The theoretical part of the dissertation focuses on the describtion of the modern trends in the development of the organizational structure of the company and specific evolutionary phases of the entrepreneurial subject. The practical part is based on the application of the skills obtained in the theoretical part on the particular entrepreneurial subject, the ASECCO company.

Co-operation between states is a necessity to be able to handle environmental issues in the Baltic Sea area, since these are transboundary problems. Two organisations that deal with environmental issues in this region are HELCOM and Baltic 21. The aim has been to study how the problem of pollution from diffuse land-based sources, especially agriculture, has been dealt with through these organisations, to look upon the roles of and the relationship between HELCOM and Baltic 21 and to study the possibilities and the difficulties in the practical co-operation. The study holds a Swedish perspective, as Swedish representatives with connections to the HELCOM and Baltic 21 processes have been interviewed. The analysis shows that the EU is becoming increasingly important as an actor in the Baltic Sea co-operation, which makes the future roles of HELCOM and Baltic 21 uncertain. Concerning the difficulties of the work, aspects mentioned were cultural differences, group problems and lack of resources. To improve the work some proposals made by the interviewees were to use the experiences from different projects and to increase the resources.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karine Daiane Zingler.pdf: 1827664 bytes, checksum: e0d64d10b0ea53b077f1966b0b83a73f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-18 / CAPES / This thesis aims to analyse how Brazil has placed on its agenda the politics of science, technology and innovation in a systemic and interactive approach. Here it is used the theoretical approach of national innovation systems, in Aalborg tradition, which emphasizes: systemic policies conducted by the Nation-State, learning processes arising from interactions between agents, and is guided in idiosyncratic capacity learning to the different nations. This approach has found space to develop theoretically and empirically in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), from 1980/90 decades, which is currently research reference on the subject. In this thesis, it is demonstrated how Brazil, over its process of economic development based on industrialization, from 1930 to 2000, has excluded policies that emphasize the interaction among agents in a national system of science, technology, innovation and learning, what is beyond the guidelines provided by the OECD. It is also evaluated the current plans, which attempt to engage with the guidelines of this international organization / Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar como o Brasil tem colocado em sua agenda as políticas de ciência, tecnologia e inovação em uma abordagem sistêmica e interativa. Utiliza-se da abordagem teórica de sistemas nacionais de inovação, na tradição de Aalborg, a qual ressalta: políticas sistêmicas conduzidas pelo Estado-Nação, processos de aprendizagem advindos de interações entre agentes, e é pautado em capacidades de aprendizagem idiossincráticas às diferentes nações. Esta abordagem encontrou espaço para se desenvolver teórica e empiricamente na Organização de Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE), a partir das décadas de 1980/90, que atualmente é referência de pesquisa no tema. Nesta dissertação, demonstra-se como o Brasil, ao longo de seu processo de desenvolvimento econômico baseado na industrialização, 1930 a 2000, tem deixado de lado políticas que priorizam a interação entre agentes em um sistema nacional de ciência, tecnologia, inovação e aprendizagem, o que foge das orientações fornecidas pela OCDE. Também se avalia os atuais planos, os quais tentam se engajar com as orientações de tal organismo internacional

A Cooperação Jurídica Internacional não é um fenômeno completamente novo para o mundo do Direito, mas o crescente desenvolvimento das relações entre pessoas, bens e capitais situados em territórios sob jurisdições diferentes, provoca a necessidade de revisão de conceitos já parcialmente ultrapassados do Direito Internacional Público e Direito Internacional Privado. Neste contexto histórico, onde deve prevalecer a agilidade nas comunicações e na circulação também dos produtos jurídicos, sem perder de vista o respeito às particularidades de cada Estado e de seu ordenamento jurídico, surge questão especialmente nova da Cooperação Jurídica Internacional Vertical, aquela mantida entre Estados, por intermédio de seus juízes, órgãos de persecução e Tribunais domésticos, com Tribunais Internacionais e seus órgãos de persecução. O Direito Internacional Público fornece os instrumentos necessários e suficientes para a manutenção dessas relações jurídicas entre Estados e Tribunais Internacionais, inclusive no Brasil, cujas leis e Constituição reconhecem a importância da Justiça Internacional. / International Legal Co-operation is not an entirely new phenomenon to the world of Law, but the increasing development of relations between people, goods and assets located within territories under different jurisdictions, gives rise to revision of concepts already partly outdated, in the realms of International Law and Conflict of Laws. As a part of such historical context, in which should prevail the agility of communications, and also the circulation of legal products, without losing sight of the respect for the particularities of each state and its legal system, arises the especially new question of Vertical International Legal Co-operation, that maintained between National States, through its judges, prosecuting bodies and domestic courts; with International Tribunals and their organs of persecution. International Law provides for the necessary and sufficient tools for the maintenance of these legal relations between States and International Courts, even with Brazil, whose laws and Constitution recognize the importance of International Justice.

