Title: Longitudinal monitoring of anthropometric and physiologic characteristic of the elite sport climber. Work objective: The work objective is monitoring and analyzing of general and the specific physical fitness factors by the world knowing climbers from the longtime aspect. Method: In the process of the longtime monitoring was used the laboratory and the field measuring and testing to reach of the determined objectives. The particular factors of the physical fitness where determined according to aerobic fitness tests (step test to "vita maxima"), power condition tests (handgrip dynamometry, bent arm hang, etc), flexibility test and kinesiology study. To complement, understanding and interpretation of some results were used questionnaire with the opened questions. Results: The elite climber (body mass has been increased from 59,3 kg - age 16,8 years to 62,0 kg - age 19.0 years, body height has been increased from 181,9 cm to 183,4 cm., body fat from 5,3 % to 6,7 %). The climbing performance RP has been increased from climbing difficulty 11+ to 12 UIAA; the results reached at the testing of force abilities (bend arm hang has been increased from 100,0 to 122,0 s; finger hang on 2,5 cm ledge slightly has been decreased from 116,6 s to 111,6 s; relative force of the upper limb, reached at mass,...

This thesis is focused on aspects of mountains activities as a ski touring, hiking and mountaineering. This field of sports are associated with the risk of altitude sickness. The thesis examines key parameters that contribute to the emergence of altitude sickness. The other examinees parameters are weather conditions, influence of high altitude, physical training and physiological manifestations of individual person. The aim of this thesis was find out which sports are the most affected by high altitude sickness. And what are the most common symptoms of altitude sickness. It was based on the literature and questionnaire.

Title: Socioeconomic profile of indoor climbers in Prague Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to determine the number of indoor climbers in Prague and to describe their socioeconomic profile. Methods: The research part of this thesis was divided into two parts in order to fulfill the objectives: 1. The number of indoor climbers was determined on the basis of number of sold entrance tickets in the particular climbing walls. 2. The personal questioning was used in order to create the socioeconomic profile of indoor climbers The research was conducted in six large climbing walls in Prague during five weeks. There were 360 respondents in total. Results: There are 4 115 indoor climbers in Prague. Their characteristic is following. Proportion of men and women is 3 : 1. The majority of indoor climbers (90%) is younger than 40 years. 71% of indoor climbers do also the rock climbing. Only one third (34%) is a member of Czech Mountaineering Federation. 17% of climbers do not do the indoor climbing in summer and the average number of visits per week declines from 1,9 to 1,2 in summer. There are 68% of economically active indoor climbers and the rest 32% are students. In comparison to the average population in Prague the climbers are considered as higher educated and with higher income. However, the level of...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CSO - Rosangela Rosa Praxedes.pdf: 340811 bytes, checksum: 6dbf58c56624b2d73f2d3c63c57b5a8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-03 / The focus of this dissertation was the formation of a specific social group composed by individuals who recognize themselves as black, and who can be said to belong to a black middle class, living and working in the city of Maringá, Paraná. One of the aims of this study is to contribute to the academic production that analyzes the racial relationships in the Brazilian society. When focusing on the black segment of the Brazilian population residing in a mediumsize city like Maringá, we investigate the attributes that are responsible for the segment formation and for its identity, assuming, with that, that such a segment sees itself as a different social group, from the materialistic as well as the symbolic point of view. This dissertation is divided in two chapters. The first chapter contains a bibliographical review and establishes the theoretical reference on color, race and social segment in order to show the theoretical notions we used in our study. The second chapter shows the results we gathered. We used a directed questionnaire in order to gather the information. We also explain the criteria we used to cho ose the interviewees and the significant situations that took place during the interviews, accompanied by the analysis and interpretation of the gathered information. In the final considerations, we sum up the results obtained, which led us to verify the presence of a formation process of a black middle class in the city of Maringá. Despite the racial prejudice, they were able to accomplish an ascending social climbing process. / Esta dissertação foi elaborada tendo em vista a formação de um agrupamento social específico, composto por indivíduos que se reconhecem