This qualitative study investigates circular transition efforts in accommodation businesses through a cognitive lens. The circular economy has been proposed as a solution to the global problems of resource overuse and pollution. The tourism industries have been identified as critical contributors to a macroeconomic circular shift. However, even though literature on circularity in tourism exists, it mostly focuses on specific resources, guests’ pro-environmental behaviour, and barriers and drivers of circular transitions. Accordingly, there is a lack of research on the actors involved in circular transitions in tourism and their cognitive structures. Since past research has high- lighted the importance of stakeholders’ values for the success of sustainable transitions, this study analyses how sustainability managers in accommodation organisations frame their transition to circular plastic and other resource use. This study’s findings indicate that differences in cognitive structures were especially visible between respondents of organisations with different levels of progress in their circular transition. Particularly reduction and reuse of specific products were high- lighted by all respondents, while recycling was not as focused on as literature suggested. The respondents in organisations further along in their circular transition ex- plained that they viewed it as an economic, environmental, and social opportunity, while the other respondents viewed it mostly as an economic threat. Another point of differentiation seems to be the motivation for the organisational shift, with organisations in the beginning stages being more motivated by external pressures, while the other respondents primarily mentioned internal values. The respondents’ cognitive structures were specifically busy around the topic of collaboration, both internal and external. Overall, the cognitive maps of the respondents of organisations in successful circular transitions were more comprehensive than those of the other respondents and their underlying value system intrinsically linked with circular and sustainable issues.

Spätestens seit der UN-Klimakonferenz COP26 in Glasgow 2021 kön-nen wir für den Zustand der uns umgebenden Welt feststellen: So geht es nicht weiter. Die Geschichte des Designs zeigt viele Überlegungen und Praktiken zur Gestaltung für Nachhaltigkeit, von den Deutschen Werkstätten Hellerau über Victor Papanek bis hin zum Circular Design Guide. Designer:innen gelten als besonders qualifiziert, ganzheitliche Lösungen für komplexe Probleme zu erarbeiten. Die Fähigkeit zum Umgang mit großer Unsicherheit birgt Potenzial, wertvolle Lösungsvor-schläge für die ökologischen, sozialen und ökonomischen Herausforde-rungen zu liefern. Doch blickt man auf die Umbrüche der Gesellschaft im Anthropozän, drängt sich die Frage auf, was Design wirklich zu leisten vermag. Design steht als Disziplin und als Forschungsfeld vor erheblichen Herausforderungen: Wie können wir ressourcenschonend gestalten, ohne dabei eine auf Ungleichheit beruhende Ordnung zu perpetuieren? Oder schließen Design und Nachhaltigkeit einander gar aus? Design scheint also ein ambivalentes Verhältnis zur Nachhal-tigkeit zu haben. So haben sich im Diskurs um Nachhaltigkeit im Design vielfältige Positionen ergeben, die versuchen, Teilhabe, Transparenz und Offenheit mit Blick auf die Folgen von Gestaltung für die Umwelt zu realisieren. Organisationen wie Extinction Rebellion bedienen sich gestalterischer Mittel und fordern auf ihren Demonstrationen zu Kli-magerechtigkeit auf. Partizipation an der Produktion von Konsumgü-tern, wie beispielsweise in der Maker-Bewegung, sollen durch dezentrale Lösungen zur Nachhaltigkeit beitragen. Dies zeigt: Design kann Lösun-gen und Visionen für nachhaltige Zukünfte entwerfen und eine Schnitt-stellenfunktion übernehmen. Gleichwohl gilt es zu bedenken, dass De-sign immer noch einen Zug zum Elitären zu haben scheint. Konzepte wie Zero Waste oder neu gebaute klimaneutrale Stadtviertel scheinen eher auf die Bedürfnisse ohnehin schon Privilegierter zu schauen. Au-ßerdem zeigt die Praxis, dass eine wirklich nachhaltig gestaltete Kon-sumkultur noch in den Kinderschuhen steckt. Wie kann ein Gleichge-wicht zwischen Ressourcen, Wachstum und fair verteiltem Wohlstand gestaltet werden? Welche alternativen Vorschläge können wir entwi-ckeln, um Muster, die zur Aufrechterhaltung von Missständen beitra-gen, zu brechen? Wo liegen die Grenzen dessen, wo Design etwas dazu beitragen kann? Die Jahrestagung 2022 der DGTF beschäftigt