ADAM9, um membro desta família, apresenta expressão aumentada em um grande número de carcinomas humanos, entre eles, mama. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o papel da ADAM9 na disseminação tumoral via sistema sanguíneo e linfático, visando o desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas terapêuticas. Para tanto, células de tumor de mama MDA-MB-231 foram silenciadas para a ADAM9 e testadas com relação às suas atividades adesivas e invasivas frente ao endotélio sanguíneo e linfático. Nossos resultados mostraram que o siADAM9 inibiu a invasão das células de câncer de mama MDAMB- 231 em matrigel (71,51 ± 8,02%) quando comparado com os controles, sem afetar a adesão celular, proliferação, migração, e expressão gênica da ADAM10, ADAM12, ADAM17, cMYC, MMP9, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, Osteopontina e Colágeno XVII, entretanto houve uma diminuição da expressão da ADAM15 e um aumento da expressão da MMP2 quando comparado com as controles: meio e negativo. O siADAM9 nas células MDA-MB- 231 não afetou sua adesão sob fluxo às endoteliais vasculares (HMEC-1 e HUVEC) e linfáticas (HMVEC-dLyNeo-Der). Entretanto, houve uma diminuição na taxa de transmigração através da monocamada das células endoteliais (HUVEC, HMEC-1 e HMVEC-dLyNeo-Der) em aproximadamente 50%, 40% e 32%, respectivamente. Assim, conclui- se que a ADAM9 mostrou-se essencial no processo de invasão e extravasamento das células de câncer de mama MDA-MB-231 pelos vasos sanguíneos e linfáticos in vitro.

Introdução: O câncer de bexiga é a quinta neoplasia mais comumente diagnosticada no Ocidente, acometendo cerca de 336.000 novos indivíduos anualmente e levando a morte 132.000 pacientes em todo o mundo. No Brasil, a incidência de tumores vesicais para o ano de 1999 foi de 7.550, representando 2,8% do total de casos novos de câncer diagnosticados em ambos os sexos. Um dos grandes desafios terapêuticos para o câncer de bexiga é a identificação dos pacientes que inicialmente apresentam carcinoma papilífero de baixo grau, mas que irão recorrer ou progredir. Métodos: Neste estudo retrospectivo 64 pacientes foram avaliados por imunohistoquímica para a análise da expressão de E-caderina e β-catenina. As marcações foram classificadas como focal ou difusa e categorizadas em negativo, fraco, moderado e forte. Os resultados foram correlacionados com grau histológico, estadiamento clínico, sobrevida livre de progressão e sobrevida livre de recidiva. O polimorfismo de ninjurin 1 foi genotipado por PCR-RFLP em 66 pacientes e 108 controles. Os genótipos foram correlacionados com grau histológico, estadiamento clínico, sobrevida livre de progressão e sobrevida livre de recidiva. Resultados: Em nossa casuística padrões mais intensos de imuno-expressão de Ecaderina foram estatisticamente associados a estádios clínicos mais avançados para carcinomas uroteliais da bexiga (p=0,005), além de menores tempos de recidiva (0,025) e progressão (0,049). O padrão de marcação difuso foi associado de forma estatisticamente significativa a estádios clínicos mais avançados (p=0,010). Não foram encontradas associações significativas entre os padrões de imuno-expressão de β-catenina com grau histológico, estádio tumoral, recidiva ou progressão dos carcinomas uroteliais da bexiga. O alelo C do polimorfismo D110A de ninjurin 1 foi associado de forma estatisticamente significativa, em nossa amostra, com o aumento do grau histológico (p=0,041). Pacientes portadores do alelo C de ninjurin 1 apresentaram menores períodos para progressão tumoral quando comparados aos homozigotos AA (p=0,010). Conclusão: Nossos resultados sugerem que a expressão de E-caderina está envolvida nos processos tumorigênese do carcinoma urotelial de bexiga e que o polimorfismo D110A de ninjurin 1 pode participar da modulação desta patologia. / Introduction: Bladder cancer is the fifth neoplasm in Western countries, whose occurrence is 336,000 new cases annually, and also being responsible for 132,000 deaths in the worldwide. The incidence of bladder tumors in Brazil were 7,550 cases in 1999, representing 2,8% of overall diagnosed cancer in both gender. One of the main therapeutic challenges is identify which patients that present low grades neoplasms will present recurrence and/or progression. Methods: Sixty four patients were evaluated for E-cadherin e