Abstract The present longitudinal follow-up study had two main goals. Firstly, this study aimed to describe aspects of maternal interactive/communicative behaviour that could be considered constitutive in sensitive responsiveness. Secondly and most importantly, it aimed to find predictive relations between characteristics of mother-infant interaction around the onset of infant intentional communication and subsequent child communicative and linguistic development. The participants were 27 Finnish-speaking mothers and their healthy first-born infants. Analyses of the amount and types of maternal and infant communicative acts as well as maternal responses to infant signals were carried out from videotaped free-play samples at the infants' age of 10 months. In addition, the CARE-Index was used to rate maternal sensitivity and infant co-operativity. At 12 months, children's communicative and linguistic skills were assessed by using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories and the Communication and Symbolic Behaviour Scales. At 30 months, the Reynell Developmental Language Scales III was used to assess comprehensive and expressive language. The results suggest that maternal activity in eliciting interaction and conversational interchanges is characteristic of sensitive responsiveness around the onset of infant intentionality. However, very distinctive aspects of verbal behaviour that might be constitutive in sensitive responsiveness were not found — probably as a result of considerable individual variation in all aspects of maternal as well as infant interactive/communicative behaviour that were analysed. As predictors of communicative and linguistic skills at 12 months, both maternal and infant characteristics made a significant contribution. In general, the predictive relations found were quite specific. In turn, except for the predictive validity of maternal sensitivity for comprehensive language at 30 months, later language outcomes were predicted only by children's communicative and linguistic skills at 12 months, suggesting that over time, language development becomes increasingly child-driven. Individual differences in early communicative capacities may also to some extent mask the language-facilitating effects of parenting. On the other hand, some potentially facilitating effects of parental behaviour may be elicited by the infant's well-advanced communicative skills. The importance to acknowledge transactional processes in parent-child interaction is highlighted — both in future research and clinical applications.

Abstract The study describes and analyses the practices of interprofessional family work in the rehabilitation of severely handicapped children in the special needs groups of a day care centre from the viewpoint of parents and medical and educational professionals before and after a development project. At the baseline, the phenomenon under study was also described and analyzed as activity of the responsible unit of rehabilitation. The obstacles in the development of interprofessional family work and the factors that contributed to the development of interprofessional practices are also described. Based on these, a process of developing interprofessional family work is described. The study was part of the education and development project on interprofessional family work arranged co-operatively by the Department of Public Health Science and General Practice, University of Oulu, and Oulu Deaconess Institute in 2000–2002. The theoretical frame of reference consists of the ecocultural theory, according to which the life of a child is considered an inseparable part of the family's life. The family is conceived of a unit that actively influences its own life. Work with families is carried out as interprofessional family work. The study was implemented as action research, which included three interventions: education in interprofessional family work, discussion groups and Growing: Birht to Three, which consisted of education in the use of a rehabilitation and education model for children aged 0–3 years. The interventions made up an integrated whole. The participants in action research consisted of a interprofessional team working on the rehabilitation of severely handicapped children in the special needs group of a day care