In a world focusing increasingly on climate change, businesses face multiple risks if they do not adapt. Therefore, creating long term business strategies focused on climate change are essential not only to navigate risks, but also to be able to capitalize on potential opportunities. Additionally, investors as well as consumers demand businesses to make changes as well as openly communicate their long term intentions. However, due to the complexity of the strategies developed, it is difficult for consumers, investors, and even the companies themselves to obtain an overview. Therefore, this article aims at developing a climate strategy comparison framework to aid in assessing and comparing the strategies, as well as improving the transparency. The framework consist of the Target, Achievement and Action Dimension.

As mudanças climáticas estão provocando alterações no macro-ambiente econômico, social e regulatório. Países de todo o mundo discutem em fóruns internacionais e também internamente como tratar os impactos das mudanças do clima sobre as condições de vida da sociedade, o ecossistema e sobre a economia como um todo. As pressões regulatórias por ações empresariais de combate às mudanças do clima crescem no Brasil, como também aumentam as exigências dos consumidores. As empresas precisam adotar ações de combate às mudanças climáticas, reduzindo as suas emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE), e, ao mesmo tempo, crescer de forma sustentável. Essa pesquisa buscou entender quais são as ações de combate às mudanças do clima desenvolvidas pelas empresas localizadas no estado brasileiro do Rio Grande do Sul, quarta economia do país. Como ferramenta de análise, quatro variáveis com dimensões e indicadores específicos foram criadas a partir de ampla pesquisa bibliográfica e investigação documental. Os dados de campo foram levantados através de pesquisa do tipo survey, com questionários aplicados, online e presencialmente, a 92 empresas, associadas à Centro das Indústrias do Rio Grande do Sul e à Câmara Americana de Comércio, com atuação em 19 setores econômicos. Os resultados mostram que o percentual de empresas que conhece a sua contribuição às mudanças do clima é baixo e, conseqüentemente, a quantidade de organizações que conhece os riscos e oportunidades impostos pelas mudanças climáticas é bastante reduzida. Exceções acontecem no setor de papel e celulose e no setor de energia, onde a prática de desenvolvimento de inventário de emissões está mais consolidada. Em geral, as empresas ainda estão em estágio inicial do desenvolvimento de uma estratégia climática, efetuando ações de redução de emissões de GEE de baixo custo dentro da própria empresa. Ações de eficiência energética, melhorias no processo operacional e utilização de tecnologias de teleconferências são as mais desenvolvidas. As organizações, em sua maioria, não efetuam ações na sua cadeia produtiva e desconhecem os instrumentos financeiros e atores externos disponíveis para auxiliá-las na implementação de ações de combate às mudanças climáticas. O aumento da competitividade, o acesso aos novos mercados e a valorização da marca são os principais fatores indutores ao desenvolvimento de uma ação de redução de emissões. Concluiu-se também que o nível de maturidade das empresas em relação às questões climáticas varia conforme o setor de atuação e que os setores químico e petroquímico e de papel e celulose são os que apresentam o maior número de empresas desenvolvendo os passos do modelo de estratégia climática apresentado por Hoffman (2006). / Climate Change is causing alteration on economic, social and legal environment. Countries around the world discuss in international forums and also internally how to treat climate change impacts over life conditions of society, ecosystem and economy as a whole. Regulatory pressure that requires business actions to combat climate change grows in Brazil, as well as it increases customers requirements. Companies need to adopt actions to address climate change, reducing their greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, and, at the same time, to improve its business in a sustainable way. This research seeks to understand which business actions to address climate change are developed in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, fourth country’s economy. As an analysis tool, four variables with specific dimensions and indicators were created from a wide range literature review. Data were collected through survey research with questionnaires applied online and in person to 92 firms, associated to the Rio Grande do Sul Center of Industries and American Chamber of Commerce, which operate in 19 economic sectors. The results shows that the percentage of companies which know their contribution to climate change is low and, consequently, the quantity of organizations that knows the risks and opportunities imposed by climate change is quite low. Exceptions occur in .the pulp and paper industry and electricity sector, where emissions inventories practices is more consolidated. In general, firms are in the initial stage of climate strategy development, implementing low-cost actions of GHG emissions reductions inside the company. Energy efficiency, operational improvements and teleconference technology are the most developed actions. Organizations do not develop actions in their supply chain and they do not know financial instruments and external actors available to assist them to implement actions to combat climate change. Increase of competitiveness, access to new markets and branding are the main inducing factor for the development of an emission reduction action. It was also concluded that the companies’ maturity level related to the climate issues varies accordingly the economic sector and that pulp and paper and chemical and petrochemical industries are the sectors that present the highest number of companies developing the steps of the climate strategy model presented by Hoffman (2006).

