Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

M.A. (Greek) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Please read the abstract (Summary) in the section, 20summary of this document Copyright 2002, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bauermeester, EM 2002, Die Kaapse slawe in kultuurhistoriese perspektief - 1652-1838 (Afrikaans), MA dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11082007-092819 / > / Dissertation (MA (Cultural History))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Historical and Heritage Studies / Unrestricted

Until the nineteenth century, travel was undertaken only by the elite. With the introduction of rail, mass travel was available for the first time, and new faraway destinations became accessible to all. During the 20th century travel became more destination-orientated. And now, in the 21st century, travel is a new economy, resulting in the tourism industry. The focus of the tourism industry has shifted from air travel, weekend getaways and day trips, to a total experience of the destination. A new era in tourism has arrived with a new kind of tourism experience, one that is sustainable, socially responsible and flexible. At the forefront of this industry is a tourist who is more educated, experienced, knowledgeable, independent and demanding. This tourist demands new or different products/services, is harder to please than the traditional tourist, is well-informed and knows what he/she wants and where he/she wants to go. This is the modern tourist. The objectives of the study were to identify the typical characteristics of the so-called modern consumer, determine which of these characteristics were prevalent among consumers living in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Area and whether these characteristics could be used to cluster respondents into segments. The results of the study will assist organisations, within the tourism industry, in dealing with the changing demands of the modern tourist. The literature study contextualised the modern tourist within the tourism industry and provides an overview of the demographic and behavioural factors, which form the basis of the modern tourist‟s development. The demographic factors discussed were age, education, income, gender and household size. The non demographic factors identified and explained were variety seeking, quest for self-identity, quest for authenticity, knowledgeable, experience sharing and time poor. The empirical information was obtained via self-administered questionnaires. Two hundred useable questionnaires were completed by respondents in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Area. Statistica version 10 was used to analyse the data received. The principal component factor analysis yielded six behavioural factors, namely meaningful experiences, time poor, knowledge, authenticity and experience sharing. Until the nineteenth century, travel was undertaken only by the elite. With the introduction of rail, mass travel was available for the first time, and new faraway destinations became accessible to all. During the 20th century travel became more destination-orientated. And now, in the 21st century, travel is a new economy, resulting in the tourism industry. The focus of the tourism industry has shifted from air travel, weekend getaways and day trips, to a total experience of the destination. A new era in tourism has arrived with a new kind of tourism experience, one that is sustainable, socially responsible and flexible. At the forefront of this industry is a tourist who is more educated, experienced, knowledgeable, independent and demanding. This tourist demands new or different products/services, is harder to please than the traditional tourist, is well-informed and knows what he/she wants and where he/she wants to go. This is the modern tourist. The objectives of the study were to identify the typical characteristics of the so-called modern consumer, determine which of these characteristics were prevalent among consumers living in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Area and whether these characteristics could be used to cluster respondents into segments. The results of the study will assist organisations, within the tourism industry, in dealing with the changing demands of the modern tourist. The literature study contextualised the modern tourist within the tourism industry and provides an overview of the demographic and behavioural factors, which form the basis of the modern tourist‟s development. The demographic factors discussed were age, education, income, gender and household size. The non demographic factors identified and explained were variety seeking, quest for self-identity, quest for authenticity, knowledgeable, experience sharing and time poor. The empirical information was obtained via self-administered questionnaires. Two hundred useable questionnaires were completed by respondents in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Area. Statistica version 10 was used to analyse the data received. The principal component factor analysis yielded six behavioural factors, namely meaningful experiences, time poor, knowledge, authenticity and experience sharing. The data analysis revealed three distinct clusters, namely Postmodernists, Traditionalists and Modernists. Each cluster had unique demographic and behavioural characteristics with the result that modern tourists could be grouped into distinct clusters according to their demographic and behavioural characteristics. This will enable the tourism industry to tailor-make their marketing strategies according to these clusters.he data analysis revealed three distinct clusters, namely Postmodernists, Traditionalists and Modernists. Each cluster had unique demographic and behavioural characteristics with the result that modern tourists could be grouped into distinct clusters according to their demographic and behavioural characteristics. This will enable the tourism industry to tailor-make their marketing strategies according to these clusters.