β-catenin immunoexpression in a retrospective study. The staining patterns were classified as focal or difuse and categorized as negative, weak, moderate or strong. Results were correlated with tumor grade, clinical stage, progression and recurrence free survival. Ninjurin 1 polymorphism was evaluated by PCR-RFLP in 66 patients and 108 controls. Genotypes were correlated with tumor grade, clinical stage, progression and recurrence free survival. Results: E-cadherin moderate and strong staining patterns were significantly associated with high clinical stages of urothelial carcinoma of bladder (p=0.005), and short recurrence (p=0.025) and progression (p=0.049). Difuse staining pattern were significantly associated with high clinical stages (p=0.010). Neither histological grade, clinical stages, recurrence and progression free survival were associated with β-catenin staining patters in our samples of urothelial carcinoma of bladder. The allele C of D110A ninjurin 1 polymorphism was significantly associated with high grade tumors (p=0.041). C carries patients compared with AA homozygous presented short disease progression (p=0.010). Conclusion: Our results suggest that E-cadherin expression is involved in urothelial carcinoma of bladder tumorigenesis and that D110A ninjurin 1 polymorphism may contribute to modulate this pathology.

Introdução: O Câncer de próstata (CaP) é o tumor mais comum e a segunda causa de óbito por câncer no homem. O diagnóstico é feito pelo toque retal, nível sérico do antígeno prostático específico (PSA) e biópsia. A avaliação prognóstica é definida pelo PSA, estádio e escore de Gleason, porém, nenhum destes fatores clássicos, mesmo quando avaliados em conjunto, tem excelente performance na determinação prognóstica desta neoplasia. O CD44 é uma glicoproteína transmembrana envolvida em múltiplos processos celulares entre eles a adesão, migração, transmissão de sinal e apoptose. Tem como seu principal ligante o ácido hialurônico sendo assim um importante elemento na interação entre a célula e a matriz e por isso tem sido estudada como potencial marcador em várias neoplasias. Além da forma padrão (CD44s), apresenta ainda dez isoformas resultantes de splicing. São poucos os estudos de CD44 no CaP, principalmente relacionados a expressão de suas isoformas. Objetivo: Analisar e correlacionar a expressão de CD44s e de suas isoformas CD44v2, CD44v3, CD44v4, CD44v5, CD44v6, CD44v7, CD44v8, CD44v9 e CD44v10 no câncer localizado de próstata com os fatores prognósticos clássicos. Material e métodos: Analisamos retrospectivamente os espécimes cirúrgicos de 94 pacientes submetidos a prostatectomia radical (PR) entre outubro de 1997 e abril 2002. A expressão da forma standard, assim como das suas oito variantes resultado de splicing alternativo foi analisada através da reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa em tempo real (qRT-PCR). O grupo controle foi constituído pelos espécimes cirúrgicos de 14 pacientes com hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) submetidos a cirurgia aberta. Correlacionamos o perfil de expressão da forma padrão e suas variantes com escore de Gleason, estadiamento patológico, nível de PSA pré-operatório e recidiva bioquímica definida por níveis de PSA acima de 0,2ng/ml em seguimento médio de 53,3 meses. Resultados: Encontramos subexpressão de CD44s e superexpressão de todas as isoformas resultado de splicing alternativo no CaP localizado quando comparado a HPB. Observamos que a média de expressão da maioria das variantes foi maior nos pacientes que não recidivaram, porém apenas a maior expressão de CD44v2 esteve significativamente associada a menor chance de recidiva bioquímica (p=0,044). Conclusão: No CaP, existe uma alteração na expressão de CD44, com perda de CD44s e aumento de expressão de todas as suas variantes. No entanto, a recorrência tumoral mostrou-se significativamente associada a perda da expressão de CD44v2 / Introduction: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common tumor and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. The diagnosis is made by rectal examination, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and biopsy. The prognosis is defined by the PSA, tumor stage and Gleason escore, however, none of these classical factors, even when combined, have excellent accuracy in determining