sich deshalb mit zentralen Aspekten der Nachhaltigkeit, welche die Arbeitsfelder des Designs berühren. Was und wie kann Design zu nachhaltiger Entwick-lung beitragen? Wie verändert der Nachhaltigkeitsdiskurs Auffassungen von Design, in Theorie und Praxis? Welche Auswirkungen haben An-sätze und Diskurse zu nachhaltiger Entwicklung auf die Designausbil-dung und ‑forschung? Die Jahrestagung der DGTF 2022 ermöglicht einen aktiven Austausch über praktische Ansätze, theoretische Impulse und empirische Erkenntnisse in Form eines Kolloquiums mit Vortrags- und Workshop-Sessions. Die Beiträge beleuchten aktuelle Forschungs- und Studienprojekte sowie explorieren zukünftige Szenarien. Wie kann Nachhaltigkeit in Lehre, Praxis und Forschung adressiert werden, um neue Impulse für gestalterisches Arbeiten zu setzen? Beiträge können dabei unter anderem die folgenden Themen und Fragestellungen umfassen: Materialität — Wie kann für materielle Kreisläufe gestaltet werden? Welche Grenzen und Potenziale liegen in Nischenlösungen der Circular Economy? Was kann aus dem End-of-Life für die Gestal-tung von Produkten und Systemen gelernt werden? Brauchen wir mehr Wenigerdesign – im analogen wie im digitalen Raum? Sind wir in der Lage, auch weniger statt dazu zu entwerfen? Wie wird Wertschöpfung gestaltet, wenn der Einsatz und Verbrauch von Materialien und Res-sourcen minimiert wird? Welche Kompetenzen brauchen in diesem Zusammenhang zukünftige Designer:innen und wie werden diese ver-mittelt? Systeme — Wie wird nachhaltiges Handeln in Systemen wie Netzwerkorganisationen oder Unternehmen gestaltet? Wie sieht Nach-haltigkeit aus, wie kommunizieren wir nachhaltig? Welche Diskurse und Ansätze gestalten die Vermittlung von Design und Nachhaltigkeit? Welchen Einfluss hat die Methodik des Designs auf andere Disziplinen? Welche Rolle kommt Design in interdisziplinären Diskursen zu nach-haltigem Wandel zu? Was können wir aus anderen Disziplinen aufneh-men, welche Schnittstellen gilt es zukünftig weiter zu gestalten? Gerechtigkeit — Nachhaltigkeit kann nicht ohne eine gerech-te Verteilung der Ressourcen gedacht werden. Welche Zukunft möch-ten wir entwerfen und wie kann Gerechtigkeit realisierbar sein? Wie wollen wir in Zukunft leben und arbeiten? Welche sozialen Auswir-kungen hat Gestaltung? Wie kann Design seine Rolle verantwortungs-voll wahrnehmen und nicht nur auf die Bedürfnisse der ohnehin schon Privilegierten schauen? Kann beispielsweise Participatory Design ein Weg sein, eine gerechte Gestaltung für den Klimawandel umzusetzen? Wie kann Design lokal handeln und dabei eine globale Perspektive be-halten? Was sind Wege, die Design außerhalb unserer europäischen Perspektive verorten? Welche Ansätze können aus anderen Systemen, Gesellschaften oder Epochen adaptiert werden und wie können diese heute zu nachhaltiger Entwicklung beitragen? / Since the UN Climate Conference COP26 in Glasgow 2021, we can say: It can't continue like this. The history of design is full of ideas and practices on designing for sustainability, from the Deutsche Werkstätten Hellerau to Victor Papanek to the Circular Design Guide. Designers are seen as experts in developing holistic solutions to complex problems. The ability to deal with uncertainty holds potential to provide valuable solutions to environmental, social and economic challenges. But in view of the upheavals of society in the Anthropocene, the question arises as to what design is really capable of achieving. Design faces considerable challenges as a discipline and as a field of research: How can we design in a way that conserves resources without perpetuating an order based on inequality? Or are design and sustainability even mutually exclusive? Design thus seems to have an ambivalent relationship to sus-tainability. Thus, in the discourse around sustainability in design, a variety of positions have emerged around participation, transparency, and openness with an eye toward the consequences of design for the environment. Organizations like Extinction Rebellion use design means and call for climate justice in their demonstrations. Participation in the production of consumer goods, such as in the Maker movement, aim to contribute to sustainability through decentralized solutions. This shows: Design can create solutions and visions for sustainable futures and take on an interface function. Nevertheless, it is important to keep in mind that design still seems to have a tendency towards elitism. Concepts such as zero waste or newly built climate-neutral city districts seem to address