På finansmarknaden finns det flera olika typer finansiella instrument och utbudet ökar stadigt. Utvecklingen har lett till att det har blivit svårare för icke-professionella kunder att utvärdera riskerna med instrumenten. Vissa finansiella instrument som finns på marknaden är så kallade finansiella derivatinstrument, vars värde beror på en underliggande tillgångs värdeutveckling. En ny reglering om produktgodkännande av finansiella instrument introducerades genom Europaparlamentets och rådets direktiv 2014/65/EU. Processen för produktgodkännande är reglerad i 8 kap. 13 § lag (2007:528) om värdepappersmarknaden. Regleringen innebär att, värdepappersinstitut måste ha en välordnad process för godkännande av egenproducerade finansiella instrument innan marknadsföring eller distribution till kund får ske. I och med Europaparlamentets och rådets direktiv 2014/65/EU och Europaparlamentets och rådets förordning (EU) nr 600/2014, har nationella behöriga myndigheter och Esma erhållit befogenhet att utföra produktingripanden. Syftet med produktingripanden är att skydda ickeprofessionella kunder från produkter på finansmarknaden som är riskfyllda och har svårbedömda egenskaper. Esma har nyligen publicerat ett åtgärdsförslag avseende begränsningar av marknadsföring, distribution och försäljning av contracts for difference samt ett förbud av marknadsföring, distribution och försäljning av binära optioner till ickeprofessionella kunder. I uppsatsen visas att produktingripanden är ett verktyg som kan komma att gynna både nationella behöriga myndigheter och Esma i tillsynsarbetet, i syfte att stärka investerarskyddet för icke-professionella kunder. Samarbetet mellan Esma och nationella behöriga myndigheter bör även utvecklas för att genomdriva framtida åtgärdsförslag. Åtgärdsförslag bör främst vara antagna av Esma för att därefter antas av nationella behöriga myndigheter inom EU. Genom ett sådant tillvägagångssätt kan harmoniseringsarbetet, avseende regleringen av kapitalmarknaden i EU, fortsätta på ett ändamålsenligt sätt. I uppsatsen visas även att Esma:s nuvarande åtgärdsförslag, angående begränsningar och förbud av marknadsföring, distribution och försäljning av contracts for difference och binära optioner, är ett välgrundat förslag med beaktande av de risker som icke-professionella kunder utsätts för vid handel av dessa riskfyllda finansiella derivatinstrument.

Private business subjects are characterised by their continuous effort for increasing their market position. Therefore they are permanently monitoring their own sthrengths and weaknesses, and they are also monitoring their competitors´ behaviour and customers´ needs and wishes. Such pieces of information can be received by analysis of business surroundings and from custommers´ opinion. Activities like these are called marketing research. The research should include all aspects that influence the way of perception of the company by any other market subject, or even the atmosphere inside the company. Information received is valuable for managers and their decision-making. Marketing research is a dynamicly developing field where new findings of social sciences are permanently applied. A significant developement in this field was reached mainly in last years. It is a result of the rapid progress of information and communication technologies. Modern forms of marketing research often use the Internet for collecting various information on the market.

A quantitative, descriptive, explorative survey was conducted to explore and describe factors contributing to underutilisation of HIV testing services among tuberculosis patients and clients in Malawi. Sampled were 282 participants attending an outpatient clinic. A self administered questionnaire was used. The findings revealed that 80.5% of the respondents perceived themselves susceptible to HIV infection, 55% believed there were negative consequences of HIV Testing and Counselling (HTC), 87.6% perceived HTC had benefits, most of the respondents (76.8%) mentioned the benefit of knowing the HIV status helping one to plan life, 65% believed in themselves, that they could accept and undergo HIV testing with ease. The study recommends that all HTC providers be thoroughly trained in knowledge and skills to offer services with confidentiality and avoid stigma and discrimination of those found HIV positive. The importance and benefits of HTC should be emphasised in all behaviour communication messages / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