tumor behavior. The CD44 is a transmembrane glycoprotein related to many cell processes including adhesion, migration, signaling transduction and apoptosis, being considered a potential marker in many tumors. Besides the standard form (CD44s) there are ten isoforms resulted from alternative splicing. There is scarce data in the literature regarding the role of CD44 and its isoforms in PC prognosis. Objective: To analyze the expression of the CD44s and its isoforms CD44v2, CD44v3, CD44v4, CD44v5, CD44v6, CD44v7, CD44v8, CD44v9 and CD44v10 in in surgical specimens of localized PC correlating the expression profile with the classical prognostic factors and biochemical recurrence. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the surgical specimens of 94 patients that underwent radical prostatectomy between October 1997 and April 2002. The standard form as well as its nine variants were analyzed by quantitative, real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The control group consisted of 14 specimens of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) submitted to open surgery. We correlated the expression of the variants with the Gleason escore, pathological stage, pre-operatory PSA and the occurrence of biochemical recurrence defined as PSA higher than 0.2 ng/ml in a mean follow up of 53.3 months. Results: CD44s was underexpressed, and all isoforms were overexpressed in PC when compared with BPH. However, the mean expression of most variants was higher in patients without recurrence, while a higher expression of CD44v2 correlated with higher recurrence free survival rate (p=0.044). Conclusion: In PC, there is a change in CD44 expression with a loss of CD44s and an overexpression of all of the CD44 variants. We also found that biochemical recurrence was significantly associated with loss of CD44v2 expression.

Introdução: As moléculas de adesão celular (MAC) participam da interação entre o epitélio e a matriz extracelular (MEC) que são importantes para o desenvolvimento normal da célula. Alguns estudos têm revelado que alterações na expressão das MAC têm implicações no processo de carcinogênese. Nosso objetivo foi estudar a influencia da expressão da E-caderina e cateninas por imuno-histoquímica (IH) na previsão prognóstica de pacientes com carcinoma urotelial do trato urinário superior submetidos à cirurgia. Material e métodos: Avaliamos os espécimes de 20 pacientes com carcinoma urotelial da pelve renal e ureter tratados com nefroureterectomia ou ureterectomia com intenção curativa entre junho de 1997 e janeiro de 2007, todas realizadas pelo mesmo cirurgião (MS). A expressão das MAC foi avaliada através de IH pela técnica de microarranjo tecidual ou tissue microarray (TMA), e correlacionada com as características anatomopatológicas do tumor e sobrevida dos pacientes Resultados: Observamos uma relação entre a expressão de E-caderina com a recidiva da doença. Dos tumores com expressão forte de E-caderina, 85,7% sofreram recidiva contra 50,0% daqueles com moderada expressão (p=0,014). Também houve diferença na sobrevida livre de doença, sendo que aqueles com expressão forte evidenciaram media de sobrevida livre de doença de 49,1 meses, enquanto aqueles com expressão moderada ou ausente sofreram média de 83,9 meses (p=0,011). A ausência de expressão de -catenina se relacionou com maior frequência de tumores com mais de 3cm (p=0,003). Conclusões: Demonstramos que a imuno-expressão da E-caderina e - catenina estão relacionadas com recidiva e tamanho tumoral no carcinoma urotelial do trato urinário alto, podendo constituir novos marcadores prognósticos nessa neoplasia / Introduction: The cell adhesion molecules (CAM) participating in the interaction between epithelium and extracellular matrix (ECM) that are important for normal development of the cell. Some studies have shown that changes in the expression of CAM have implications in the process of carcinogenesis. We studied the E-cadherin and catenins expression profile by immunohistochemistry in patients with urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract underwent surgery. Materials and Methods: We evaluated specimens from 20 patients with urothelial carcinoma of renal pelvis and ureter treated with nephroureterectomy or ureterectomy between June 1997 and January 2007, all performed by one surgeon (MS). The expression