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Les corps de direction de l’administration pénitentiaire, à l’instar des cadres de la fonction publique, connaissent un processus remarquable de féminisation. Bien que nombreuses - les directrices représentent environ 45% de l’encadrement - et très diplômées, elles restent rares à occuper des postes à hautes responsabilités et sont, au contraire, surreprésentées dans des activités de cadre intermédiaire. En ce sens, les directeurs pénitentiaires ne font pas figure d’exception dans les professions de l’encadrement de la fonction publique ou du secteur privé. Qu’il s’agisse des Directeurs des Services Pénitentiaires ou des Directeurs Pénitentiaires d’Insertion et de Probation, leurs parcours restent en conformité avec les rôles de sexes attribués aux hommes et aux femmes. Ces dernières, prioritairement assignées à la sphère familiale tentent de concilier au mieux carrière et vie privée tandis que les directeurs, dans les pas de leurs prédécesseurs, perpétuent le triptyque au fondement de leur identité professionnelle : autorité, mobilité, disponibilité. A l’appui d’une analyse quantitative exhaustive et d’une enquête par entretiens menée auprès de 22 personnels de direction, nous observons l’existence d’un plafond de verre et une distribution genrée des emplois, résultant de freins organisationnels et de représentations sexuées d’une fonction considérée encore comme masculine. Les différentes réformes qu’a connues l’administration pénitentiaire, visant à moderniser cette institution, ont introduit néanmoins des changements dans la manière d’exercer la fonction et ont probablement favorisé la féminisation du métier. Pour autant, ces avancées apparaissent encore trop ténues et récentes pour remettre en question les schémas d’une division sexuelle du travail séculaire et déverrouiller tous les accès à l’égalité professionnelle pour les femmes. La persistance des stéréotypes, réactivée par une mixité essentialisée, reste un obstacle majeur d’autant que la féminisation des corps de direction provoque des inquiétudes, et des résistances, plus ou moins visibles. / The management corps of prison administration, like public service management, is experiencing a remarkable process of feminization. Although numerous, female directors represent 45% of the managers and very qualified, they rarely hold high responsibility positions and are on the contrary over represented as middle managers. In this sense, prison authority directors are not an exception in public service administration or private sector management. Whether penitentiary service directors or integration and probation directors, their backgrounds are in accordance with the gender roles attributed to men and women. The later (women), primarily assigned to the family sphere, try to best conciliate career and private life whereas male managers following in the footsteps of their predecessors, perpetuate the three foundations of professional identity: authority, mobility, availability. In support of a comprehensive quantitative analysis and interviews conducted with 22 managers, we observe a glass of ceiling and gender distribution of jobs, resulting from organization brakes and gender representations for functions still considered as masculine. The various reforms experienced by the prison administration to modernize this institution, have nevertheless introduced changes in how to exercise the function and probably favored the feminization of the profession. However, these advances still appear too tenuous and recent to challenge the patterns of sexual division of labor unlock all access to equal opportunities for women. The persistence of stereotypes, reactivated by an essentialized mix, remains a major obstacle, especially as the feminization of the management profession causes concern and resistance, more or less visible.

