English education in Sweden tends to be viewed as a second language, rather than a foreign language. Therefore, it is generally expected that instruction is performed, and content is taught in English. However, previous research shows that English is generally not the sole language used, even in classrooms with explicit “English only” policies. The following essay has investigated how this translates into classroom practice through observations of classroom interactions between students and teachers, as well as between students and students. Three different teachers were observed at two upper secondary schools. Shorter interviews were also conducted with the teachers. The results showed large differences between observations, but some clear trends were observed nonetheless. Socializing and metalanguage were more prevalent than other code-switches among students, while floor-holding was very rare and in most observations, non-existent. All teachers claimed to use English as much as possible although they also recognized the utility of using Swedish as a tool in the classroom. The view that English should be used as the language of instruction to a great extent was additionally observed in teacher interviews. However, there were no categorical opinions arguing for “English only”. The teachers also largely concurred with the use of Swedish, or other first languages as a language of comparison. This was supported by observations in the classrooms and significant differences existed between teachers. An investigation with a larger cohort in this field could be fruitful for future researchers. The results of the study could be used to further examine strategies to find a balance in the classroom between English and Swedish. The differences between classrooms show that there is no clear consensus on the extent of Swedish use in the EFL classroom. In order to improve teaching it is important to know why students use code-switching and in what situations it might be helpful to them, such as in translation or grammatical rules. However, different classrooms may require different approaches, which highlight the importance of discussing these issues.

A data-driven computational approach is adopted to reveal significant pronunciation variations in Cantonese-English code-mixing speech. The findings are successfully applied to constructing a more relevant bilingual pronunciation dictionary and for selecting effective training materials for code-mixing ASR. For acoustic modeling, it is shown that cross-lingual acoustic models are more appropriate than language-dependent models. Various cross-lingual inventories are derived based on different combination schemes and similarity measurements. We have shown that the proposed data-driven approach based on K-L divergence and phonetic confusion matrix outperforms the IPA-based approach using merely phonetic knowledge. It is also found that initials and finals are more appropriate to be used as the basic Cantonese units than phonemes in code-mixing speech recognition applications. A text database with more than 9 million characters is compiled for language modeling of code-mixing ASR. Classbased language models with automatic clustering classes have been proven inefficient for code-mixing speech recognition. A semantics-based n-gram mapping approach is proposed to increase the counts of code-mixing n-gram at language boundaries. The language model perplexity and recognition performance has been significantly improved with the proposed semantics-based language models. The proposed code-mixing speech recognition system achieves 75.0% overall accuracy for Cantonese-English code-mixing speech, while the accuracy for Cantonese characters is 76.1% and accuracy for English lexicons is 65.5%. It also attains a reasonable character accuracy of 75.3% for monolingual Cantonese speech. / Code-mixing is a common phenomenon in bilingual societies. It refers to the intra-sentential switching of two languages in a spoken utterance. This thesis addresses the problem of the automatic recognition of Cantonese-English code-mixing speech, which is widely used in Hong Kong. / Cross-lingual speaker adaptation has also been investigated in the thesis. Speaker independent (SI) model mapping between Cantonese and English is established at different levels of acoustic units, viz phones, states, and Gaussian mixture components. A novel approach for cross-lingual speaker adaptation via Gaussian component mapping is proposed and has been proved to be effective in most speech recognition tasks. / This study starts with the investigation of the linguistic properties of Cantonese-English code-mixing, which is based on a large number of real code-mixing text corpora collected from the internet and other sources. The effects of language mixing for the automatic recognition of Cantonese-English codemixing utterances are analyzed in a systematic way. The problem of pronunciation dictionary, acoustic modeling and language modeling are investigated. Subsequently, a large-vocabulary code-mixing speech recognition system is developed and implemented. / While automatic speech recognition (ASR) of either Cantonese or English alone has achieved a great degree of success, recognition of Cantonese-English code-mixing speech is not as trivial. Unknown language boundary, accents in code-switched English words, phonetic and phonological differences between Cantonese and English, no regulated grammatical structure, and lack of speech and text data make the ASR of code-mixing utterances much more than a simple integration of two monolingual speech recognition systems. On the other hand, we have little understanding of this highly dynamic language phenomenon. Unlike in monolingual speech recognition research, there are very few linguistic studies that can be referred to. / Cao, Houwei. / Adviser: P.C. Ching. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-06, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-140). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Code-Switching (CS) is a world-wide phenomenon, allowing bilinguals across the globe to alternate effortlessly between their languages. As interesting as it sounds, code-switching can be used for a number of reasons, and there are different linguistic contexts in which this phenomenon occurs. Umeå is a very multinational city in northern Sweden, and this paper will present the results from interviewing a group of three (a) Arabic-Swedish speakers and a group of three (b) English-Swedish speakers on their use of language and code-switching. The results show that group a and group b both use CS as a tool to express themselves better, and also to feel a sense of belonging in their different surroundings. Being a bilingual usually comes with two cultures, and this includes many different situations in which these bilinguals use CS.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-12T18:38:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Vahl, Monica - Motivações para a alternância de código português-pomerano.pdf: 3454655 bytes, checksum: 82d272ec6499d2269710baef0cf48518 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-12T21:23:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Vahl, Monica - Motivações para a alternância de código português-pomerano.pdf: 3454655 bytes, checksum: 82d272ec6499d2269710baef0cf48518 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T21:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Vahl, Monica - Motivações para a alternância de código português-pomerano.pdf: 3454655 bytes, checksum: 82d272ec6499d2269710baef0cf48518 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / Sem bolsa / O presente trabalho pretende investigar alguns aspectos do contato linguístico entre o português e o pomerano em ambiente escolar, como o code-switching, a opinião da família e da escola, mais precisamente na Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio de Arroio do Padre, Arroio do Padre, RS. O corpus é composto pelas interações de alternância de código de 8 meninos em sala de aula, 4 de cada turma do 1º ano, a partir de um total de 55 aulas observadas. Concernente a tais elementos, foram pesquisados aspectos extralinguísticos atrelados à motivação para a realização do code-switching dos alunos, como a família e a escola. Para tanto, foram aplicados questionários sociolinguísticos aos alunos, professores e pais dos 8 alunos do 1º ano. Parte-se do pressuposto de que a família tem influência no uso da língua de seus filhos em sala de aula. Além da família, a escola pode ser a legitimadora do uso ou não de uma língua. Pretende-se verificar como a escola reage e percebe a comunicação entre os alunos, em uma língua que não é de domínio da grande maioria dos professores, mas que é utilizada no contexto escolar e na comunidade em geral. A pesquisa se insere dentro da Teoria de Línguas em Contato, especificamente no contexto escolar português-pomerano. Como pressuposto teórico relativo ao estudo de línguas em contato e bilinguismo, utilizou-se principalmente Weinreich (1953), Hamers Blanc (2000) e Mackey (1968) e sobre o code-switching utilizou-se Grosjean (1982). Os resultados apresentados após a coleta de dados indicam motivações variadas para a realização da alternância de código dos alunos. Os informantes realizam a alternância de código, independentemente de a aula ser com professor bilíngue ou monolíngue. No que se refere aos questionários aplicados aos alunos, podemos perceber que a língua pomerana está presente na comunidade escolar estudada, representada por 58% dos alunos que falam ou entendem o pomerano. A escola é um ambiente de uso tanto do português quanto do pomerano, principalmente em sala de aula. A família parece desempenhar um papel importante no uso e na manutenção do pomerano, pois é a língua do lar e do círculo de convívio social dos informantes. / The following research intends to investigate some aspects of the linguistic contact between Portuguese and Pomeranian in the school environment, like the code-switching, family, and school staff’s opinion, precisely in Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio de Arroio do Padre, Arroio do Padre, RS. The corpus is composed by code alternance interactions of 8 kids inside the classroom, 4 in each ninth grade class, from a total of 55 observed classes. Concerning these elements, the extralinguistic aspects bonded to the motivation for the classmates’ code-switching realization will be researched, like family and school staff. Therefore, sociolinguistic surveys were applied to the students, teachers and parents of the 8 ninth grade students. It is assumed that the family has influence in the kids’ use of language inside the classroom. Besides the family, the school staff might be legitimating the use or absence of a language. It also intends to verify how the school staff reacts and realizes the communication between classmates, in a language that is not mastered by the majority of the teachers, but it is used in scholar context and the community in general. The research inserts itself inside the Theory of Languages in Contact, specifically in Portuguese-Pomeranian scholar context. As a theoretical assumption about the study of languages in contact and bilingualism, Weinreich (1953), Hamers Blanc (2000) and Mackey (1968) were used, and about the code-switching, Grosjean (1982) was used. The results showed after the data collection indicates varied motivations to the realization of code alternance of the students. The informants realized a code alternance, regardless the class being with a monolingual or a bilingual teacher. In reference to the surveys applied to the students, it seems that the Pomeranian language is present inside the studied community, represented by 58% of the students that speak or understand Pomeranian. The school is an environment that shows both Portuguese and Pomeranian, mostly inside the classroom. The family seems to have an important role in use and management of the Pomeranian language. That is because this is the language applied in the informant’s homes and social life.