centre, which included specialists of early special education, physiotherapists and speech therapists. The research data were collected by thematic interviews at the beginning and at the end of the process by interviewing parents and professionals. The data were analysed with methods of content analysis using the QSR Nvivo computer software. At the beginning of the action research project the parents' role included both activities and passive presence and compliance with instructions. Professionals' activities were accordant with the expert- child- and family-oriented operating models. The major obstacles of interprofessional family work were a lack of knowledge, intolerance, which was manifested as a lack of equality and discussion, an expert orientation and fragmentation of activities. After the development project, according to the parents, interprofessional family work provided emotional and cognitive support. According to the professionals, interprofessionality was manifested as partnerships and promotion of empowerment. The development of operation was influenced by a positive attitude, which fostered a favourable atmosphere and acceptance of change, and a conversational culture, which was manifested as communication skills and awareness of matters. The findings of the study can be utilised in the development interprofessional co-operation and family work in professional basic education and further and in-service education. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa kuvataan ja analysoidaan moniammatillisen perhetyön ilmenemistä vaikeavammaisten lasten kuntoutuksessa päiväkodin erityisryhmässä. Näkökulman antavat vanhemmat ja lääkinnällisen sekä kasvatuksellisen kuntoutuksen ammattihenkilöt ennen kehittämistoimintaa ja sen jälkeen. Alkuvaiheessa tutkittavaa ilmiötä kuvataan ja analysoidaan myös kuntoutuksen vastuuyksikössä ilmenevänä toimintana. Lisäksi kuvataan ja analysoidaan moniammatillisen perhetyön kehittämisen esteitä sekä toiminnan kehittymiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Näiden kautta kuvataan moniammatillisen perhetyön kehittämisprosessi. Tutkimus on osa Oulun yliopiston kansanterveystieteen ja yleislääketieteen laitoksen ja Oulun Diakonissalaitoksen yhteistyönä järjestämää moniammatillisen perhetyön koulutus- ja kehittämisprojektia, joka toteutettiin vuosina 2000–2002. Teoreettisena viitekehyksenä on ekokulttuurinen teoria, jonka mukaan lapsen elämää tarkastellaan kiinteänä osana perheen elämää. Perhe nähdään aktiivisena omaan elämäänsä vaikuttavana yksikkönä. Toiminta perheiden kanssa toteutuu moniammatillisena perhetyönä. Tutkimus toteutettiin toimintatutkimuksena, johon kuului kolme interventiota: moniammatillinen perhetyö -koulutus ja keskustelupiirit sekä Pikku-Portaat - Kasvamaan: syntymästä kolmivuotiaaksi kuntoutus- ja kasvatusmallin käytön koulutus. Interventiot muodostivat yhdessä kokonaisuuden. Toimintatutkimukseen osallistui vaikeavammaisten lasten kuntoutuksessa päiväkodin erityisryhmässä mukana oleva moniammatillinen tiimi, johon kuului varhaiserityiskasvatuksen asiantuntijoita sekä fysio- ja puheterapeutteja. Tutkimusaineistot kerättiin vanhempien ja ammattihenkilöiden teemahaastatteluilla prosessin alussa ja lopussa. Aineistot analysoitiin sisällön analyysilla käyttäen QSR Nvivo -tietokoneohjelmaa. Toimintatutkimuksen alussa vanhempien rooliin kuului sekä aktiivista toimintaa että passiivista ohjeiden noudattamista ja mukana kulkemista. Ammattihenkilöt toimivat asiantuntija-, lapsi- ja perhekeskeisen toimintamallin mukaisesti. Moniammatillisen perhetyön esteenä olivat tiedon puute, suvaitsemattomuus, joka ilmeni tasa-arvon ja keskustelun puutteena, asiantuntijakeskeisyys sekä toiminnan pirstaleisuus. Kehittämistyön jälkeen moniammatillinen perhetyö näkyi vanhempien mukaan emotionaalisena ja tiedollisena tukena. Ammattihenkilöiden mukaan toiminta ilmeni kumppanuutena ja voimaantumisen tukemisena. Toiminnan kehittymiseen vaikuttivat positiivinen asennoituminen, joka ilmeni myönteisenä ilmapiirinä ja muutosmyönteisyytenä, ja keskusteleva kulttuuri, joka ilmeni keskustelutaitona ja tietoisuutena asioista. Tutkimuksessa on tuotettu tietoa, jota voidaan hyödyntää kehitettäessä moniammatillista yhteistyötä ja perhetyötä ammatillisessa peruskoulutuksessa sekä jatko- ja täydennyskoulutuksessa.