como negros e podem ser considerados como pertencentes a uma classe média negra que reside e trabalha na cidade de Maringá, Paraná. Entre os objetivos que orientam a realização deste estudo está o de contribuir para a produção acadêmica que analisa as relações raciais na sociedade brasileira. Ao enfocarmos o segmento negro da população brasileira residente em uma cidade de porte médio como Maringá, investigamos os atributos que incidem sobre a formação da classe e de sua identidade, supondose, com isso, que tal segmento concebe-se como grupo social distinto, tanto do ponto de vista material, como do ponto de vista simbólico. Esta dissertação está dividida em dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo contém uma revisão bibliográfica e o estabelecimento do referencial teórico sobre cor, raça e classe social para evidenciação das noções teóricas de classe média e de identidade negra empregada neste estudo. No segundo capítulo serão apresentados os resultados alcançados através da aplicação do questionário aplicado para coleta de informações; serão explicitados os critérios adotados para a escolha dos informantes e as situações significativas ocorridas durante o processo de aplicação dos questionários, acompanhadas da análise e interpretação das informações obtidas. Nas considerações finais são sintetizados os resultados alcançados, que levaram à constatação da ocorrência de um processo de formação de uma classe média composta por indivíduos negros na cidade de Maringá, que, a despeito das discriminações raciais vivenciadas, realizaram um processo de mobilidade social ascendente.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:56:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CSO - Rosangela Rosa Praxedes.pdf: 340811 bytes, checksum: 6dbf58c56624b2d73f2d3c63c57b5a8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-03 / The focus of this dissertation was the formation of a specific social group composed by individuals who recognize themselves as black, and who can be said to belong to a black middle class, living and working in the city of Maringá, Paraná. One of the aims of this study is to contribute to the academic production that analyzes the racial relationships in the Brazilian society. When focusing on the black segment of the Brazilian population residing in a mediumsize city like Maringá, we investigate the attributes that are responsible for the segment formation and for its identity, assuming, with that, that such a segment sees itself as a different social group, from the materialistic as well as the symbolic point of view. This dissertation is divided in two chapters. The first chapter contains a bibliographical review and establishes the theoretical reference on color, race and social segment in order to show the theoretical notions we used in our study. The second chapter shows the results we gathered. We used a directed questionnaire in order to gather the information. We also explain the criteria we used to cho ose the interviewees and the significant situations that took place during the interviews, accompanied by the analysis and interpretation of the gathered information. In the final considerations, we sum up the results obtained, which led us to verify the presence of a formation process of a black middle class in the city of Maringá. Despite the racial prejudice, they were able to accomplish an ascending social climbing process. / Esta dissertação foi elaborada tendo em vista a formação de um agrupamento social específico, composto por indivíduos que se reconhecem como negros e podem ser considerados como pertencentes a uma classe média negra que reside e trabalha na cidade de Maringá, Paraná. Entre os objetivos que orientam a realização deste estudo está o de contribuir para a produção acadêmica que analisa as relações raciais na sociedade brasileira. Ao enfocarmos o segmento negro da população brasileira residente em uma cidade de porte médio como Maringá, investigamos os atributos que incidem sobre a formação da classe e de sua identidade, supondose, com isso, que tal segmento concebe-se como grupo social distinto, tanto do ponto de vista material, como do ponto de vista simbólico. Esta dissertação está dividida em dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo contém uma revisão bibliográfica e o estabelecimento do referencial teórico sobre cor, raça e classe social para evidenciação das noções teóricas de classe média e de identidade negra empregada neste estudo. No segundo capítulo serão apresentados os resultados alcançados através da aplicação do questionário aplicado para coleta de informações; serão explicitados os critérios adotados para a escolha dos informantes e as situações significativas ocorridas durante o processo de aplicação dos questionários, acompanhadas da análise e interpretação das informações obtidas. Nas considerações finais são sintetizados os resultados alcançados, que levaram à constatação da ocorrência de um processo de formação de uma classe média composta por indivíduos negros na cidade de Maringá, que, a despeito das discriminações raciais vivenciadas, realizaram um processo de mobilidade social ascendente.