As mudanças climáticas estão provocando alterações no macro-ambiente econômico, social e regulatório. Países de todo o mundo discutem em fóruns internacionais e também internamente como tratar os impactos das mudanças do clima sobre as condições de vida da sociedade, o ecossistema e sobre a economia como um todo. As pressões regulatórias por ações empresariais de combate às mudanças do clima crescem no Brasil, como também aumentam as exigências dos consumidores. As empresas precisam adotar ações de combate às mudanças climáticas, reduzindo as suas emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE), e, ao mesmo tempo, crescer de forma sustentável. Essa pesquisa buscou entender quais são as ações de combate às mudanças do clima desenvolvidas pelas empresas localizadas no estado brasileiro do Rio Grande do Sul, quarta economia do país. Como ferramenta de análise, quatro variáveis com dimensões e indicadores específicos foram criadas a partir de ampla pesquisa bibliográfica e investigação documental. Os dados de campo foram levantados através de pesquisa do tipo survey, com questionários aplicados, online e presencialmente, a 92 empresas, associadas à Centro das Indústrias do Rio Grande do Sul e à Câmara Americana de Comércio, com atuação em 19 setores econômicos. Os resultados mostram que o percentual de empresas que conhece a sua contribuição às mudanças do clima é baixo e, conseqüentemente, a quantidade de organizações que conhece os riscos e oportunidades impostos pelas mudanças climáticas é bastante reduzida. Exceções acontecem no setor de papel e celulose e no setor de energia, onde a prática de desenvolvimento de inventário de emissões está mais consolidada. Em geral, as empresas ainda estão em estágio inicial do desenvolvimento de uma estratégia climática, efetuando ações de redução de emissões de GEE de baixo custo dentro da própria empresa. Ações de eficiência energética, melhorias no processo operacional e utilização de tecnologias de teleconferências são as mais desenvolvidas. As organizações, em sua maioria, não efetuam ações na sua cadeia produtiva e desconhecem os instrumentos financeiros e atores externos disponíveis para auxiliá-las na implementação de ações de combate às mudanças climáticas. O aumento da competitividade, o acesso aos novos mercados e a valorização da marca são os principais fatores indutores ao desenvolvimento de uma ação de redução de emissões. Concluiu-se também que o nível de maturidade das empresas em relação às questões climáticas varia conforme o setor de atuação e que os setores químico e petroquímico e de papel e celulose são os que apresentam o maior número de empresas desenvolvendo os passos do modelo de estratégia climática apresentado por Hoffman (2006). / Climate Change is causing alteration on economic, social and legal environment. Countries around the world discuss in international forums and also internally how to treat climate change impacts over life conditions of society, ecosystem and economy as a whole. Regulatory pressure that requires business actions to combat climate change grows in Brazil, as well as it increases customers requirements. Companies need to adopt actions to address climate change, reducing their greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, and, at the same time, to improve its business in a sustainable way. This research seeks to understand which business actions to address climate change are developed in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, fourth country’s economy. As an analysis tool, four variables with specific dimensions and indicators were created from a wide range literature review. Data were collected through survey research with questionnaires applied online and in person to 92 firms, associated to the Rio Grande do Sul Center of Industries and American Chamber of Commerce, which operate in 19 economic sectors. The results shows that the percentage of companies which know their contribution to climate change is low and, consequently, the quantity of organizations that knows the risks and opportunities imposed by climate change is quite low. Exceptions occur in .the pulp and paper industry and electricity sector, where emissions inventories practices is more consolidated. In general, firms are in the initial stage of climate strategy development, implementing low-cost actions of GHG emissions reductions inside the company. Energy efficiency, operational improvements and teleconference technology are the most developed actions. Organizations do not develop actions in their supply chain and they do not know financial instruments and external actors available to assist them to implement actions to combat climate change. Increase of competitiveness, access to new markets and branding are the main inducing factor for the development of an emission reduction action. It was also concluded that the companies’ maturity level related to the climate issues varies accordingly the economic sector and that pulp and paper and chemical and petrochemical industries are the sectors that present the highest number of companies developing the steps of the climate strategy model presented by Hoffman (2006).