the needs of the already privileged. Moreover, practice shows that a truly sustainably designed consumer culture is still in its infancy. How can a balance between resources, growth and fairly distributed wealth be de-signed? What alternative proposals can we develop to break patterns that contribute to perpetuating grievances? What are the limits of where design can contribute? The 2022 annual conference of the DGTF therefore address-es key aspects of sustainability that connect to design. What and how can design contribute to sustainable development? How does the sustaina-bility discourse change perceptions of design, in theory and practice? What impact do approaches and discourses of sustainable development have on design education and research? The annual conference of DGTF 2022 enables an active ex-change of practical approaches, theoretical impulses and empirical find-ings in presentations and workshop sessions. The contributions highlight current research and study projects as well as explore future scenarios. How can sustainability be addressed in teaching, practice and research in order to set new impulses for design work? Contributions may include, but are not limited to, the fol-lowing topics and issues: Materiality — How can we design for material cycles? What are the limits and potentials of niche solutions in the circular economy? What can be learned from end-of-life for the design of products and systems? Should design operate on the principle of “more is less” - in the analog as well as the digital space? How is value creation designed when the use and consumption of materials and resources is minimized? What competencies do future designers need in this context and how will they be taught? Systems — How is sustainable action shaped in systems such as network organizations or companies? What does sustainability look like, how do we communicate sustainably? Which discourses and ap-proaches shape the communication of design and sustainability? What influence does the methodology of design have on other disciplines? What is the role of design in interdisciplinary discourses on sustainable change? What can we take from other disciplines, which interfaces need to be further shaped in the future? Shared Prosperity — Sustainability cannot be thought of without a fair distribution of resources. What kind of future do we want to design and how can justice be realized? Future designs: How do we want to live and work in the future? What are the social implications of design? How can design play its role responsibly and not just look at the needs of the already privileged? For example, can Participatory Design be a way to implement equitable design for climate change? How can design act locally while maintaining a global perspective? What are ways that locate design outside our European perspective? What approaches can be adapted from other systems, societies, or eras, and how can they contribute to sustainable development today?

Wenn in Deutschland von Circular Economy gesprochen wird, denken wir schnell an Plastik, Recycling und wie unsere Abfallwirtschaft funktioniert. Dass hinter der Circular Economy wesentlich mehr Aspekte stecken, zeigt das Buch ‘Mythen der Circular Economy’. 32 Autor*innen aus Wissenschaft und Praxis sind dem Aufruf der Herausgebenden Alexa Böckel, Jan Quaing, Ilka Weissbrod und Julia Böhm gefolgt und haben sich mit den Mythen beschäftigt, die ihnen im Arbeitsalltag begegnen. Das Buch ist für alle Interessierten, Skeptiker*innen, enthusiastische Fürsprecher*innen und Zweifler*innen der Circular Economy. Die Take Aways am Ende der Kapitel und die Handlungsempfehlungen ermöglichen ein zielgerichtetes Lesen, das in die Umsetzung führt. In verständlicher Sprache führen Unternehmensgründer*innen und Wissenschaftler*innen in die Circular Economy ein und erklären, was im aktuellen Diskurs unter das Konzept fällt. Beispielsweise gibt es die sogenannten R-Strategien, die auch Recycling umfassen, aber sich auch mit suffizienteren Ansätzen beschäftigen. Die Circular Economy umfasst auch soziale Aspekte, denn ohne die Konsumierenden und den Wille der Bürger*innen kann eine Transformation nicht stattfinden. Zudem liefert der Sammelband eine Übersicht an aktuell existierenden Mythen und wie sie sich in Geschäftsmodellen und digitalen Technologien verbreiten. Gleichzeitig wird jeder Mythos von einem Gegenbeispiel aus der Praxis begleitet und zeigt damit, wie viel bereits möglich ist. Dabei werden vor allem die Bereiche des Bauens und der Mode in den Fokus genommen.