Toute pratique sportive est dépendante d’un système de règles qui simultanément prescrivent et prohibent. Codifiées, ces règles participent de l’institutionnalisation sportive propre au sport compétitif contemporain. La modalité sportive reposant sur une pratique fédérale, en club, nous intéresse ici. Ce travail de thèse rend compte de la transmission du code du jeu, des représentations sociales des acteurs du sport – pratiquants, entraineurs, arbitres et dirigeants – ainsi que de la gestion de la norme sportive – espaces, durées, règles du jeu – par les institutions référentes. Notre recherche repose sur une approche comparative entre trois sports, distincts par leur degré d’institutionnalisation : le basket-ball, l’escalade et le paintball. Ce travail s’appuie simultanément sur l’usage des observations –séances d’entrainements en club, compétitions –, des entretiens semi-directifs (n = 52) et de la méthode des comparaisons par paires. Il en ressort une perception différenciée de l’application de la règle sportive qui dépend tout autant du niveau d’institutionnalisation – le paintball étant le moins sportifié des trois sports – que des caractéristiques de la pratique (situations sociomotrices ou psychomotrices). La transmission du code du jeu est consubstantielle à une culture en acte de la pratique alors que les représentations sociales se distinguent en fonction de la carrière sportive. La gestion de la norme repose sur des principes différenciés selon le processus de sportification de la pratique. Le basket-ball en club se joue sur un format pérenne et un terrain normalisé, ce qui n’est pas le cas du paintball où de multiples formats de jeu sont encore d’actualité. L’escalade se situe quant à elle dans un entre-deux, sommée de sélectionner une discipline au détriment des autres en vue d’une future olympisation. L’intérêt principal de cette étude réside notamment dans le fait de rendre compte de la socialisation sportive comme inductrice de la réalisation subjective des individus. Cette socialisation s’opère par le biais du rapport à l’institution qu’entretiennent les pratiquants avec la normativité sportive. / Any sport practice is dependent upon sets of rules which simultaneously prescribe and forbid what must or mustn’t be done. These rules are codified, they contribute to the sport institutionalization specific to modern competitive sports. We’ll focus on club-organized practice. This thesis work gives an account of how game codes are passed on, of the social representations of sport’s stakeholders - players, coaches, referees and managers - as well as how its norms – game rules, space, length – are dealt with by the various organizations. Our research is based on a comparative approach between three sports that reflect different levels of institutionalization: basketball, paintball and climbing. This work concurrently builds on the use of observation – i.e. training sessions in clubs, competitions -, semi-structured interviews (n = 52) and the method of pair-wise comparisons. It shows sport rule implementation is perceived differently depending on the level of institutionalization - paintball being the least sportified among the three sports - as much as on the practice characteristics (socio-motor and psycho-motor situations). The passing on of the game’s codes is consubstantial with an actual practice culture whereas social representations can be distinguished by one’s sporting career. Also, the way norms are handled lies on differentiated guidelines depending on the practice’s sportification process. Club basketball playing is performed in a durableformat on a normalized sports ground; this is not the case of paintball for which different game formats are still being explored. As for climbing, its format falls somewhere in-between as it has had to opt in for a specific discipline rather than another with the view of an Olympic status. The particular relevancy of this study lies in the fact that it shows sport socialization can induce the individual’s subjective fulfillment. This socialization operates through the institutional prism of the link the players have with the sport’s normativity. / Toda práctica deportiva depende de un sistema de reglas que prescriben y prohíben al mismo tiempo. Estas reglas están codificadas y forman parte del marco de la institucionalización deportiva propia del deporte de competición contemporáneo. Nos interesan los deportes basados en prácticas federadas, es decir, en clubes. Esta tesis da cuenta de la transmisión de los códigos de juego, de las representaciones sociales de los actores del deporte (practicantes, entrenadores, árbitros, dirigentes) así como de la gestión de la norma deportiva (espacios, duraciones, reglas del juego) por parte de las instituciones de referencia. Nuestra investigación adopta un enfoque basado en la comparación de tres deportes que presentan un grado de institucionalización muy distinto: el baloncesto, la escalada y el paintball. Este trabajo se apoya simultáneamente en el uso de observaciones (sesiones de entrenamiento en clubes, competiciones), entrevistas semi-estructuradas (n = 52) y el método de la comparación por pares. Cabe destacar una percepción diferenciada de la aplicación de la regla deportiva, que depende tanto del nivel de institucionalización (el paintball es la menos deportivizada de las tres disciplinas) como de las características de la práctica (situaciones sociomotrices y psicomotrices). La transmisión de los códigos de juego es consustancial a una cultura activa de la práctica deportiva, mientras que las representaciones sociales se distinguen en función de la carrera deportiva. La gestión de la norma se basa en principios diferenciados que varían según el proceso de deportivización de la práctica. El baloncesto, en club, se juega en un formato perenne y en un terreno normalizado, lo cual no ocurre en el paintball, disciplina en la que varios formatos de juego permanecen en uso. La escalada se sitúa en un punto intermedio, dada la selección necesaria de una disciplina con respecto a otras de cara a un futuro reconocimiento como disciplina olímpica.El principal interés de este estudio recae en el hecho de abordar la socialización deportiva como motor de la realización subjetiva de los individuos. Esta socialización se manifiesta a través de la relación que los practicantes mantienen con la institución y con la normalización deportiva.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi identificar os principais fatores abióticos e bióticos correlacionados com a distribuição da abundância e riqueza de hemiepífitos primários, secundários e lianas rizo-escandentes, sinúsias que carecem de estudos, em um gradiente altitudinal na Floresta Atlântica sul-brasileira. Alocamos 15 unidades amostrais no total (de 400 m2 cada), distribuídas nas porções inferior (200 - 250 m a.n.m.), média (380 - 430 m) e superior (670 - 720 m) de um gradiente altitudinal no nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Amostramos em cada parcela a abundância de cada espécie, a porcentagem de árvores colonizadas por cada sinúsia e as seguintes variáveis explanatórias: abertura do dossel, composição do solo e densidade de árvores com DAP ≥ 5 e 20 cm; e para cada cota altitudinal, a temperatura e precipitação média anual. Utilizamos modelos lineares generalizados para analisar a influência das variáveis na abundância das sinúsias. Encontramos que as variáveis climáticas (precipitação e temperatura) foram as principais variáveis explanatórias relacionadas com variação na abundância e riqueza das três sinúsias analisadas. As distintas formas de vida apresentaram diferenças na intensidade da resposta às variáveis. Foi registrado um aumento de quatro vezes na abundância de hemiepífitos secundários e de praticamente duas vezes para lianas rizo-escandentes, entre a porção inferior e a superior do gradiente, correlacionando-se positivamente com o aumento da precipitação e umidade. A riqueza total de espécies apresentou um decréscimo na porção superior do gradiente, que foi correlacionado ao decréscimo da temperatura. Os resultados encontrados corroboram trabalhos anteriores, com outros grupos vegetais e animais, que afirmam que as variáveis climáticas são as preditoras de primeira ordem da distribuição das espécies e reforçam a necessidade de se analisar distintas formas de vida, pois estas tendem a responder de modo distinto aos fatores ambientais. / The main aim of this study was to analyze the major abiotic and biotic factors correlated with distribution, abundance and richness of primary and secondary hemiepiphytes and root-climbing lianas along an altitudinal gradient of the South Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Fifteen 400-m² square sample plots within three altitudinal levels at the slope of Serra Geral in north-eastern Rio Grande do Sul were defined. Abundance of all species, the percentage of host trees colonized by each synusia, and explanatory variables canopy openness, soil composition and tree density with DBH ≥ 5 and ≥ 20 cm were recorded for each sample plot. Mean annual air temperature and rainfall were recorded for each altitudinal level. Climatic variables (precipitation and temperature) were the main explanatory variables related with the variation in abundance and richness in the three synusiae studied. The three life forms showed different intensities in their response to these variables. The abundance of secondary hemiepiphytes increased up to four times from the lower to upper altitudinal levels, while root-climbing lianas increased almost twice in the same direction, following an increase in precipitation and humidity. Total species richness decreased toward the upper level of the gradient correlated with lower temperatures and colder winter months. Our results corroborate previous studies on other taxonomic groups, which indicate that climatic variables are first-order predictors for species distribution and reinforce the importance to study different life forms, because these may respond in distinct ways to environment factors.