Il s’agit de montrer comment la trajectoire du peintre finlandais Helene Schjerfbeck (1862-1946) est typique de celle d’une artiste femme finlandaise à la fin du XIX° siècle et au début du XX° siècle et comment, en dépit de ces caractéristiques communes, elle demeure unique dans le champ artistique national. Orienté dans une perspective de genre, ce travail rappelle le contexte socio-historique et culturel dans lequel le peintre a exercé, exploite ses données biographiques et étudie son œuvre selon certaines clefs d’interprétation proposées par les études de genre anglo-saxonnes appliquées à l’histoire de l’art, et par la sociologie de l’art. / This dissertation aims at revealing how the Finnish painter Helene Schjerfbeck’s (1862-1946) trajectory is typical of a Finnish woman artist at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, but remains unique from national artistic viewpoint. Providing a gender study perspective, this dissertation depicts the socio-historical and cultural context in which the painter worked, builds on her biography, and interprets her output using a selection of analytical tools provided by gender studies specializing in art history, and by sociology of art.

L'interculturel franco-allemand en entreprise est indissociable du contexte économique mondial actuel dans lequel les États-Unis prédominent. Total, premier groupe pétrolier français, a constitué notre terrain d'investigation pour répondre à la question de l'influence des pratiques managériales américaines sur le management franco-allemand chez Total et notamment dans l'une de ses filiales à Berlin. C'est auprès du personnel d'encadrement de la filiale allemande principalement, mais aussi de la maison-mère située à Paris, que nous avons pu réaliser 35 entretiens : 12 auprès de managers français – 11 au sein de la filiale à Berlin, un au sein de la maison-mère à Paris – et 18 auprès de managers allemands à Berlin. Les autres entretiens ont été conduits auprès de trois managers belges, d'un manager hollandais et d'un manager anglais.Dans une première partie, nous avons procédé à un état des lieux des travaux existant dans le domaine du management interculturel qui a connu son envol dans les années 1980. Nous avons articulé théorie et pratique en traitant de l'influence de la culture nationale sur les organisations, ce qui nous a permis de redéfinir les modes de fonctionnement des entreprises françaises, allemandes et américaines et d'y associer, à partir de typologies, un style de management et une culture d'entreprise types. Il s'agit bien entendu de modèles. Les décalages entre ces modèles théoriques et la pratique ont trouvé leur expression dans une deuxième partie.Dans cette deuxième partie, nous avons recensé les malentendus interculturels franco-allemands à travers l'évolution des relations franco-allemandes en entreprise de l'avènement du Marché commun à aujourd'hui. Le cas du drame industriel de l'A380 chez Airbus en 2006, les travaux du consultant Jacques Pateau sur la dimension interculturelle dans la coopération franco-allemande, les conseils du cabinet J. P. B. consultants préconisant des solutions aux malentendus franco-allemands récurrents, et les relations de travail entre journalistes français et allemands de la chaîne culturelle européenne Arte, ont constitué des éléments de comparaison intéressants pour obtenir un panorama des problèmes inhérents à la relation de travail franco-allemande, indépendamment du secteur d'activité. L'exemple du groupe Total – à partir de l'analyse du discours de ses managers – montre qu'il est possible de dépasser les malentendus interculturels récurrents ou « incidents critiques », véritables entraves à la relation de travail franco-allemande. De l'interaction quotidienne entre ces personnels de différentes cultures nationales résulte ainsi un style de travail commun, susceptible toutefois de changer au contact d'autres influences culturelles. Les influences extérieures et les interactions quotidiennes entre acteurs de différentes cultures nationales font de la culture émergente un produit en perpétuelle construction, rendant le développement d'une compétence interculturelle nécessaire. Dans une troisième partie, nous avons analysé ces influences extérieures et les transformations qu'elles entraînent chez Total.Cette troisième partie traite de l’influence exercée par les États-Unis et leur pratique du management sur la direction binationale de la filiale allemande de Total. Les techniques managériales américaines font l’objet d'une appropriation différenciée par les managers français et allemands travaillant de concert dans le groupe. C’est ainsi que, du contact entre les systèmes français, allemand et américain, naissent de nouvelles pratiques : il s’avère en effet que les managers du groupe tendent vers un style plus libéral, perçu et vécu différemment toutefois par les Français et les Allemands. Les notions d’« équipe » et de « groupe de travail » trouvent une application dans le quotidien professionnel du personnel d’encadrement de la filiale et jouent un rôle essentiel chez Total [...]