本研究最主要的目的，在探討高中男女合班與分班，其實際的領導角色、 理想的領導角色、與對領導角色的性別刻板印象三者之間的關係。藉以了 解高中男女合分班對學生選擇領導角色的影響。本研究採問卷調查法，樣 本包括北一女中、復興高中、崇光女中、建國中學、內湖高中、及人高中 、師大附中、松山高中、大誠高中與景文高中等十所學校的十二個班級。 研究工具選用「知人測驗」及「語義分析測驗」。前者總體Cronbach a 係數為 .89，後者總體Cronbach a 係數為 .68。本研究的主要發現如下 ： 1.從性別刻板印象方面，高中生對班長、風紀股長、康樂股長三種領 導角色，具有偏向男性的刻板印象；對副班長、學藝股長、衛生股長三種 領導角色，具有偏向女性的刻板印象。而依背景不同，得到差異情形如下 ： (1).男女合班與分班之間，在副班長、學藝股長、衛生股長三種領導 角色，以及公道正義、服飾整潔兩項領導特質上，有顯著差異。 (2).男 生與女生之間，在六種本研究所列舉的領導角色上，全部達顯著差異，在 十八項重要領導特質中，有十六項達顯著差異。 (3).公立與私立學校之 間，在班長這一種領導角色上，以及察納雅言、品學兼優、善於交涉、常 識豐富、才藝表演五項領導特質上，有顯著差異。 2.從性別分配方面 ，6 個男女合班的36個領導角色，理想人選的性別為男生出現21次，女生 出現15次，兩性出現次數的差異，經過校正後的卡方考驗，達顯著差異 (df=1, x =10.80**, x .99(1) =6.63)；至於實際人選的性別，則為男生 出現23次，女生出現13次，經校正後的卡方考驗，未達顯著差異 (df=1, x =3.38, x .95(1)=3.84)。綜合本研究的其他發現，高中生在選擇理想 領導角色時，因背景不同，所著重的領導特質也有不同之處。對領導角色 的性別刻板印象，則以性別因素造成的差異，多於男女合分班的因素，再 次為公私立學校因素；對領導特質的性別刻板印象，仍以性別因素造成的 差異，多於公私立學校因素，再次則為男女合分班因素。一般而言，男女 分班學生比男女合班學生，有更強的性別刻板印象。在男女合班的領導角 色方面，學生心目中的理想人選，男生人數多於女生人數，且達顯著差異 ；而實際擔任幹部的人選，也是男生人數多於女生人數，但是差異不達顯 著。雖然反對男女合班者的論點，認為性別刻板印象的作用，在男女合班 中會被強化，並限制女生領導能力的發展。在本研究中並未發現此一現象 。

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:35:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos1.pdf: 2563107 bytes, checksum: 53ab5179d37af81664875b6ec0f19152 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Para dar visibilidade à co-educação, cultura escolar e seus limites no Ginásio Barão de Antonina, este estudo optou por analisar as normas e práticas escolares, como as disciplinas, regimentos, leis, decretos, desfiles cívicos, tudo o que foi produzido e reproduzido por aquela instituição de ensino, para entender os saberes e habilidades escolares. Trata-se de uma instituição privada de ensino secundário, localizado em Mafra, ao norte do Estado de Santa Catarina, mantida por uma associação privada e laica chamada Associação Mafrense de Ensino, mantenedora do Ginásio. Este fez parte, na primeira metade do século XX, da fase de crescimento de instituições de ensino secundário no território catarinense e foi um dos poucos a oferecer um ensino co-educativo. Ofereceu, naquele período, para o gênero masculino:internato e externato; e para o gênero feminino, apenas o externato. O foco desta pesquisa está centrado no período compreendido entre os anos de 1942 e 1952. Através da categoria Cultura Escolar, tentou-se compreender: a interpretação do ensino co-educativo na Lei Orgânica do Ensino Secundário nacional de 1942 e as possíveis implicações da lei no currículo do Ginásio; o tratamento dado pela Associação Mafrense de Ensino àquele tipo de educação; as divergências entre os educadores do período sobre aquele tema; as disciplinas escolares oferecidas, como a Educação Física, Trabalhos Manuais e Economia Doméstica, que eram diferenciadas por gênero, e as outras disciplinas escolares da grade curricular, comuns aos gêneros; a co-educação e a formação de habilidades através dos limites físicos, normas, regulamentos, uniformes, exercícios, exames, certificação, atividades cívicas e extracurriculares. Além disso, procurou-se distinguir os limites e as formas diferenciadas do ensino co-educativo, atestadas pelas famílias e concretizadas no Ginásio e compreender as relações sociais, no processo de incorporação da cultura escolar, nos mais variados espaços do educandário. Como única instituição de ensino da região norte de Santa Catarina e sul do Paraná, o Ginásio Barão de Antonina, através de um conjunto de saberes e habilidades, funcionou como normalizadora dos anseios dos grupos sociais que o frequentavam. Através das disciplinas e práticas escolares, imprimiu nos alunos e alunas um conjunto de habilidades que teve por fim a formação co-educativa desigual. A co-educação funcionou como um verniz, pois era utilizada no Ginásio para adequação do número de matrículas em cada série e não como um ensino verdadeiramente co-educativo. O currículo, através dos saberes e das práticas escolares, objetivava a formação de homens patrióticos, que tinham como função social futura a direção de seus negócios, de suas carreiras públicas e privadas; e de mulheres capacitadas para realizar com dedicação a função de esposas e mães e dar apoio às aspirações profissionais ou políticas de seus futuros maridos / Para dar visibilidade à co-educação, cultura escolar e seus limites no Ginásio Barão de Antonina, este estudo optou por analisar as normas e práticas escolares, como as disciplinas, regimentos, leis, decretos, desfiles cívicos, tudo o que foi produzido e reproduzido por aquela instituição de ensino, para entender os saberes e habilidades escolares. Trata-se de uma instituição privada de ensino secundário, localizado em Mafra, ao norte do Estado de Santa Catarina, mantida por uma associação privada e laica chamada Associação Mafrense de Ensino, mantenedora do Ginásio. Este fez parte, na primeira metade do século XX, da fase de crescimento de instituições de ensino secundário no território catarinense e foi um dos poucos a oferecer um ensino