PhDH / Department of Public Health / Background: Since the introduction of three-tiered systems appointments, there are a large number of missed appointments among Human immunodeficiency virus-positive clients on Antiretroviral. However, no one knows why these clients missed their scheduled times. Missing of appointments predicts poor adherence and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Objectives: The proposed study aimed at developing a strategy for reducing the missing of appointments among adults on Antiretroviral Therapy in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. The objectives of the study are to determine patients’ behaviour, the socio-environmental and economic factors that contribute to the missing of appointments and develop strategies to enhance compliance with appointments by Human immunodeficiency virus-positive clients on Antiretroviral therapy in the Limpopo Province. Method: A qualitative research design was used to address the study objectives. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to sample health care centres in Limpopo Province, patients, Professional Nurses and Community Health Workers. Individual interview and focus group discussions strengthened the triangulation of data obtained from the participants. Creswell’s model provided details for data analysis and interpretation. Trustworthiness and Ethics: Measures to ensure data quality, such as credibility, dependability, conformability and transferability, were observed. The researcher ensured compliance with ethical standards to protect the rights of the participants. Approval for this study was obtained from the University of Venda Research Ethics Committee and the Limpopo Department of Health Research Ethics. Results: The study revealed various factors that contribute to the missing of appointments by Human immunodeficiency virus positive-clients on Antiretroviral Therapy. Specific socioeconomic, behavioural, environmental and health service-related factors appear to prevent adherence to appointments. These factors include a lack of family support and client engagement, the absence of financial means, and cultural and religious beliefs. Lack of client involvement in planning their care and poor referral of clients to community health workers were ranked high as being the most contributing factors to clients missing their appointments. Strategy development: Phase 2 of this study dealt with the development of the strategy aimed at reducing the missing of appointment by adults on Antiretroviral Therapy based on the findings of the study. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats matrix was triangulated in Political, Environmental, Social, Technological and Legal analysis to develop this approach to reduce the missing of appointments among adults on Antiretroviral therapy. A transtheoretical framework illustrated how to implement the strategy. Validation of the developed strategy ensured that the system is free of errors and checked the applicability of the strategies utilising a quantitative design. A simple random sampling approach was used to select the population to participate in this study using the questionnaire developed by the researcher. Almost all respondents agreed that the strategy would facilitate reduced missing appointments by adults on Antiretroviral therapy. Recommendations: Clients involvement and engagement throughout the process of a treatment plan is essential to identify some of the barriers that might contribute to poor adherence to appointment by clients on Antiretroviral therapy. Community health workers and nurses should be capacitated with knowledge and skills to identify the clients at risk of defaulting treatment and appointments and provide counselling that will facilitate behaviour modifications. / HWSETA

Dans un environnement économique toujours plus compétitif, tendu et incertain, les entreprises doivent faire preuve d’adaptabilité, de précaution et d’anticipation. Ce manuscrit aborde ainsi plusieurs thématiques liées à ce constat, qui touchent de près la notion de gestion de trésorerie. Le premier essai de cette thèse montre que la distribution d’un dividende en actions permet aux entreprises de temporairement réduire la rémunération de leurs actionnaires, sans être sanctionnées par ces derniers. Ce mécanisme permet aux entreprises de conserver liquidités et flexibilité en période de contraction de l’économie. Le second essai traite du lien entre risque client et politique de gestion des liquidités. Un risque client accru semble alors pousser les entreprises à détenir plus de trésorerie et à moins recourir aux lignes de crédit. Enfin, le troisième essai justifie de l’intérêt d’établir des relations clients-fournisseurs de long terme. Ces partenariats apparaissent alors comme une source d’efficience et de profitabilité accrues du cycle opérationnel des entreprises. / The increasingly competitive and uncertain economic environment requires firms to show caution and to anticipate their needs. Based on this observation, this thesis discusses several topics that are closely related to corporate cash management choices. The first chapter of this thesis show that offering an optional stock dividend enables firms to temporarily reduce cash outflows to shareholders without being penalized by the market. This peculiar type of payout then allows firms to maintain their levels of liquidity and flexibility during economic downturns. The second chapter focuses on the link between customer risk and corporate liquidity management choices. High customer risk then appears to firms holding higher cash reserves compared to credit lines. Finally, the third chapter highlights the benefits of maintaining long-term buyer-supplier relationships. These partnerships then arises as sources of increased operating efficiency and profitability for firms.