In a circular economy, tracking the flow of second-life components for quality control is critical. Track and trace of products or product parts are an essential enabler for a circular economy. With the use of tokenization and blockchain, products can be traced in a decentralized and secure fashion. In this thesis, we implement a system that could be used for the tracking and tracing of computer components. Using the Algorand blockchain, we have implemented a system based on the typical actors involved in the life cycle of a computer. Employing smart contracts, we have set up a system that regulates the ownership of the tokens representing the parts in a computer. We also performed scalability tests on the developed system to measure its time to perform certain critical operations. The result of these test indicate that the developed system is useful at scale. The open-source implementation of the system is publicly available on Github*. / Inom cirkulär ekonomi är spårbarhet av begagnade komponenter en kritiskt del av kvalitetssäkring. Spårning av hela, eller delar av, produkter är en grundläggande möjliggörare för cirkulär ekonomi. Med hjälp av tokenisering och blockkedjor kan produkter spåras på ett decentraliserat och säkert sätt. I denna rapport utvecklar vi ett system som kan användas för att spåra datorkomponenter. Genom att använda blockkedjan Algorand har vi utvecklat ett system baserat på de typiska aktörerna som är inblandade i livscykeln av en dator. Genom användning av Algorand smarta kontrakt har vi satt upp ett system som reglerar ägandeskapet av en token som representerar komponenterna i en dator. Vi genomförde även skalbarhetstester på det utvecklade systemet för att mäta tidsåtgången för utförandet av vissa kritiska operationer. Källkoden till vårt utvecklade system finns publikt tillgängligt på GitHub*.

Studien började med en observation i att det fanns utmaningar för detkommunala bostadsbolaget att få boende att sortera sitt avfall rätt.Dettaleder till mer jobb ökade kostnader för avfallshanteringen och avfalletspotential att återvinnas nyttjas inte vilket är en miljöbelastning. Genom attminska avfallet och öka återvinngen kan avfallet få ta större plats i ett merhållbart och resurseffektivt samhälle. Med en vilja att undersöka vilkaförutsättningar de boende får till att sortera rätt kombinerat med frågan omen förändring av avfallsplatsen kan bidra till att den blir mer inbjudandetill att sortera rätt började denna studie. Det genomfördes en iterativ studiei ett bostadsområde som fått ett nytt avfallssystem. Studien innehöllplatsbesök, intervjuer och analyserande av avfallet i kombination medlitteraturstudier kopplat till avfall och miljövetenskap. Att avfallshanteringoch återvinning har utmaningar framkom när resultatet pekade påavsaknad av statistik vilket gör det svårt att effektivisera och förbättraarbetet. Kommunerna har en utmaning i att planera för en effektivinsamling av återvinning när de tar över detta ansvar. Studiens slutsats äratt det saknas tillförlitlig statistik för uppföljning och därför är det svårt attdra en slutsats om sorteringen av avfallet påverkats avunderjordsbehållarna. Studien visade även att det är för tidigt för att sägaom underjordsbehållarna bidragit till en bättre sorteringsgrad men detfinns ett långsiktigt perspektiv och en tro på att det nya avfallssystemetkommer ge effekt. / The study began with an observation that there were challenges for themunicipal housing company to get residents to sort their waste correctly.This leads to more work, increased costs for waste management and thewaste's potential to be recycled is not used, which is an environmentalburden. By reducing waste and increase recycling, waste can take a biggerplace in a more sustainable and resource-efficient society. This study beganwith a desire to investigate what conditions the residents get to sortproperly, combined with the question of whether a change to the waste sitecan contribute to it becoming more inviting to sort properly. An iterativestudy was carried out in an area that received a new waste system. Thestudy included site visits, interviews and analyzing the waste incombination with literature studies linked to waste and environmentalscience. That waste management and recycling have built-in challengesemerged when the results pointed to a lack of statistics, which makes itdifficult to streamline and improve the work. Property managers have animportant role in encouraging residents to better waste sorting andrecycling through their personal contact. The municipalities have achallenge to plan for an efficient collection of recycling when they take overthis responsibility. The study's conclusion is that there is a lack of reliablestatistics for follow-up and therefore it is difficult to draw a conclusion asto whether the sorting of the waste has been affected by the undergroundcontainers. The study also showed that it is too early to say about theunderground containers' contribution to a better sorting rate, but there is along-term perspective and a belief that the new waste system will have aneffect. / <p>2023-06-02</p>