Climate change has become an increasingly important strategic issue for businesses to deal with. The stake is high particularly for those in energy-intensive industries as governments are implementing legislations that limit the carbon emission coming from these industries. Not only are such companies’ carbon emission confronted by regulatory bodies, but also various stakeholders such as customers and investors. Such pressures increased the business relevance of the issue and have provided various strategic contexts and drives. Businesses have responded in different ways to the changes that are coming with climate change. The purpose of this study was to provide insight into the dynamics and characteristics of carbon strategies. The case study companies were three pulp and paper companies located in Sweden, all subjected to the EU ETS regulation. In order to fulfill the purpose we have developed an analytical framework which we applied to the empirical findings. Based on our analysis we concluded that there are several factors that determine and drive the development of carbon strategies: sustainability, energy efficiency, market competition, and owners. The findings also revealed that the most prevalent response type was an optimization strategy, which is enhancing the carbon productivity from operational activities. The findings also confirmed the usefulness and comprehensiveness of the analytical framework employed to the understanding of carbon strategies and development factors.

As mudanças climáticas estão provocando alterações no macro-ambiente econômico, social e regulatório. Países de todo o mundo discutem em fóruns internacionais e também internamente como tratar os impactos das mudanças do clima sobre as condições de vida da sociedade, o ecossistema e sobre a economia como um todo. As pressões regulatórias por ações empresariais de combate às mudanças do clima crescem no Brasil, como também aumentam as exigências dos consumidores. As empresas precisam adotar ações de combate às mudanças climáticas, reduzindo as suas emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE), e, ao mesmo tempo, crescer de forma sustentável. Essa pesquisa buscou entender quais são as ações de combate às mudanças do clima desenvolvidas pelas empresas localizadas no estado brasileiro do Rio Grande do Sul, quarta economia do país. Como ferramenta de análise, quatro variáveis com dimensões e indicadores específicos foram criadas a partir de ampla pesquisa bibliográfica e investigação documental. Os dados de campo foram levantados através de pesquisa do tipo survey, com questionários aplicados, online e presencialmente, a 92 empresas, associadas à Centro das Indústrias do Rio Grande do Sul e à Câmara Americana de Comércio, com atuação em 19 setores econômicos. Os resultados mostram que o percentual de empresas que conhece a sua contribuição às mudanças do clima é baixo e, conseqüentemente, a quantidade de organizações que conhece os riscos e oportunidades impostos pelas mudanças climáticas é bastante reduzida. Exceções acontecem no setor de papel e celulose e no setor de energia, onde a prática de desenvolvimento de inventário de emissões está mais consolidada. Em geral, as empresas ainda estão em estágio inicial do desenvolvimento de uma estratégia climática, efetuando ações de redução de emissões de GEE de baixo custo dentro da própria empresa. Ações de eficiência energética, melhorias no processo operacional e utilização de tecnologias de teleconferências são as mais desenvolvidas. As organizações, em sua maioria, não efetuam ações na sua cadeia produtiva e desconhecem os instrumentos financeiros e atores externos disponíveis para auxiliá-las na implementação de ações de combate às mudanças climáticas. O aumento da competitividade, o acesso aos novos mercados e a valorização da marca são os principais fatores indutores ao desenvolvimento de uma ação de redução de emissões. Concluiu-se também que o nível de maturidade das empresas em relação às questões climáticas varia conforme o setor de atuação e que os setores químico e petroquímico e de papel e celulose são os que apresentam o maior número de empresas desenvolvendo os passos do modelo de estratégia climática apresentado por Hoffman (2006). / Climate Change is causing alteration on economic, social and legal environment. Countries around the world discuss in international forums and also internally how to treat climate change impacts over life conditions of society, ecosystem and economy as a whole. Regulatory pressure that requires business actions to combat climate change grows in Brazil, as well as it increases customers requirements. Companies need to adopt actions to address climate change, reducing their greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, and, at the same time, to improve its business in a sustainable way. This research seeks to understand which business actions to address climate change are developed in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, fourth country’s economy. As an analysis tool, four variables with specific dimensions and indicators were created from a wide range literature review. Data were collected through survey research with questionnaires applied online and in person to 92 firms, associated to the Rio Grande do Sul Center of Industries and American Chamber of Commerce, which operate in 19 economic sectors. The results shows that the percentage of companies which know their contribution to climate change is low and, consequently, the quantity of organizations that knows the risks and opportunities imposed by climate change is quite low. Exceptions occur in .the pulp and paper industry and electricity sector, where emissions inventories practices is more consolidated. In general, firms are in the initial stage of climate strategy development, implementing low-cost actions of GHG emissions reductions inside the company. Energy efficiency, operational improvements and teleconference technology are the most developed actions. Organizations do not develop actions in their supply chain and they do not know financial instruments and external actors available to assist them to implement actions to combat climate change. Increase of competitiveness, access to new markets and branding are the main inducing factor for the development of an emission reduction action. It was also concluded that the companies’ maturity level related to the climate issues varies accordingly the economic sector and that pulp and paper and chemical and petrochemical industries are the sectors that present the highest number of companies developing the steps of the climate strategy model presented by Hoffman (2006).