co-educativo. Ofereceu, naquele período, para o gênero masculino: internato e externato; e para o gênero feminino, apenas o externato. O foco desta pesquisa está centrado no período compreendido entre os anos de 1942 e 1952. Através da categoria Cultura Escolar, tentou-se compreender: a interpretação do ensino co-educativo na Lei Orgânica do Ensino Secundário nacional de 1942 e as possíveis implicações da lei no currículo do Ginásio; o tratamento dado pela Associação Mafrense de Ensino àquele tipo de educação; as divergências entre os educadores do período sobre aquele tema; as disciplinas escolares oferecidas, como a Educação Física, Trabalhos Manuais e Economia Doméstica, que eram diferenciadas por gênero, e as outras disciplinas escolares da grade curricular, comuns aos gêneros; a co-educação e a formação de habilidades através dos limites físicos, normas, regulamentos, uniformes, exercícios, exames, certificação, atividades cívicas e extracurriculares. Além disso, procurou-se distinguir os limites e as formas diferenciadas do ensino co-educativo, atestadas pelas famílias e concretizadas no Ginásio e compreender as relações sociais, no processo de incorporação da cultura escolar, nos mais variados espaços do educandário. Como única instituição de ensino da região norte de Santa Catarina e sul do Paraná, o Ginásio Barão de Antonina, através de um conjunto de saberes e habilidades, funcionou como normalizadora dos anseios dos grupos sociais que o frequentavam. Através das disciplinas e práticas escolares, imprimiu nos alunos e alunas um conjunto de habilidades que teve por fim a formação co-educativa desigual. A co-educação funcionou como um verniz, pois era utilizada no Ginásio para adequação do número de matrículas em cada série e não como um ensino verdadeiramente co-educativo. O currículo, através dos saberes e das práticas escolares, objetivava a formação de homens patrióticos, que tinham como função social futura a direção de seus negócios, de suas carreiras públicas e privadas; e de mulheres capacitadas para realizar com dedicação a função de esposas e mães e dar apoio às aspirações profissionais ou políticas de seus futuros maridos

Inscrite dans le champ de l'éducation familiale, cette thèse prend appui sur l'histoire de la petite enfance en France, pour en tirer des enseignements sur les organisations et les acteurs, parents et professionnels. Sa perspective est de tracer des pistes d'amélioration du secteur de l'accueil et de l'éducation des jeunes enfants.Par une recherche documentaire, l'approche sociohistorique permet de rapprocher et d'articuler les contextes démographiques et les faits sociaux marquants des différentes époques, depuis le XVIIe siècle, offrant ainsi une continuité aux récits : de la sauvegarde des enfants abandonnés jusqu'aux crèches hygiénistes du XIXe siècle, de l'allaitement mercenaire généralisé au XVIIIe siècle à la diversification des modèles familiaux du siècle dernier, du "sentiment de l'enfance" aux droits de l'enfant devenu "sujet". L'analyse des développements historiques fait émerger une logique dans la construction qualitative des organisations : les initiatives privées sont pérennisées et contrôlées par les autorités publiques, des normes de fonctionnement sont établies sur la base de consensus sociaux.L'histoire révèle aussi les marques des idéologies du passé, chez les professionnels de la petite enfance : sauvegarde charitable, hygiénisme. Enfin, les difficultés des parents de jeunes enfants paraissent récurrentes : isolement, pertes de repères éducatifs. Une expérience de réflexion collective autour de la qualité, d'une part, et une recherche-action locale sur la question de la parentalité, d'autre part, viennent confirmer les enseignements de l'histoire. Dans un contexte actuel qualifié de "managérial", la thèse établit des perspectives d'amélioration qualitative et de soutien à la fonction parentale : démarches curriculaires et participatives, organisation d'espaces de coéducation, comme les Lieux d'Accueil Enfants Parents et autres lieux d'information. / This doctoral thesis, situated in the field of family education, is based on the history of early childhood in France, in order to learn a lesson about the organizations and the protagonists, whether they are parents or professionals. The standpoint of this thesis is to pave the way for improvements in the host sector and in the sector of the education of young children.The sociohistorical approach, by means of a document research, makes it possible to compare and to connect the demographic contexts and the outstanding social facts during the different periods, since the 17th century. Thus this approach offers a continuity for the tales : from the safeguarding of the abandoned children to the hygienist child-care centers of the 19th century, from the paid breast-feeding - which was in general use during the 18th century – to the diversification of the family