. / Franco-German cross-cultural relations in business cannot be dissociated from the world economic context in which the United States play a dominant role. We have used Total, the leader in the French petroleum industry, specifically through its German subsidiary in Berlin, as a case in point for our investigation of the influence of US business methods on a joint Franco-German top management team. We conducted 35 extensive interviews, 12 of which were held with French nationals, 11 of them top company officials at the Berlin office and one at corporate headquarters in Paris; 18 of the tête-à-têtes took place with German top executives in Berlin. In addition, we consulted one Dutch, one British and three Belgian directors of the petroleum group.Part One of the report is an inventory and review of the literature devoted at this day to cross-culture in the area of corporate management, a subject that began to attract the interest of researchers in the 1980's. We here correlate theory and practice in dealing with the impact of national cultures on corporate behavior. This leads us to reconsider the functioning modes of French, German and US companies and thus, working on the typology of their respective business structures, to classify them according to their specific management styles and corporate cultures. We thus, of course, create mere models, significant but abstract. The distance between theory and actual practice is bridged in Part Two of the report.In Part Two, we concentrate on the cross-cultural ambiguities and misunderstandings that have attended Franco-German business relations as these have evolved since the inception of the Common Market to the present day. The misfortunes of the A380 at Airbus in 2006, consultant Jacques Pateau's reasearch and conclusions on the importance of Franco-German cooperation in business ventures, the solutions offered for the recurrent cross-cultural conflicts by J. P. B. Consulting, and the close working relationship of French and German journalists on the Arte cultural television network, all these have provided us with material for an accurate appraisal of the problems raised by a Franco-German partnership in a corporate environment, whatever the area of professional activity. We learn from the experience of the Total company that it is possible to rise above the recurrent cross-cultural "critical incidents" that plague such binational professional communities, and to achieve common values in the working relationship, proof that it does not take generations to amend long ingrained cultural traits, and that these are amenable to outside influence. The daily interaction between individuals of different cultural backgrounds will eventually lead to common cultural patterns of behavior, susceptible in turn to further changes in a unified framework. In Part Three, we shall inquire into the nature of these outside influences and the changes they have brought to the inner workings of the Total company.Part Three of the report addresses the question of the influence exerted by US managerial praxis on the procedures at Total. This influence, merging with the unified methods developed by the Franco-German partners through their respective contribution of managerial know-how, has resulted in new concepts in management, of a more liberal complexion, and yet, while now standard practice, perceived in a different light by the French and the German executives; the different cultures color the outlooks differently even when the individuals act in harmony. The notion of "teamwork" and "group action" now prevalent at Total, is one of the concepts, now put into prevalent practice by the executive staff, that the company owes to the American business philosophy. We were thus able to identify a number of significant instances, the "project teams" are one, of the American influence on a Franco-German management group.