Local authorities increased interest in climate mitigation policy has in recent years attracted interest from researchers. Compared to local authorities in most other countries, Swedish municipalities enjoy a larger portion of autonomy. This makes them particularly interesting to study from a policy mobility perspective. The aim of this study is to explore how local authorities develop climate policy, the case chosen for this inquiry is Örebro municipality and its climate strategy approved in 2016. By applying the theoretical framework of policy transfer, to some extent, but especially policy mobility the thesis discovers how local authorities develop their climate policy. It also uncovers from where they gather knowledge and inspiration, faced with the global scope of climate issues. The result show that policy mobility provides great explanatory value in understanding the assemblage that is Örebro municipality’s climate strategy. The result, however, also challenges the notion forwarded within the field of policy mobility that the national scale is not very important for local policy development. The study also show that some policy areas are more easily influenced by the global scale, while other areas are more depended on similarities in context between the ‘sending’ and the ‘receiving’ actor, that is Örebro municipality. / Lokala myndigheter har tagit allt större plats i klimatpolitken och även tilldragit sig allt mer uppmärksamhet från forskare. Tidigare har bekämpning av klimatförändringar endast funnits på den globala och nationella nivåns agendor. När fler aktörer kliver in öppnas nya områden upp för studier av olika slag. Inom policymobilitetsfältet har forskare intresserat sig för hur lokala myndigheter formar sin politik, hur policyer färdas från en kontext till en annan och vad den processen gör med policyerna. Jämfört med motsvarande myndighetsnivå i de flesta andra länder har svenska kommuner ett betydligt större mått av självbestämmande. Denna långtgående rådighet gör dem särskilt intress- anta att studera ur ett policymobilitetsperspektiv. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur lokala myndigheter utformar sin klimatpolitik, som fall används Örebro kommuns klimatarbete och då särskilt den klimatstrategi som kommunfullmäktige antog 2016. Genom användningen av teoribildningen kring dels policytransferering men främst policymobilitet studerar uppsatsen hur dessa lokala myndigheter agerar och var de hämtar kunskap och inspiration ifrån när de ställs inför den globalt omfattande frågan om klimat- förändringar. Policymobilitetslitteraturen visar sig bidra med viktiga förklaringsvärden för att förstå den assemblage som Örebro kommuns klimatstrategi utgör. I resultatet fram- går dock att den nationella skalnivån inte förlorat sin betydelse för lokala myndigheters policyutveckling till den grad som tidigare studier inom policymobilitetslitteraturen pekat ut. Den visar också på att policyer inom vissa områden lättare hämtas hem från en global kontext medan det i andra sammanhang ligger närmare till hands att inspireras av andra lokala myndigheter i samma situation och med en liknande kontext som den egna.

<p><p><strong>Level:                           </strong>Master thesis in Business administration with concentration towards Ecological economics</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Title:             </strong>Combating climate change – a case study of Statoil’s climate strategy<strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Problem:       </strong>The world is facing an environmental situation where we no longer can ignore problems like climate change, losses of species and an overall environmental degradation. Many actors have to take their responsibility and do as much as they can for a sustainable development. One crucial actor is the business world. Often, they both have the knowledge and financial power to make a difference. Higher environmental regulations and pressure from stakeholders, such as the Swedish government or the EU, forces companies to consider the environment while doing business. This requires a strategy.<strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Purpose:       </strong>The purpose with the essay is to identify and study Statoil’s climate strategy.  We also want to identify the most important internal and external factors that are affecting the strategy.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Method:       </strong>The thesis is based on a qualitative method made up by two parts, interviews and literature studies. We made one informant interview and two respondent interviews with two environmental executives from Statoil AB.<strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Results:        </strong>Statoil has a mainly pro-active strategy and are very ambiguous in the climate question, although their strategy is highly affected by the surrounding. Developing new technologies, cooperation and profiling are the main parts of their strategy. They are affected by the dominating discourse ecological modernization, as well as by the organizational field. They are in turn affecting the field by their offensive strategy. The customers and the legal framework are the most important external factors of impact. Whereas the corporate group StatoilHydro and financial resources are the most important internal factors. <strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Keywords:    </strong>Climate strategy, environmental strategy, responsible company, greening, ecological modernization</p><p> </p></p><p> </p>