of CAM was evaluated by tissue microarray technique (TMA). Results: We observed a relation between E-cadherin expression with disease recurrence. Tumors with strong expression of E-cadherin, 85.7% recurrence compared to 50.0% of those with moderate expression and 0.0% with weak expression (p = 0.014). There was also a difference in disease-free survival, and those with strong expression recurrence a median time of 49.1 months while those with moderate expression recurrence a median time of 83.9 months (p = 0.011). The absence of -catenin expression was associated with tumors larger than 3 cm (p = 0.003). Conclusions: We demonstrate that the immuno-expression of E-cadherin and -catenin are related to recurrence and tumor size in urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract, may be new prognostic markers in these disease

Escherichia coli enteropatogênica atípica (aEPEC) faz parte de um grupo de patógenos capazes de formar um tipo de lesão característica em cultura de tecidos epiteliais, denominada attaching and effacing (A/E). Os genes que são necessários para produção da lesão A/E estão localizados em uma ilha de patogenicidade denominada região LEE (locus of enterocyte effacement). A transcrição de genes da região LEE está sujeita a regulação por vários fatores, entre eles quorum sensing, termo utilizado para designar um mecanismo de regulação gênica dependente da concentração celular. Esse mecanismo é usado por bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas e em ambos os casos envolve a produção e detecção de moléculas sinalizadoras extracelulares, denominadas autoindutores. Até o momento, pelo menos quatro sistemas de quorum sensing foram descritos, entre eles o sistema de autoindutor AI-3 encontrado em bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. Diversos mecanismos celulares, entre eles a expressão de fatores de virulência em amostras de EPEC e EHEC, são regulados por esse fenômeno. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se existe uma possível regulação por quorum sensing na interação in vitro de uma amostra de E. coli da microbiota intestinal com amostras de aEPEC. Após a confirmação da produção de AI-3 por amostras de E.coli da microbiota intestinal foram realizados ensaios de adesão e quantificação utilizando meio pré-condicionado com esta amostra, epinefrina e bloqueadores que confirmaram que os padrões de adesão de aEPEC obtidos em menor tempo são devidos a presença de AI-3 no meio pré-condicionado, indicando a participação de quorum sensing nessa interação. Além disso, foi observado um fenômeno citotóxico nas células que não é produzido pelo AI-3. / Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) are part of a group of pathogens capable of forming a type of lesion characteristic of epithelial tissues in culture, called attaching and effacing (A/E). The genes that are required for production of A/E lesion are located in a pathogenicity island called LEE region (locus of enterocyte effacement). The transcription of LEE genes in the region is subject to regulation by various factors, including quorum sensing, a term used to describe a mechanism of gene regulation dependent on cell concentration. This mechanism is used by Gram-positive and Gram-negative and in both cases involves the production and detection of extracellular signaling molecules, called autoinducers. So far, four systems of quorum sensing have been described, including the system of autoinducers AI-3 found in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Several cellular mechanisms, including expression of virulence factors in EPEC and EHEC are regulated by this phenomenon. The main objective of this study was to determine whether there is a possible regulation by quorum sensing in the in vitro interaction of a strains of E. coli of the intestinal microbiota with strains aEPEC. After confirming the production of AI-3 in E. coli of the intestinal microbiota were performed adhesion assays and quantification using means preconditioned with this strains, epinephrine, and blockers who confirmed that patterns of adherence of aEPEC obtained in less time are due to the presence of AI-3 in the preconditioned means, indicating the involvement of quorum sensing in this interaction. Furthermore, we observed a phenomenon that cytotoxic cells is not produced by AI-3.