The thesis searches for the roots of the Chinese appreciation for the concepts contained in the early Mādhyamika texts in the currents in Chinese philosophy and the political climate in China during the Eastern Chin and Liu Sung periods. We also seek to account for the characteristic emphasis in hsüan-hsüeh thought on descriptions of a hypothetical sage-ruler and of "Non-being" (and in Buddhist thought on the divine saviour and the eternal life of the "spirit") in the social/political situation in China during this period. We examine the many points of correspondence and similarities between Taoist philosophy and concepts originating in the Prajnāpāramitā texts. Selected translations from the Ming-fo-lun (Treatise Illuminating the Buddha) by Tsung Ping (375-443) are used as examples of a Chinese layman's appraisal of the Buddhist "Path" vis-a-vis those of the philosophical Taoists and Confucianists and to give an overall picture of the philosophical climate of the period. The thesis concludes that there is a wealth of similarity between the Buddhist ideas being introduced to Chinese in the Post-Han period, and China's own philosophical output before and during this period. A continuity is identified between the tenets of hsüan-hsüeh and these Buddhist ideas. We further conclude that the Chinese interest in the limitless powers of the Buddha--like the emphasis in hsüan-hsüeh thought on the qualities of the sage-ruler--can be attributed to the social strife in the period and the erosion of faith in mundane political philosophies. The life of the "spirit" and the countenance of the Buddha offered truly lasting stability and reassurance which the more worldly doctrines had been unable to provide. As a final note, the thesis considers the common appreciation for Buddhism among Indians and Chinese as indicative of universal features of religious systems. We conclude that as common components of the Mādhyamika system practiced in India and China, the recognition of an all powerful deity and transcendent realm coupled with the idea of men's potential to interact and identify with these may be acknowledged as two of the fundamental features of a particular religious doctrine shared for a time by these two ancient civilizations. / Arts, Faculty of / Asian Studies, Department of / Graduate

This study explores the moral characteristics of late eighteenth-century Scottish culture in order to ascertain both its specific nature and its contribution to modern consciousness. It argues that, while the language of moral discourse in that socio-economic environment remained in large part traditional, containing aspects from both neo-Stoicism and classical humanism, it also incorporated and helped to develop an explicitly modern conceptual network. The language of sensibility as discussed by Adam Smith and adapted by practical Scottish moralists, played a key role in the Scottish assessment of appropriate ethical behaviour In a complex society. The contribution of enlightened Scottish moralists to the language and literature of sensibility has been virtually overlooked, with a corresponding impoverishment of our understanding of some of the most important eighteenth-century social and cultural developments. Both literary scholars and social historians have made the mistake of equating eighteenth century sensibility with the growth of individualism and romanticism. The Scottish contribution to sensibility cannot be appreciated in such terms, but needs to be examined in relation to the stress that its practitioners placed upon man's social nature and the integrity of the moral community. Scottish moralists believed that their traditional ethical community was threatened by the increased selfishness, disparateness, and mobility of an imperial and commercial British society. They turned to the cultivation of the moral sentiments as a primary mechanism for moral preservation and regeneration in a cold and indifferent modern world. What is more their discussion of this cultivation related in significant ways to the development of new perspectives on adolescence, private and domestic life, the concept of the feminine and the literary form of the novel. Scottish moralists made a contribution to sentimental discourse which has been almost completely overlooked. Henry Mackenzie, Hugh Blair and James Fordyce were among the most popular authors of the century and their discussion of the family, the community, education, the young and the conjugal relationship was not only influential per se but also reflected a particularly Scottish moral discourse which stressed the concept of sociability and evidenced concern about the survival of the moral community in a modern society. To the extent that literary scholars and historians have ignored or misread their works, they have obscured rather than enlightened eighteenth-century culture and its relationship with the social base. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This thesis is devoted to the lifestyle of the Czech population. The empirical research aims identify key characteristics of lifestyle of the Czech population, show the range of approaches to health, find out in what ways the Czech population cares about health, study to what extent Czechs respect the principles of a healthy lifestyle and investigate how well informed Czechs are about health. The theoretical part of this study consists of analyzing specialized literature in order to provide a comprehensive definition. Then using a number of previous studies it maps the risk behavior of the Czech population in relation to non-communicable diseases that can be caused by unhealthy lifestyle. The empirical part of the thesis provides tentative answers to the questions mentioned above. That is done by analyzing survey data complemented by an analysis of data provided by Marketing & Media & Lifestyle. The analyses concern both the entire Czech population and subsequently three selected sub-groups of respondents: (1) those who consider their lifestyle as healthy, (2) those who do not, and (3) a category of young people.