The present M.A. thesis pursues the topic of hostageship for obligations in the Czech late Middle Ages, based on an analysis of epistolary correspondence, especially that between Ulrich II. of Rosenberg and his clients and opponents. Also examined are, for example, debt, purchase or mortgage agreements as a means which not only Ulrich II. tried to use for improving the bad financial situation of the house of Rosenberg. The study attempts to achieve a twofold objective: first, to clearly explain the individual terms that appear in the documents concerning the hostages, and second, based on case studies, to present an analysis of how the institute of hostageship worked in practice, with an emphasis on aristocratic honour and ties between the participants. From the methodological viewpoint, the analysis also shows that research into hostageship refines our understanding of how the Rosenberg clientele relations worked. Key words: Middle Ages, medieval, nobility, hostage, hostageship, suretyship, captivity, Kingdom of Bohemia, clients, House of Rosenberg, Ulrich of Rosenberg

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of clients after lower limb/s amputation and their social rehabilitation afterwards in home care. Beginning of thesis describes the current situation and the concept of social rehabilitation as one of the comprehensive rehabilitation process of people in early post-amputation stage. Next section of thesis shows difficulties that occurs after amputation and impact upon personal life that is materially changed. Describing the process of coping with this unpleasant health change is based on traditional model of two important people in this field Mr. Kübler-Ross and Mr. Křivohlavý. At the same time, analysis of the formal support system in Ústí nad Labem is being evaluated. This system provides support not only to disabled people but also to people who take infromal care of the one injured. Informal care plays significant role in the process of social rehabilitation of people starting new life stage due to physical change. In thesis are mentioned possibilities of developing skills of informal caregivers, usage of financial benefits for disabled people and possible providers support of medical and social services in a given location. However, it also focuses on possible troubles associated with care provided by family members or other persons. At the same time,...