Considerando a necessidade de antipsicóticos mais seguros e eficazes, uma série de derivados N-fenilpiperazínicos funcionalizados e N-benziltiazolidínicos foi planejada e sintetizada pelo Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio-UFRJ) (LASSBio-1412, LASSBio-1413, LASSBio-1414, LASSBio-1415 e LASSBio-1422) e pelo Grupo de Pesquisa em Inovação Terapêutica (GPIT-UFPe) (FPY-1, FPY-2, FPY-3, FPY-5, FPY-6, FPT-1, FPT-2, FPT-4, FPW-1), respectivamente. Objetivos: selecionar os derivados com potencial atividade antipsicótica através do ensaio de climbing induzido por apomorfina, um modelo preditivo de sintomas positivos da esquizofrenia. Avaliar a ocorrência de efeitos motores e neurotoxicidade por catatonia e rota-rod. Avaliar possíveis efeitos adversos por locomoção e tempo de sono barbitúrico. Verificar o perfil de afinidade a receptores através de ensaios de binding. Métodos: para os ensaios de binding foram utilizados cérebros de ratos Wistar para os receptores D2-like, 5-HT1A e 5-HT2A e fígado de coelho e rato para os receptores α1A e α1B. Camundongos CF1 machos foram utilizados para os testes in vivo. As substâncias foram testadas no modelo de climbing induzido por apomorfina e apenas às substâncias capazes de inibir climbing foi dado continuidade ao estudo. Resultados: LASSBio-1412, LASSBio-1413, LASSBio-1422, FPT-2, FPT-4 e FPY-3 inibiram climbing, sem induzir sinais de catatonia, comprometimento motor, alteração do comportamento exploratório e efeito hipnótico-sedativo. Um estudo dose-resposta (0,5 - 30 mg/kg, v.o.) dessas substâncias indicou LASSBio-1412 como o composto mais potente in vivo. In vitro, observou-se que os derivados N-fenilpiperazínicos possuem uma moderada afinidade pelos receptores estudados, demonstrando um perfil de ligação multirreceptor; semelhante aos antipsicóticos atípicos. Por outro lado, os derivados N-benziltiazolidínicos possuem baixa afinidade por esses receptores, sugerindo um mecanismo de ação diferente. Conclusão: Essas moléculas podem representar protótipos promissores para o desenvolvimento de novos antipsicóticos. / Considering that more effective and safer drugs to treat schizophrenia are still needed a series of functionalized N-phenylpiperazines and N-benziltiazolidines derivatives were planned and synthesized by Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas Group (LASSBio/UFRJ): (LASSBio-1412, LASSBio-1413, LASSBio-1414, LASSBio-1415 and LASSBio-1422), and Núcleo de Pesquisa em Inovação Terapêutica Group/UFPE: (FPY-1, FPY-2, FPY-3, FPY-5, FPY-6, FPT-1, FPT-2, FPT-4, FPW-1), respectively. The aim of this study was to search the derivatives with potential antipsychotic activity through apomorphine-induced climbing test and binding receptor assaying as well as to evaluate their potential extrapyramidal sideeffects and neurotoxicity by catatonia and rota-rod tests. Adverse effects were also evaluated by open-field test and barbiturate sleeping time. Methods: Binding assays to D2-like, 5-HT1A, and 5-HT2A receptors were performed in brain rat regions and binding to α1A and α1B receptors were performed in rabbit and rat liver, respectively. All compounds were initially tested by mice apomorphine-induced climbing and only those able to inhibit climbing were selected to further studies. Results: LASSBio- 1412, LASSBio-1413, LASSBio-1422, FPT-2, FPT-4 and FPY-3 inhibited climbing without inducing catatonic behavior, general motor impairment, exploratory behavior alterations or hypnotic-sedative effect. A dose-responde study pointed LASSBio- 1412 as the most potent compound in vivo. In vitro, the N-fenilpiperazines derivatives demonstrated a moderate affinity to the studied receptors, demonstrating a multireceptor profile characteristic of atypical antipsychotics. In a different way, the Nbenziltizolidines derivatives have a low affinity to these receptors, suggesting that these compounds could be acting through a different action mechanism. Conclusion: These compounds are promising molecules to antipsychotics development.