Diskussionen kring språkvalet i engelskundervisningen är aktuell, eftersom det är något som många lärare reflekterar kring. Syfte med detta examensarbete är att undersöka vad lärare och elever har för åsikter kring huruvida det engelska, respektive det svenska språket bör användas i engelskundervisningen. I studien genomfördes fyra halv-strukturerade intervjuer med lärare som arbetar med engelskundervisning och en enkätundersökning bland elever i årskurs 4 –6 (10- 12 år). Resultatet jämförs mot tidigare forskning, samt två teoretiska perspektiv the input hypothesis och translanguaging. Resultaten från undersökningarna visar att det finns skillnader mellan de individuella lärarna i hur de ser på och arbetar med de båda språken i engelskundervisningen. En lärare i studien anger att hon använder engelska genomgående, medan en annan lärare beskriver att hon översätter det mesta hon säger på engelska till svenska. Majoriteten bland eleverna uppgav att deras lärare använder engelska hela engelsklektionerna och att de inte vill att läraren ska använda mer svenska i engelskundervisningen. Det fanns många gemensamma faktorer men också skillnader mellan lärarna i studien som kunde jämföras mot tidigare forskning och teoretiska perspektiv. Som fortsatt forskning föreslås att lärarintervjuer och elevintervjuer används tillsammans för att tillägna en mer djupgående och bredare bild av valet av språk i engelskundervisningen. Det vore även intressant att vidare undersöka lärares bekantskap med translanguaging. / <p>Engelska</p>

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The ethnography of communication is a mode of inquiry which investigates relationships between language and culture in a particular speech community. Based on the ethnographic perspective, this study examines a certain way of speaking at a specific historical moment in a specific community. The major focus is two disc jockeys who are characterized as "trilingual" speakers (Japanese-English-Okinawa dialect) and their code switching activities in an Okinawan local radio program. The three-month field study took place on the island of Okinawa. Data were collected from observations at the two radio stations, transcriptions of the program, and interviews with the DJs, the program director, program listeners, and older Okinawan residents. The situational and metaphorical code switching patterns found in the DJs' verbal interactions include: obligational code choice, topic related code choice, interjections, quotations, translations, a lack of language proficiency, reiterations, and addressee specification. Using language which reflects "we" versus "they" orientation was a major determinant of the DJs' code choices. While the DJs use dialect to maintain Okinawan group identification, the use of English appeared directed toward loosening the social separation between Okinawans and Americans who belong to mutually exclusive speech communities. In addition to these functions of code switching related to the general social context in Okinawa, the study finds that the DJs and program listeners share the particular sociolinguistic values and therefore create a specific speech community. The DJs' use of three codes discloses two cultural phenomena in this young Okinawan speech community. One is the enhancement of Okinawan identity as a resistance to Japanization and the other is the acceptance of the American influence as part of local culture. Although the DJs are known to be "trilingual" among the younger people, the older generation defines the DJs' dialect as Okinawan-Japanese, which is a Creole produced language contact between the Okinawa dialect and Japanese. In a strict grammatical analysis, most of the DJs' dialect is not spoken in pure form of the Okinawa dialect. However, using dialect in a certain way, the DJs maintain and share Okinawan group identity with the young program fans. Simultaneously, the mixed-background English speaking radio hosts are also accepted by listeners as a symbol of new Okinawa where the American influence has become an indispensable factor in creating its unique characteristics. The success of the "trilingual" entertainers reveals the current situation in the young Okinawan speech community where a cultural interrelation between mainland Japan, America, and Okinawa can be discovered.