Circular Economy is an increasingly popular concept, which could be implemented to decrease our environmental impacts and promote sustainable development. Within Agenda 2030 and the Paris Agreement, the city of Stockholm has the goal to become climate neutral by 2030 and wants to explore the effects ofcircularity measures. The city has decided to introduce a flow of second-hand materials in a school as a pilotstudy to redirect waste, in alignment with the waste management hierarchy. This thesis' objective is to researchthe impacts of this measure on textile waste management at the scale of a school's use, in the context ofsustainable development. First, interviews were conducted with the stakeholders and the system was analysed from a systems thinking perspective. Second, a Life Cycle Assessment on implementing second-hand textile flows in the school was used to quantify the environmental impacts of the measure. Finally, a survey filled by students gave the perspective they had on using second-hand inside and outside of the school. Results show that the system gathers the required characteristics to support a CE. Introducing this new flow of textiles has benefits compared to business-as-usual scenarios, and decreases carbon emissions. Pupils are showing interest in second-hand, but an economic incentive might be needed for them to change behaviours outside of the school. Findings underline the circular economy is connected to the three pillars of sustainable development at the local scale of the pilot study. The challenge of scaling up this measure and expanding the results at the level of the city is arduous but would support the city of Stockholm in its climate neutrality goal while helping to change the mindsets of its citizens for the future.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore how environmentally sustainable efforts, in terms of circular economy (CE) initiatives, are affecting the customer-based brand equity (CBBE) of fast fashion brands. By considering the attitudes of Generation Z, fashion companies can build brands that respond to the environmental requirements of future decision-makers. Therefore, the following research questions are derived: What are Generation Z’s self-disclosed perceptions of fast fashion brands conducting circular economy initiatives? and How do the perceptions of Generation Z regarding circular economy initiatives impact the CBBE of fast fashion brands?  Method – This master thesis is an exploratory study with an inductive approach. In total, 12 qualitative interviews are conducted, consisting of consumers of fast fashion within Generation Z and currently living in Sweden. The interviews follow a semi-structured approach and in order to analyze the empirical findings, a thematic analysis was executed.  Findings – The main findings of this study consist of three overarching themes in terms of Generation Z’s perceptions towards fast fashion brands conducting CE initiatives and its impact on CBBE. The emerging perceptions describe different segments within Generation Z, which have been defined as Positive: Creates Value, Negative: Hypocritical, and Indifferent: Not relevant. Moreover, the results show that a positive perception towards CE initiatives can strengthen the CBBE of fast fashion brands. In contrast, a negative perception causes a small impact on CBBE and may even weaken the brand, whereas an indifferent perception towards CE initiatives has no noticeable impact on the CBBE.  Theoretical and practical contributions – The study provides insights into Generation Z's different perceptions regarding CE initiatives and how macro-environmental factors can impact the brand equity of fast fashion brands and consumer perception of these brands. The main findings can assist brand managers to address the different consumer segments and their needs by successfully implementing sustainability activities into the business operations of fast fashion brands.

Sveriges byggbransch genererar årligen stora mängder avfall som under 2018 uppgick till 13 miljoner ton vilket motsvarar 35 % av Sveriges totala genererade avfall. För att klara de globala hållbarhetsmålen och minska byggbranschens klimatpåverkan behöver resursanvändningen och uttaget av jungfruliga resurser minska. Diskussionen om ett hållbart samhällsbyggande kretsar kring en fossilfri och resurseffektiv värdekedja och kräver en övergång till cirkulära flöden. I byggbranschen är beställaren den huvudsaklige kravställande parten som besitter stor potential till förändring av hela branschen men den egna medvetenheten hos beställare varierar kraftigt beroende på målgrupp, organisationens storlek och ekonomiska förutsättningar. I denna studie har en intervjustudie genomförts för att undersöka beställarens roll för ökat återbruk av byggmaterial vilket lett till insikter om beställarens roll samt de främsta utmaningar för nämnt syfte. Respondenterna i studien har varit yrkesverksamma i byggbranschen med olika grad av professionell erfarenhet av återbruk av byggmaterial, som representerat olika typer av aktörer inom byggbranschen. I forskningen studeras idag möjligheten till återbruk av byggmaterial i innovations- och pilotprojekt för att hitta arbetsmetoder och lösningar för större flöden av återbrukat