Orientadores: Nicola Amanda Conran Zorzetto, Fernando Ferreira Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T06:18:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Proenca-Ferreira_Renata_D.pdf: 5501623 bytes, checksum: d6f51a08081eca63858550d8e3d423fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A anemia falciforme (AF) é uma doença causada por uma mutação de ponto (troca do aminoácido glutâmico pela valina), que resulta na síntese de uma hemoglobina anômala, a hemoglobina S (HbS). A principal causa de morbidade para portadores de AF é a vaso-oclusão, que resulta da adesão anormal de células vermelhas e brancas ao endotélio, e consequêntemente diminui o fluxo sanguíneo. As plaquetas de pacientes AF apresentam um aumento das suas propriedades adesivas, e por isso, sugere-se a sua participação no processo de vaso-oclusão. Nossos dados mostraram que essas plaquetas são capazes de ativarem células endoteliais, in vitro, em ensaios de co-culturas com células endoteliais de veia umbilical humana (HUVEC) com plaquetas. A expressão da molécula de adesão intercelular 1 (ICAM-1) e a da E-selectina das células HUVEC aumentou significativamente na sua superfície, após a sua co-incubação com plaquetas de pacientes AF. A ativação das moléculas de adesão depende do contato físico entre plaquetas e células HUVEC, pois a utilização de insertos de transwell inibiu significativamente a expressão de ICAM-1 e E-selectina na superfície das HUVEC. A co-incubação de plaquetas de pacientes AF com as células HUVEC resultou em uma maior produção e liberação de mediadores inflamatórios (citocinas); a interleucina 8 (IL-8) e da interleucina 1 beta (IL-1?) quantificadas do sobrenadante das co-culturas com essas células. As plaquetas desses pacientes possuem propriedades inflamatórias, pois liberaram mais fator plaquetário 4 (PF4), uma quimiocina pró-agregante, quantificada do sobrenadante de cultura dessas plaquetas, em relação às plaquetas de indivíduos saudáveis. O aumento na expressão das moléculas de adesão, integrina ?IIb?3 e P-selectina, na superfície das plaquetas de pacientes AF, podem indicar que há um aumento na sua ativação plaquetária, favorecendo a sua adesão ao endotélio inflamado. O fator nuclear-?B (NF-?B) é um fator de transcrição nuclear muito importante envolvido na ativação de genes, como genes que codificam de moléculas de adesão endotelial, e os nossos resultados de expressão gênica mostraram que há um aumento na expressão do gene NF?BIA (subunidade p50 do NF-?B), em associação com o aumento na expressão do gene ICAM1 (que codifica a molécula de adesão ICAM-1) em HUVEC, após co-cultura dessas células com plaquetas de pacientes AF. A presença do inibidor BAY 11-7082 (inibe a via de sinalização NF-?B), diminuiu a expressão das moléculas de adesão ICAM-1 e E-selectina na superfície das células HUVEC, quando co-incubadas com plaquetas de pacientes AF. Os nossos dados são importantes e corroboram com a nossa hipótese de que as plaquetas participam no processo de vaso-oclusão na anemia falciforme, pois apresentam a capacidade de ativar células endoteliais (in vitro) tornando-as inflamatórias e mais adesivas. Portanto, sugerimos que as plaquetas representam um importante alvo para novas abordagens terapêuticas na anemia falciforme / Abstract: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a disease caused by a point mutation (causing the exchange of glutamic acid for valine), which results in the synthesis of an abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS). The principal cause of morbidity in patients with SCA is vaso-occlusion, which results from the abnormal adhesion of red blood cells and white cells to blood vessel walls, leading to decreases in blood flow. Platelets from SCA patients present an increase in their adhesive properties and, therefore, we have previously suggested that they may participate in the vaso-occlusive process. Our current data show that platelets from SCA patients are able to activate endothelial cells, in vitro, in co-culture assays using Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) that were co-incubated with platelets from SCA patients. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin was significantly increased on the surface of HUVEC cells after their co-incubation with platelets from SCA patients (SCA platelets). The activation of adhesion molecule expression observed depended on the physical contact between platelets and HUVEC cells, as transwell inserts were able to significantly inhibit the expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin on HUVEC following their culture in the presence of SCA platelets. The co-incubation of SCA platelets with HUVEC cells also resulted in a higher production and release of inflammatory mediators (cytokines), such as interleukin 8 (IL-8) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1?) in the supernatant of these co-cultures. Platelets from SCA patients have inflammatory properties, releasing more platelet factor 4 (PF4), a pro-aggregating chemokine, than platelets from healthy subjects. The increased expression of the adhesion molecules, integrin ?IIb?3 and P-selectin, on the surface of platelets from SCA patients, may also indicate an increased platelet activation, favoring their adhesion to the inflamed endothelium. Nuclear factor-?B (NF-?B) is an important nuclear transcription factor involved in the activation of genes, including endothelial adhesion molecules genes. We found an increased gene expression of NF?BIA (encoding the p50 subunit of NF-kB), in association with increased gene expression of ICAM1 (encodes ICAM-1) in HUVEC, following the co-culture of these cells with platelets from SCA patients. The presence of the BAY 11-7082 inhibitor (inhibits the NF-?B signaling pathway) decreased the expressions of the ICAM-1 and E-selectin adhesion molecules on the surface of HUVEC cells when co-incubated with platelets from SCA patients. Our data corroborate our hypothesis that platelets probably participate in the process of vaso-occlusion in sickle cell anemia, since they have the ability to activate endothelial cells (in vitro), in turn, making them more inflammatory and adhesive. As such, we suggest that platelets represent an important target for new therapeutic approaches in sickle cell anemia / Doutorado / Clinica Medica / Doutora em Clínica Médica

La morphogenèse des tissus dans les organismes multicellulaires est très importante pour le développement et certaines pathologies. La morphogenèse tissulaire est dirigée par des forces bio-mécaniques générées par des moteurs moléculaires tels que la myosine et transmis via le cytosquelette et les structures d'adhésion à l'intérieur et entre les cellules. La contractilité de la myosine, souvent en mode oscillatoire, a été étudiée principalement au niveau du domaine apical des cellules épithéliales au cours du développement mais très peu au niveau de leur domaine basal. L'oscillation de la myosine basale est importante pour le contrôle de l'élongation du tissu durant l'oogenèse chez la Drosophile. Bien que la voie Rho1-ROCK-myosin-MBS soit connue pour contrôler l'activité de la myosine, le mécanisme précis de ce contrôle n'a pas été élucidé. Le but de mon projet de thèse est de répondre à deux questions : Quels sont les facteurs en amont de cette voie ? Comment cette voie de signalisation crée et maintient l'oscillation de la myosine ? 1) Contrairement à ce qui est déjà connu, Je me suis intéressé à l'effet des adhésions cellule-cellule et cellule-matrice dans le contrôle des voies de signalisation gouvernant l'oscillation de la myosine basale. Les adhésions cellule-matrice, mais pas les adhésions cellule-cellule, sont positivement corrélées avec l'intensité et la polarité dorso-ventrale de la myosine, indiquant que les adhésions cellule-matrice pourraient être les facteurs en amont de la voie Rho1-myosine. Les adhésions cellule-matrice régulent positivement l'activité de Rho1 près des jonctions et gouvernent les flux de ROCK et myosine à l'intérieur du domaine median, contrôlant ainsi l'élongation du tissu. D'une autre manière, les adhésions cellule-cellule affectent indirectement les flux de ROCK and myosine en contrôlant la distribution subcellulaire de ROCK et du réseau d'actomyosine. L'inhibition des adhésions cellule-cellule, qui a un effet mineur sur l'élongation du tissu, provoque la redistribution des adhésions cellule-matrice et des filaments F-actin entrainant le chargement de la myosine à différentes positions. 