Thesis (M.A. (Translation and Lingustics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / The research reported in this mini-dissertation is a qualitative study, which sought to investigate the patterns of translanguaging in classrooms in the Foundation phase in a primary school in the Limpopo province. The aim of the study was to investigate the ways in which translanguaging is used by teachers and learners in the Foundation phase in a selected primary school in the Limpopo Province. The research focuses on how Grade 1 and Grade 3 learners and their teachers engage with texts and the strategies that teachers use to promote the use of two languages in classrooms to help learners to understand content and concepts in English and Sepedi. An innovative element of the research was the intervention teaching done by university lecturers to provide alternate practices for regular teachers in the school to discuss and engage with. The data collection instruments included classroom observations, audio and video recordings, interviews with the class teachers and a focus group discussion between the teachers. The data analysis involved identifying all instances of translanguaging that occurred in the lessons and to explore in what ways they facilitated learning. The results showed that hardly any translanguaging took place in the regular lessons and teachers seemed to be operating with a monolingual consciousness. Teachers also revealed in the focus group discussion that the Curriculum assessment and Policy Statement (CAPS) required them to keep the two languages apart and not to use both of them in lessons. In the intervention lessons, however, there were some examples of translanguaging, which seemed to facilitate interaction and greater participation from the learners. The mini-dissertation ends with some reflections on the findings, implications of the findings for future research and training, and recommendations to use the languages of school children as rich resources for teaching and learning.

Denis Ivanovitch Fonvizin is considered to be a pioneer in an original Russian satirical comedy. His plays [Le Brigadier] The Brigadier-General (1769) and [Le Choix d’un gouverneur] The Selection of a Tutor (1789) mock the obsession with France among Russian nobles of the 18th century. These comedies were published during the peak of the influence that the French civilisation had in Russia and, thus, they constitute a mine to tap into to measure the reaction to this phenomenon. In my study, I explore the sociohistorical context of the close contact between France and Russia that has eventually led to Gallomania under the reign of Catherine the Great. I focus particularly on gallophobic attitudes in two plays by Fonvizin, conveyed both by satirical commentaries and the exsessive use of French by some of the characters. My study reveals Fonvizin’s views concerning the negative impact of Gallomania on different aspects of Russian life, such as education, language, patriotism. A multitude of studies have touched on different aspects of the Franco-Russian relations; however, none of them have yet carried out a detailed study of the gallophobic attitudes expressed in 18th century plays, which is crucial given the fact that satirical comedies of that era are intimately related to the political and social life. / Graduate

Allt eftersom världen blir mer globaliserad anses det inte längre som en självklarhet att arbeta i ett och samma land under hela sitt arbetsliv. Sverige är inget undantag utan svenskar arbetar nu runt om i hela världen. Denna kvalitativa intervjustudie undersöker svenskars upplevelser av att arbeta i Japan, med fokus på arbetskultur och normer. Studiens teoretiska referensram beskriver vad svenskar anses behöva förhålla sig till på den japanska arbetsmarknaden. Här beskrivs Japans formella och informella arbetskultur för att visa hur de påverkar varandra samt hur de skiljer sig från den svenska arbetskulturen. Vidare beskrivs hur kvinnor och utlänningar bemöts på den japanska arbetsmarknaden och hur anpassning till främmande kulturer kan se ut. Studien grundar sig på nio semistrukturerade intervjuer med svenskar som har erfarenheter av att arbeta i Japan under minst ett års tid. Intervjuerna analyseras tematiskt för att skapa en överskådlig bild av svenskarnas japanska arbetsliv. I resultatet återkopplas sedan empirin genom att beskriva svenskars syn på deras egen anställbarhet och möjligheter kring andra förmåner som ledighet samt anpassning till den japanska arbetskulturen och förhållningssätt till jämlikhetsaspekter. I studien framkommer att svenskar alltid ses som udda fåglar av sin omgivning på grund av att de som utlänningar skiljer sig från mängden. Detta leder till att deras språkliga kunskaper och hur väl de anpassar sig tillkulturen får betydelse i hur omgivningen förhåller sig till dem. Japans informella och mer hierarkiska kultur bidrar till svårigheter för svenskarna i deras anpassning till kulturen som skiljer sig från Sveriges mer informella arbetskultur. Vilket leder till att de ibland får gå emot sina egna värderingar för att passa in i omgivningen. Värderingar kring jämlikhet upplevdes svårare för svenskarna att avvika från och motstånd visar sig i samband med Japans traditionella könsroller. I dessa situationer märktes den svenska identiteten tydligt. Den övergripande slutsatsen är dock att svenskar fortfarande anpassar sig till den japanska kulturen i någon utsträckning. Studiens resultat indikerade även att svenskar rör sig inom en egen sub-dimension av den japanska arbetsmarknaden bortom den traditionella japanska. Studien avslutas med en diskussion kring frågor som uppkommit under studiens gång och som kan leda till vidare forskning.