models during the 20th century, from the « feeling of childhood » to the rights of the child, regarded as a « subject ». The analysis of the historical developments shows a logic in the qualitative construction of the organizations : the private initiatives are perpetuated and controlled by the public authorities, functioning standards - based on social consensus - are promulgated. History also reveals the marks of the former ideologies, among the early childhood professionals : charity safeguarding, hygienism. Finally, the difficulties experienced by young children’s parents seem to be recurrent : isolation, loss of educational benchmarks. An experience of collective thought dedicated to quality, on the one hand, and a local research orientated towards action on the question of parenting, on the other hand, confirm the lessons of history. In a present context that may be described as « managerial », this thesis introduces standpoints for qualitative improvement and for support to the parental function : approaches aiming at a curriculum and participating approaches, organization of spaces making co-education possible – such as the spaces dedicated to host children and parents, and other spaces of information.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:47:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIVINA DE FATIMA DOS SANTOS.pdf: 1549718 bytes, checksum: 53bc0e887521a0d04b8b43bef68c9fce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-21 / The dissertation is a study about the content of letters used as a means of communication between the elderly and children, analyzing the type of interaction experienced between them and identifying the meanings of this exchange. This is a qualitative study based on interviews with elderly and on data collected from letters written by students of adult education (Education for Youths and Adults) with ages ranging from 18 to 72 years in literacy process and the regular education children aged between 8 and 10 years who attended one of the units of the network SESI-SP - Social Service Industry of São Paulo. The exchange of letters between these students occurred during the years 2008 and 2009. The matters covered in the letters started several discussions, and to facilitate understanding, in this study they are presented in the form of topics such as religion, dreams, the right words, the world of work and retirement, the otherness, the pictographic communication, the communication by symbols and the exchange of glances, all equally compelling, because they caused reflections by both the children and the elderly. The analysis of the data makes it possible to determine the characteristics of the subjects involved and indicates that the exchange of letters promotes interaction among students, as well as the process of changing attitudes and building ethical values that are very important in school, family and social life of both the elderly and the participating children. The changes through these experiences can provide or facilitate a healthier coexistence between different generations within the school and the various social spaces of everyday life. These findings indicate the importance of interdisciplinary studies with focus on the question of the relationship between generations / A dissertação constitui-se num estudo sobre o conteúdo de cartas, utilizadas como forma de comunicação entre idosos e crianças, visando verificar a forma de interação vivenciada entre eles e a identificar os significados desta troca. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa baseada em entrevistas com idosos e nos dados coletados das cartas escritas por estudantes do curso da EJA (Educação de Jovens e Adultos) com idades variando entre 18 e 72 anos em fase de alfabetização e pelas crianças do ensino regular com idades entre 8 e 10 anos que frequentam uma das unidades da rede SESI-SP - Serviço Social da Indústria de São Paulo. A troca de cartas entre os estudantes ocorreu no período de 2008 e 2009. Os assuntos abordados nas cartas deram abertura para inúmeras discussões, e para facilitar a compreensão, neste estudo elas apresentam-se na forma de temas como: religiosidade, sonhos, as palavras certas, o mundo do trabalho e a aposentadoria, a alteridade, a comunicação pictográfica e por símbolos e a troca de olhares, todos igualmente envolventes, pois provocaram reflexões tanto por parte das crianças quanto por parte dos idosos. A análise dos dados, além de permitir a caracterização dos sujeitos envolvidos, aponta que a troca de cartas promove a interação dos estudantes e favorece o processo de mudança de atitudes e de construção de valores éticos importantes na vida escolar, familiar e social tanto dos idosos quanto das crianças participantes. As alterações ocorridas por meio dessas vivências podem propiciar ou facilitar um convívio mais saudável entre diferentes gerações no âmbito da escola e nos mais diferentes espaços sociais da vida cotidiana. Estas constatações indicam a importância de estudos interdisciplinares com foco na questão da intergeracionalidade