material och produkter inom byggbranschen. Denna studie har som avsikt haft att fortsatt undersöka återbrukets potential och utmaningar utifrån ett beställarperspektiv på en branschnivå och har resulterat i kunskap om beställarens roll för ökat återbruk av byggmaterial. Studien visar att beställaren besitter en nyckelroll för att driva förändringsarbetet inom branschen. Det framgår att det finns stora skillnader i beställarens medvetenhet över branschen och att de största aktörerna driver framgångsrika projekt med fokuserat återbruksarbete. Samtidigt är mindre beställare, som till antalet utgör stor del av byggbranschens aktörer, långt ifrån att driva återbruk som en del av hållbarhetsfrågan på grund av okunskap och avsaknad av efterfrågan från kunder. Studien presenterar även de främsta utmaningar som branschens beställare står inför för att gå mot större flöden av återbrukat byggmaterial. Dessa utmaningar visar sig vara; kunskapsbrist och erfarenhet, bristen på aktörer som arbetar med återbruk, att nya arbets- och tankesätt måste realiseras, att det befintliga regelverket måste förändras till att gynna återbruk, att stora delar av branschen inte är redo, logistik och lagerhantering samt medvetenheten om ekonomiska förutsättningar. För att vidare studera återbruk inom byggbranschen vore det intressant att studera olika entreprenadformers påverkan på återbruksmöjligheter. En annan intressant tråd att arbeta med vore att ta fram konkreta ekonomiska incitament för minskat avfall och ökat återbruk från höga strategiska nivåer för att på en branschnivå driva förändringsarbetet mot cirkulära flöden. Som vidare undersökning utifrån denna studie vore det av stort värde att genomföra en större kvalitativ studie med statistiska slutsatser som kan bidra med underlag för beslut för beställare och lagstiftning. / Sweden's construction sector generates large amounts of waste annually and amounted 2018 to 13 million tonnes of waste, which corresponds to 35 % of Sweden's overall generated waste. In order to meet the global sustainable development goals and reduce the climate impact of the construction sector, the use of resources and the abstraction of virgin resources need to be reduced. The discussion about sustainable construction development revolves around a fossil-free and resource-efficient value chain and requires a transition to circular material and economic flows. In the construction sector, the client is a demanding party who has great potential to push for change over the entire industry, but the self-awareness of the client varies greatly depending on the target group, the size of the organisation and economic conditions of the client’s organisation. In this study, an interview study has been conducted to investigate the client's role in increasing reuse of building materials, which has led to insights into the role of the client as well as the main challenges for the stated purpose. The respondents of the study are professionals in the construction industry with various levels of professional experience in the reuse of construction materials, representing different types of actors in the construction industry. Researchers are currently studying innovation and pilot projects to find new or improved working methods and solutions for greater volumes of recycled materials and products. This study aims to continue to investigate the potential and the arisen challenges of reuse from a client's perspective at an industry level and has resulted in knowledge of the client's role in increased reuse of building materials. The study shows that the client has a key role to play in driving change in the industry. Even though, it appears to be major differences in the client’s awareness across the industry and the largest actors are running successful projects with focused reuse work. At the same time, smaller client’s, who make up a large part in number of the industry's actors, have long ways to go before adopting reuse as part of the sustainability issue due to inexperience and lack of demand from customers. The study also presents the identification of the main challenges for the industry's clients in order to move towards industrial volumes of reused building materials. These challenges are: lack of knowledge and experience, the lack of actors working with reuse, the realisation of new ways of working and thinking, the need to change the existing regulatory framework to promote reuse, a large number of actors are not ready to adopt methods of reuse, logistics and warehousing, and awareness of economic prerequisites.  In order to further study reuse in the construction industry, it would be interesting to study the impact of different project delivery methods and its impact on reuse opportunities. Another interesting thread to follow up on would be to develop tangible financial incentives, for reduced waste and increased volumes of reused materials, from high strategic levels in order to drive change towards a circular economy. As a continuation of this study, it would be of great value to conduct a larger quantitative study with statistical deductions that can provide a basis for decisions for clients and legislative advancement.