2) J'ai montré que l'oscillation de la myosine basale dépend peu de la tension corticale de l'actomyosine : l'inhibition du chargement de la myosine sur les filaments d'actine n'affecte pas le flux de myosine alors qu'il bloque fortement le cycle périodique des contractions/relaxations de la cellule indiquant que l'oscillation est principalement due à une réaction biochimique plutôt qu'à une tension corticale. Au cours de l'oscillation de la myosine, les protéines Rho1 et leur activité sont principalement distribuées et enrichies au niveau et près des jonctions basales, et le contrôle majeur de cette oscillation est le flux des signaux ROCK qui diffusent des jonctions basales au cortex medio-basal. Ce mouvement de ROCK est initié grâce à une interaction transitoire entre ROCK et Rho1 actif au niveau et près des jonctions basales, conduisant ainsi à l'ouverture et activation de la kinase ROCK. Au cours de ce mouvement, l'activation de ROCK permet l'accumulation et l'amplification des signaux ROCK; Cette amplification entraîne la phosphorylation de la myosine, qui ensuite génère la redistribution dynamique de la phosphatase MBS. Enfin, l'enrichissement des signaux MBS arrête les signaux ROCK et myosine. Dans ces deux études, nous avons construit un outil optogénétique confirmant les différentes étapes de l'oscillation de la myosine basale. L'ensemble de ces résultats démontrent que le mécanisme contrôlant l'oscillation de la myosine basale nécessite une réaction biochimique, et met en évidence deux contrôles diffèrent de cette oscillation par les adhésions cellule-cellule et les adhésions cellule-matrice. / Tissue morphogenesis in multicellular organisms is very important in both development and human disease. Tissue morphogenesis is driven by bio-mechanic force that is normally generated by molecular motors such as myosin and transmitted via cytoskeleton and adhesion structures within and between cells. Myosin contractility, often as an oscillatory pattern, has been studied mainly in apical but less in basal domains of epithelial cells during development. Basal myosin oscillation is important in control of tissue elongation during Drosophila oogenesis. Although a signal cascade (Rho1-ROCK-myosin-MBS) has been known to regulate myosin activity, the detailed controlling mechanism is unclear. My project is aimed to address two questions: first, what is the upstream factor of this signal cascade? Second, how does this signal cascade create and maintain basal myosin oscillation? For this first question, I am interested in the effect of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion in control of this signal cascade governing basal myosin oscillation. Cell-matrix adhesion (Integrin and Talin), but not cell-cell adhesion (E-cadherin), is positively correlated with the intensity and Dorsal-ventral (DV) axis polarity of basal myosin oscillation, indicating that cell-matrix adhesion might be the upstream control of Rho1-myosin signal cascade. Cell-matrix adhesion positively regulates the Rho1 activity near junction and governs the pulsed ROCK and myosin signals within basal-medial domain, thus strongly controlling tissue elongation. Differently, cell-cell adhesion indirectly affects the ROCK and myosin pulses through controlling the subcellular distribution of ROCK and actomyosin network. Inhibition of cell-cell adhesion results in the redistribution of cell-matrix adhesion and F-actin filaments leading to different position of myosin loading, which plays minor effect on tissue elongation. For the second question, I unraveled that basal myosin oscillation is barely dependent on actomyosin cortical tension: inhibition of myosin loading to F-actin filament seems not to affect basal pulsatile myosin flows, while it strongly blocks the periodic cycle of cell contraction and relaxation at basal surface, thus indicating that oscillation is mainly from biochemical reaction rather than cortical tension. This observation highlighted that biochemical reaction is the main control of oscillation occurrence. During basal myosin oscillation, Rho1 proteins and Rho1 activity are mainly distributed and enriched at and near basal junction and the major control of basal myosin oscillation is the flow movement of oscillatory ROCK signals from basal junction to medio-basal cortex. This ROCK flow movement is initiated from the transient interaction of ROCK with active Rho1 at and near basal junction, thus leading to the opening and activation of ROCK kinase capability. During the membrane-medial flow movement, ROCK kinase activity mediates the accumulation and thus the amplification of ROCK signals; this positive signal amplification turns on the phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC), which governs the dynamic redistribution of MBS. Finally, enriched MBS signals shut off both ROCK and myosin signals. In both study, an optogenetic tool named as LARIAT was built up in vivo to confirm the various status of basal myosin oscillation. Altogether, these results demonstrated two different controls of basal actomyosin signals by cell-matrix adhesion and cell-cell adhesion, and further demonstrated the underlying mechanism of basal myosin oscillation at the biochemical levels.