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the knowledge of clients regarding renal donation at a specific urban health care facility in the Limpopo province. A quantitative, explorative, descriptive and cross-sectional design was used. Data was collected using a structured pre-tested questionnaire. Out of 317 questionnaires, 300 were valid and considered for the study. Analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software version 25. Data was presented using tables, graphs and charts. The study revealed that 32% (n=95) were males and 68% (n=205) were females. The results showed that there are a significant correlations between the attitudes, knowledge and actions of clients with regards to renal donation. The study revealed inadequate knowledge on the majority 74,7% (n=224) of the respondents on renal donation. A recommendation was that awareness campaigns on renal donation to be planned on world kidney days. Furthermore, the recommendations of the study will be presented to the Limpopo Department of health to take effective measures to educate people with relevant information on renal donation. A policy regarding awareness programme of renal donation should be developed. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Under litteraturstudierna fick författarna en uppfattning om att järnvägsbranschen är präglad av en hel del problematik som visat sig i ett flertal brister. Flera större omorganiseringar hade skapat en bransch med otydliga ansvarsgränser och otydliga roller med en mängd utdragna rättsliga tvister mellan beställare och entreprenörer som följd. Stämningen beskrevs som dyster och kompromisser mellan järnvägsaktörer förekom inte i den mån som behövdes, utan aktörerna tänkte mest på sin egen verksamhet. En ändring behövdes. Rapporten är begränsad till tre nyckelaktörer med koppling till järnvägsunderhåll: beställare, entreprenör och trafikutövare. Fokus har lagts på det alltför förekommande avhjälpande underhållet, som visar sig i form av trafikstörningar och trafikstopp. I samma veva uppstod en insikt om att behovet att föra in förebyggande underhåll i större omfattning var stort. Med tanke på de kunskaper författarna införskaffat sig under sin utbildning gällande förebyggande underhåll, var det lite av en chock att upptäcka hur underhållet på järnvägen sköts tidigare. Järnvägsaktörer med olika verksamheter på järnvägen, är formellt oberoende av varandra för att uppnå en fungerande järnväg och därmed en utökad samverkan. Dialog och samverkan var två nyckelord som ofta förekom och en idé om att införa rutiner för en utökad samverkan i form av dialog, antogs kunna vara början till en lösning på problematiken.  När arbetet med rapporten fortlöpte, upptäckte författarna att järnvägsbranschen är en bransch under en pågående förnyelse. Ett förbättringsarbete pågår i form av renodlade roller på riksdagens beslut nu i år och Forum för Framkomlighet (FFF) är ett forum som arbetar för just en utökad samverkan. I forumet träffas beställare, entreprenörer och trafikutövare för att genom dialog uppnå en utökad samverkan, där det första mötet inträffade i april nu i år.  En hel del har hänt under rapportens gång och författarna har utvecklat en samverkansstrategi i bästa mån utefter befintliga förutsättningar för att strategin ska vara applicerbar. Strategin är uppdelad i tre faser för att införas successivt, där Fas 3 innebär en samverkan över ett helt distrikt. Det om något, är en total samverkan. / During the writers literature study they received a clearer perception of the problematics that is embossed in the Railway industry. Several larger reorganisations had created an industry with unclear responsibilities and unclear roles resulting in several protracted litigations between the client and the contractor. The mood was described as bleak and compromises between the operators did not occur by the necessary means, the operators mostly considered only their own activities in the industry. A change had to be done. This report is limited to three key operators with connections to the maintenance on the railway. These key operators are: the client, the contractor and the transport operator. The report focuses on the all too reoccurring corrective maintenance those results in traffic-disturbances and traffic-stops. In the same time an insight occurred that a large need for implementing a preventive maintenance on a larger scale existed. Considering the knowledge the writers had acquired during their education about preventive maintenance, it slightly shocked them to see how the railway maintenance was carried out on the railway. Different operators in different organisations on the railway are dependant of each other to accomplish a functional railway, thus an increased interaction between the operators is achievable. Dialogue and interaction were two keywords that often reoccurred and the idea to, by an increased dialogue, introduce routines for an extended interaction was considered being a first step to solving the issues that exists on the railway. During the writers work on this report, they discovered that the railway industry is an industry under renewal. A process for improvement is currently going on, in the form of purer roles which was carried on after a decision was made by the Parliament of Sweden. The Forum for Accessibility (FFF) is a forum, which had their first meeting in April this year, they are currently working on increasing the interaction on the railway. In this forum the client, contractors and transport operators form a dialogue to achieve this increased interaction between one and another. A lot has happened during the writers work on this report and they have developed an interaction-strategy in the best way possible to make this strategy applicable considering the current conditions on the railway today.

With this bachelor thesis we want to research the correlation between motivation and coerced addiction treatment among clients. We want to know more about what the clients think about coerced addiction treatment, what possibilities there are to create motivation to change and what the clients experiences of the motivational work is. Coerced addiction treatment has been a part of Swedish history for a long time. Even though it has changed over the years there is still the question regarding how ethical it is and also whether coerced treatment is the most effective way to help people with an addiction problem. When a person is taken against their will to enter addiction treatment it is most likely done as a last resort trying to save a life. There are no written guidelines on how each treatment-institution should work regarding treatment and motivation, it is up to every single institution itself to decide. To get a better understanding of this we have done a literature study of two doctoral dissertations that has focused on clients opinion regarding coerced treatment and motivational work. Our findings showed us that motivation during coerced treatment is very complex because there are a number of factors that play important roles. Even though the opinion from the clients regarding their own coerced treatment and the motivational work at LVM-institutions varied, it gave us the understanding that there needs to be change. There needs to be more research on how to best help and support people with addiction problems during coerced treatment.