Urban streets serve (1) movement functions: people and vehicles should get safely, comfortably and efficiently to their destinations, (2) place functions: streets are destinations on their own, people come here to access adjacent properties or to carry out activities directly in the street, (3) wider functions such as climate adaption or water management. Stakeholders in various cities worldwide are increasingly focusing on strengthening place functions and designing high quality street spaces that attract people and on-site activities, followed by movement activities in the active modes (walking, cycling, micro vehicles), while minimizing motorized traffic. Vibrant streets are streets for and with people, they contribute to urban planning ambitions for example by improving the economic success of adjacent properties or by strengthening local communities, to transport planning ambitions by supporting with walking and cycling the most sustainable and space-efficient transport modes, and to public health ambitions by increasing physical activity levels. Accordingly, vibrant streets contribute to sustainable development (e.g. SDG 11: “Sustainable Cities and Communities”). Similar to the benefits of vibrant streets, the success factors are interdisciplinary: Only joint efforts of urban and transport planning can achieve the ambitious goal of streets that serve all the three initially introduced functions in a balanced way but with a particular focus on walking, cycling and place activities. This chapter addresses the following main questions: What are the main characteristics of vibrant streets? What are their effects on the environment, the economy and society? What are the most promising strategies to achieve vibrant streets where street users stay for a long time? At the end of the chapter, the main lessons learnt are summarized and avenues for future research are outlined.:1 Vibrant streets as an interdisciplinary chance and challenge 2 Built-environment factors of walking and place activities at street level 2.1 Neighborhood level 2.2 Street level 3 Determinants of individual travel behavior 4 Community building 5 Contributions of vibrant streets to sustainable development 6 Strategies for fostering vibrant streets 7 Good practice examples 8 Avenues for research and planning practice 9 Publication bibliography

Titel: Cirkulär ekonomi som ett beslut: En kvalitativ studie om hur soptunnemodellen förklarar implementeringen av cirkulär ekonomi inom små och medelstora företag Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Daniel Jonsgården och Sakke Pellikka Handledare: Jean Mutiganda Datum: 2024 – januari Syfte: Flera studier visar på svårigheter och hinder för införandet av cirkulär ekonomi. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur implementeringsbeslutet ser ut och därmed varför företag trots hinder väljer att implementera cirkulär ekonomi. Metod: Denna studie bygger på tre semistrukturerade intervjuer. Genom en tematisk analys med utgångspunkt i teorier om beslutstagande, undersöktes respondenternas praktiska erfarenhet och kunskap vid införandet av cirkulär ekonomi. Beslutsprocessen analyserades genom soptunnemodellen. Resultat och slutsats: Respondenterna beskrev hur de sett hållbarhet som en lösning även innan de identifierat problem att lösa. Resultatet visar att beslutstagarens kunskap om cirkulär ekonomi inte är viktigt för att ta beslutet, vilket går emot tidigare forskning. Först när lösning, problem, och beslutstagare existerar i ett och samma tillfälle kan ett beslut att ställa om till cirkulär ekonomi fattas. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar till en utökat teoretisk förståelse för den cirkulära omställningen. Detta genom att vara en utgångspunkt för vidare forskning inom beslutsfattande för omställning till en cirkulär ekonomi. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: I studien identifieras ett forskningsgap gällande beslutsfattande avseende införande av cirkulär ekonomi och det finns ett behov av att fler fördjupningsstudier genomförs. Det finns även behov av vidare forskning kring både hur beslutspersoner blir motiverade till omställning mot cirkulär ekonomi, samt vilken roll en beslutsfattare behöver ha. / Title: Circular economy as a decision: A qualitative study on how the garbage can model can explain the implementation of circular economy in small and medium sized entities. Level: Student Thesis, final assignment for bachelor’s degree in business administration Author: Daniel Jonsgården and Sakke Pellikka Supervisor: Jean Mutiganda Date: 2024 - January Aim: Multiple studies shows the difficulties and barriers surrounding the implementation of Circular economy. The aim of this study is to investigate what the decision to implement looks like and thereby why companies decide to start working with Circular economy. Method: This study builds on three semi-structured interviews. Through thematic analysis deriving from theories of decision making, the respondents' practical experience and knowledge at the time of implementation of circular economy was investigated. The decision-making process was analysed through the garbage can model. Results and conclusions: The respondents described how they have seen sustainability as a solution even before they identified a problem to solve. The result shows that the decision makers knowledge of Circular economy is not important in making the decision, which goes against previous research. Only when a solution, a problem, and a decision maker exist in the same moment can a decision to transition towards a circular economy be made. Contribution of the thesis: This thesis contributes by expanding the theoretical knowledge surrounding the circular transitioning. It does this by being a starting point for future research about the decision making that leads to a circular economy. Suggestions for future research: We have in this study identified a research gap and would like more studies done to fill that gap. We also suggest future research both surrounding how decision makers become motivated to transitioning towards a circular economy, as well as which role the decision makers need to have.