For almost 200 years the University College of Physical Education and Sports in Stockholm (former Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics; GCI later GIH; Stockholm College of Physical Education and Sports) has been educating PE teachers - and still does. In the very beginning and throughout the first 100 years, gymnastics was a major part of the studies at the institute, and also in ordinary schools. Early gymnastics were invented by Per Henrik Ling, the father of the Swedish Ling gymnastics, and later developed by his son, Hjalmar Ling. The part of the Ling system called pedagogical gymnastics, consisted of “daily gymnastic training exercises”, which showed how gymnastics should be taught and performed. The aim of this thesis is to follow and describe gymnastics as a subject and its development at the PE teacher-training programme at GCI/GIH. Special attention is placed on the movement part without apparatus (the floor exercise) for male and female students. The time period studied is 1944 to 1992. The thesis consists of two separate empirical studies, with a shared interview study of 12 former teacher educators participating in both studies. Besides the above-mentioned interviews, the methods used are document analyses and visual analyses. Triangulation is used in order to follow the changes of the subject’s content, figuration and representation. The first empirical study investigates the institution of gymnastics’- collective memory, its content and legitimacy. This is done by looking at what time was allotted to the subject in relation to other subjects, and also which concepts were used in relation to floor exercise. The interviews deal with the objectives of the subject and what kind of influences the former teacher educators came in contact with. From a semiotic approach, the second study deals with visual analyses of film sequences, with floor exercises performed by male and female students. (See enclosed CD). The film material comes from the Institute’s events. The content and composition of the film sequences are analysed, and the representation of the movements is interpreted by semiotic discourse analyses. The interview study deals with the former teacher educators’ pedagogical view of the formation of the gymnastics. The results show that in 1944 the subject gymnastics took approximately 40% of the total study time. In 1992 the time allocated for gymnastics has been reduced to approximately 9%. From the 1940s to the 1970s, two separate gymnastics discourses existed, one male and one female, expressed in the movement content and in the figuration of movements. The male discourse was maintained almost intact, without any changes. The female discourse, on the other hand, was continually changed and developed over the actual period of time, strongly influenced by rhythmic and dance. When coeducation was implemented in the late 1970s, a new culture of body movements was developed – which was unisex. Between 1949 and1970 in the film material, the masculine discourse was represented by the body image of a systematically trained and disciplined body, executing corrective gymnastics exercises, according to an instrumental way of looking at physical training. The smooth, healthy looking young body image of a woman, executing rhythmical aesthetical gymnastics, according to existing values, characterised the feminine discourse. There seems to have been aesthetics fostering rationality that ruled the female gymnastics. In 1985 the representation of the body image changed, and focus on the performance of the movements disappeared. The objectives of the subject have changed from the collective, corrective and/or aesthetical form of gymnastics to a gymnastic discourse where the attention of simplifying the movements, the individual and the social climate in the group are central. Finally, the findings show that four factors have influenced the changes and development of the subject and the teacher-training programme. Firstly, changes in society in terms of equality, gender roles and a changed role of the PE teacher. Secondly, the impact of the sport discourse outweighed the status of the gymnastics discourse and its legitimacy. The cultivating values, in terms of the aesthetical schooling for the female students, disappeared. Thirdly, the striving for research-related instructions in the teachertraining programme, (urged by the state from 1977) affected both time allotments for gymnastics and sports and the relation between theoretical and practical courses. Finally, over the years, the subject gymnastics has been strongly influenced by different scientific discourses: first the medical discourse, followed by the physiological discourse and from the1980s and on, by the social scientific (pedagogical) discourse.