Level:                           Master thesis in Business administration with concentration towards Ecological economics   Title:             Combating climate change – a case study of Statoil’s climate strategy   Problem:       The world is facing an environmental situation where we no longer can ignore problems like climate change, losses of species and an overall environmental degradation. Many actors have to take their responsibility and do as much as they can for a sustainable development. One crucial actor is the business world. Often, they both have the knowledge and financial power to make a difference. Higher environmental regulations and pressure from stakeholders, such as the Swedish government or the EU, forces companies to consider the environment while doing business. This requires a strategy.   Purpose:       The purpose with the essay is to identify and study Statoil’s climate strategy.  We also want to identify the most important internal and external factors that are affecting the strategy.   Method:       The thesis is based on a qualitative method made up by two parts, interviews and literature studies. We made one informant interview and two respondent interviews with two environmental executives from Statoil AB.   Results:        Statoil has a mainly pro-active strategy and are very ambiguous in the climate question, although their strategy is highly affected by the surrounding. Developing new technologies, cooperation and profiling are the main parts of their strategy. They are affected by the dominating discourse ecological modernization, as well as by the organizational field. They are in turn affecting the field by their offensive strategy. The customers and the legal framework are the most important external factors of impact. Whereas the corporate group StatoilHydro and financial resources are the most important internal factors.   Keywords:    Climate strategy, environmental strategy, responsible company, greening, ecological modernization

Uppsatsens syfte är att analysera hur nedskalning av en global vision till en lokal kontext tar sig uttryck i Oslo kommuns klimatstrategi. Valet av Oslo kommuns klimatstrategi som studieobjekt baserades på Oslos samarbete med UN-Habitat samt utnämnandet av Oslo till Europas miljöhuvudstad 2019 och Norges petroleumverksamhet. Dokumentet Klimastrategi mot Oslo 2030 (2020) har analyserats utifrån begreppen Urbanitet och Hållbar övergång samt innebörden med nedskalning av klimatpolitiken och tre förmedlingsmetoder. Uppsatsen förankras i den tidigare forskningen som behandlar Köpenhamn och Stockholm. För att besvara frågeställningarna; vilka åtgärder presenteras som viktigast för att bli en nollutsläppsstad 2030? Hur beskrivs kopplingarna mellan den lokala klimatstrategin och den globala måluppfyllelsen? Vad finns det för kritiska punkter med strategins åtgärder och lösningar? används en kvalitativ analysmetod där empirin och den vetenskapliga förankringen får lika mycket utrymme. Utifrån den avslutande diskussionen framkommer det i slutsatserna att den största åtgärden i klimatstrategin är CCS-anläggningen på Klemetsrud. Även en fossilfri omställning av transportsektorn samt en minskad energianvändning är av vikt för att Oslo ska lyckas bli en nollutsläppsstad till 2030. Det belyses att den lokala utsläppsredovisningen påverkar den globala måluppfyllelsen. De kritiska punkterna i klimatstrategin som identifierats är; oklarhet gällande biobränslets framtida roll, den diffusa målformuleringen i Indirekta utsläpp samt problematiken med att ta efter åtgärder och lösningar från strategin för andra internationella städer. / The purpose of the thesis is to analyze how downscaling of a global climate vision to a local context is expressed in Oslo Muncipality’s climate strategy. The choice of Oslo municipality's climate strategy as a study object was based on Oslo's collaboration with UN-Habitat, the nomination of Oslo as Europe's environmental capital in 2019 and Norway's petroleum operations. The document Klimastrategi mot Oslo 2030 (2020) has been analyzed on the basis of the concepts of Urbanity and Sustainable Transition, as well as the meaning of downsizing climate policy and three communication methods. The thesis is anchored in the previous research that treats Copenhagen and Stockholm. To answer the questions; which measures are presented as most important to become a zero-emission city in 2030? How are the links between the local climate strategy and global goal fulfillment described? What are the critical points of the strategy's measures and solutions? a qualitative analysis method is used where the empirical data and the scientific foundation are given equal space. Based on the concluding discussion, it appears from the conclusions that the largest measure in the climate strategy is the CCS facility at Klemetsrud. A fossil-free restructuring of the transport sector and a reduction in energy use are also important for Oslo to succeed in becoming a zero-emission city by 2030. It is highlighted that local emission accounting affects global target fulfillment. The critical points in the climate strategy that have been identified are; uncertainty regarding the future role of biofuels, the diffuse goal formulation in Indirect Emissions and the problem of following measures and solutions from the strategy for other international cities.