Bakgrund: Trots sin betydande närvaro i samhället saknar kooperativa företag än idag tydliga ramverk över hur deras organisationer ska styras. Det uppstår därmed utmaningar eftersom kooperativ, det vill säga medlemsägda organisationer, på ett flertal sätt särskiljer sig från andra företagsformer, men ändå tvingas rätta sig efter ramverk och teorier anpassade för andra slags verksamheter. Utmaningar kan uppstå då det visat sig att etablerade styrningsramverk i många fall är otillräckliga och svåra att justera för de mål som kooperativa verksamheter präglas av, vilket starkt argumenterar för behovet av ett kooperativt anpassat styrningsramverk. Sett till tidigare forskning saknas det studier som förklarar hur agentproblematik utspelar sig och hanteras i en kooperativ kontext. I och med den ovan nämnda avsaknaden av styrningsramverk blir det likväl en utmaning för kooperativ att uppnå målkongruens mellan organisationens olika parter, där även organisationens storlek samt struktur spelar en avgörande roll. Syfte: Det huvudsakliga syftet med den här uppsatsen är att tillföra såväl ett empiriskt som teoretiskt bidrag för att öka kunskapen kring den agentproblematik som kan uppstå inom konsumentkooperativ, och ta reda på hur hög målkongruens kan uppnås inom medlemsägda företag utan att förbise medlemmarnas intressen. Genomförande: Studien är en kvalitativ fallstudie på organisationen Kooperativa Förbundet, med en iterativ ansats. Datainsamlingen har skett genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer, där intervjuguiden har utformats efter den teoretiska referensramen. Slutsatser: Den agentproblematik som utspelar sig inom kooperativ verksamhet är främst av förvaltarteoretisk karaktär. Det empiriska bidraget har dock belyst problematik som förvaltarteorin tidigare inte uppmärksammat, som uppstår när hög tillit förringar behovet av uppföljning och utvärdering. Problematiken har resulterat i en implementering av styrsystem, som vanligen förknippas med den kontrasterande agentteorin. Införandet av styrsystem måste dock, enligt förvaltarteorin, göras vaksamt vad gäller de konsekvenser som kan uppstå, vilket negativt kan påverka det för organisationen gynnsamma förvaltarbeteendet. Resultatet av vår analys visar att det råder hög målkongruens inom kooperationen till följd av ett ömsesidigt förvaltarperspektiv mellan styrelse och företagsledning. Det empiriska bidraget åskådliggjorde en samsyn respondenterna emellan vad gäller värdegrund, och en kollektiv vilja att efterleva de kooperativa värderingarna. Vidare uppnås målkongruens genom öppenhet, transparens, väl genomförda förankringsprocesser samt en kontinuerlig dialog mellan organisationens samtliga parter. Därutöver framgick det att hög målkongruens i sig inte leder till en framgångsrik verksamhet, utan det krävs även en stark genomförandekraft för att uppnå de gemensamma målen. Fallstudien har visat på en bristande genomförandekraft, vilket bland annat påverkas av kooperativets storlek, något som utgör en försvårande effekt på verksamheten. Vidare har det framgått att kooperativ enklare skulle kunna dra nytta av den höga målkongruensen om det hade förekommit en större homogenitet medlemsföreningarna emellan, både vad gäller storlek och verksamhet. Kunskapsbidrag: Studien har bidragit med en ökad förståelse kring den agentproblematik som kan utspela sig inom kooperativa organisationer, samt hur målkongruens kan uppnås inom medlemsägda företag. Därutöver avlägger studien två teoretiska bidrag. Det första bidraget är kopplat till förvaltarteorin, och identifierar svagheter inom teorin som tidigare inte belysts samt att dessa bekämpas med åtgärder som vanligen förekommer inom agentteorin. Det andra teoretiska bidraget bestrider den tidigare kooperativa forskningen då vi anser att internt anskaffad expertis ska vara ett alternativ till den externt rekryterade expertisen. / Background: Despite its significant presence in today’s society, co-operative businesses still lack well-defined guidelines on how to manage their organizations. Challenges arise because co-operatives, i.e. member-owned organizations, differ in a number of ways compared to other forms of businesses. Still, however, they have to rely on frameworks and theories adapted to other types of organizations. Challenges may develop since it appears as though established management frameworks in many cases are insufficient and difficult to adjust to the objectives that characterize co-operative businesses, which argues for the need of a co-operatively adapted governance framework. There has been an absence of studies in previous research explaining how agency issues arise, and how the entailing challenges are managed in a co-operative context. At the same time, with the aforementioned lack of governance frameworks, it is nevertheless a challenge for co-operatives to achieve goal congruence between the organization’s various parties, where the size and structure of the organization also play decisive roles. Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to provide an empirical, as well as a theoretical, contribution to raise the awareness in regards to the Principal-agent problem and its entailing challenges in the context of consumer co-operatives. Furthermore, the purpose is also to investigate how high goal congruence can be achieved in member-owned businesses, without overlooking the interests of the members. Method: The study was carried out as a qualitative case study of the organization Kooperativa Förbundet, using an iterative approach. The collection of data has been attained through semi-structured interviews, in which the interviews were designed in accordance with the theoretical reference framework. Conclusions: The Principal-agent problems that arise within co-operatives are primarily of a Stewardship nature. However, our empirical research has highlighted challenges that Stewardship theory previously has not paid any attention to, including those that arise whenhigh levels of trust between the Board of Directors and the Management team lessens the need for follow-ups and evaluations. These challenging issues have resulted in an implementation of control systems, which usually are associated with the contrasting Agency theory, rather than with Stewardship theory. Nevertheless, the introduction of control systems must be done vigilantly, according to Stewardship theory, considering the consequences that may develop, which harmfully may affect the favorable stewardship behavior. The results from our analysis reveal a high level of goal congruence within the co-operation, owing to a mutual stewardship perspective between the Board of Directors and the Management team. Our research identified a consensus among the respondents in terms of values, and a collective willingness to comply with the co-operative principles. Furthermore, goal congruence is achieved through openness, transparency, justifiable decision-making processes, as well as a continuous dialogue between all parties within the organization. In addition, it was made clear that a high level of goal congruence, other things being equal, does not lead to a successful business. A strong implementing power is also required in order to reach the common goals. The case study conducted demonstrated an insufficient implementation power which is influenced, amongst other things, by the size of the co-operative which represents an aggravating effect on the business as a whole. Additionally, the co-operative would more easily benefit from its high levels of goal congruence if there had been a greater homogeneity between the member associations, both in terms of size and business activity. Research contribution: The study has contributed to an increased understanding of the Principal-agent issues that unfold in co-operative organizations, and how goal congruence is achieved in member-owned businesses. In addition, the study presents two theoretical contributions. The first one is linked to Stewardship theory, and identifies weaknesses that the theory has not been able to explain, and that these weaknesses are combated with measures more commonly found within Agency theory. The second theoretical contribution disputes previous research made on co-operatives, since we consider that internally acquired expertise should be an alternative to the externally recruited expertise.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

This research focuses on the perceptions and attitudes that parents have towards the learning area Technology. The research was motivated by the fact that the learning area Technology is a ‘new’ learning area, that has only come into being since the inception of outcomes based education. The study took into account the fact that the parents of grade 7 pupils of 2009 do not have first hand knowledge of this learning area. It was because of this reason that it is interesting to find out what these parents perceptions are of this learning area. Technology is a composite of many old subjects, such as needlework, woodwork, domestic science and arts and crafts. A literature study was undertaken to ascertain what has been written about the history of Technology world-wide and especially in South–Africa. The emergence of outcomes based education, curriculum 2005 as well as the revised national curriculum are written about in the literature study. The role of the parent in the child’s life was also examined with special focus on the parent’s role in the school and learning context. The study was undertaken in the three districts of Tshwane. These three districts had representative English and Afrikaans schools as well as schools that were well resourced and others that were less well resourced chosen and compared to each other as well as mothers and fathers views. The research was done by way of questionnaires that had questions to be answered by way of the Likert scale as well as two open questions. The study was mainly quantitative with a small qualitative component to give a better understanding of the subject. According to the majority of data collected the parents do not have a favourable attitude and perception towards Technology. Copyright / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted

This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of entrepreneurial environment of the Republic of China by using the PEST analysis. After the theoretical definition of the term of entrepreneurial environment and the presentation of basic characteristics of this country the analysis of particular aspects of entrepreneurial environment follows, respectively political, legal, economic, technological, social, and cultural environment. The last chapter of this thesis also pays attention to the assessment of existing business co-operation between the Republic of China and the Czech Republic and the identification of perspective branches for business relations between these two countries in the future.