<p>This work investigates into the semantic domain of evidentiality and its grammatical expression in Spanish. A model for describing the evidentiality domain is outlined, which emphasises the scalar nature of the proposed parameters: information source (subject-internal ↔ external), access to information (exclusive ↔ universal) and mode of access (sensory ↔ cognitive), all of which are construed as bipolar continua. Support is also provided for the relevance of using the notions of deixis and perspective in describing evidentiality.</p><p>The prevailing view in current research is that of evidentiality being a grammatical category to be analysed separately from other evidential strategies. The present study challenges this view as it attempts to broaden the perspective on how evidential meanings, expressed by various grammatical means, fit into an overall picture of human cognition and communication patterns. The theoretical framework adopted is that of Cognitive Grammar, which, it is argued, is particularly suited for investigating evidentiality, in particular due to the central role given to perspective, metaphor and category fuzziness in describing grammar and grammatical structures.</p><p>Four articles constitute the body of this work, in which four different prototypical aspects of the encoding of evidentiality into grammatical devices in Spanish are addressed. In the first, the marking of common knowledge in consecutive connectives is argued to depend on a perspective shift; the second proposes the evidential values of tense morphemes to be their core meaning, time deixis being an inference; in the third and the forth it is claimed that the evidential and modal effects of both subject-raising and clitic climbing are determined through the attribution of varying degrees of prominence to the relational participants.</p>

This work investigates into the semantic domain of evidentiality and its grammatical expression in Spanish. A model for describing the evidentiality domain is outlined, which emphasises the scalar nature of the proposed parameters: information source (subject-internal ↔ external), access to information (exclusive ↔ universal) and mode of access (sensory ↔ cognitive), all of which are construed as bipolar continua. Support is also provided for the relevance of using the notions of deixis and perspective in describing evidentiality. The prevailing view in current research is that of evidentiality being a grammatical category to be analysed separately from other evidential strategies. The present study challenges this view as it attempts to broaden the perspective on how evidential meanings, expressed by various grammatical means, fit into an overall picture of human cognition and communication patterns. The theoretical framework adopted is that of Cognitive Grammar, which, it is argued, is particularly suited for investigating evidentiality, in particular due to the central role given to perspective, metaphor and category fuzziness in describing grammar and grammatical structures. Four articles constitute the body of this work, in which four different prototypical aspects of the encoding of evidentiality into grammatical devices in Spanish are addressed. In the first, the marking of common knowledge in consecutive connectives is argued to depend on a perspective shift; the second proposes the evidential values of tense morphemes to be their core meaning, time deixis being an inference; in the third and the forth it is claimed that the evidential and modal effects of both subject-raising and clitic climbing are determined through the attribution of varying degrees of prominence to the relational participants.