This thesis presents a cross-national, cross-regime examination of foreign policy decision-making in the Spratly Islands dispute, focusing on China, Malaysia and the Philippines. It argues that how and why these countries have acted in particular ways towards the dispute relates to the relationship among foreign policy decision-making, government behaviour and domestic politics. The theoretical foundation of the study is foreign policy analysis. It applies the decision units approach advanced by Margaret and Charles Hermann and Joe Hagan to investigate who made foreign policy decisions on the Spratly Islands dispute in the three countries during the period 1991-2002, and how this influenced government behaviour. In addition, the contextual influence of domestic politics is considered. Four case studies inform the empirical analysis: the approaches taken by Malaysia and the Philippines to bolster their respective sovereignty claim, China???s establishment of a comprehensive maritime jurisdictional regime covering the Spratly Islands among other areas, China-Philippines contestation over Mischief Reef and the development of a regional instrument to regulate conduct in the South China Sea. Three conclusions are drawn. First, the decision units approach identifies the pivotal foreign policy decision-makers in each of the countries examined and the process involved. Second, it explains the relationship between decision unit characteristics -- self-contained or externally influenceable -- and each government???s behaviour towards the dispute. Injecting domestic politics into the analysis highlights motivations of and constraints faced by decision-makers, conditioning the form and content of government action. Third, it demonstrates a low predictive capability: the ???fit??? between hypothesised and actual government behaviour is poor. While it is not a comprehensive analytical tool, the combined decision units-domestic politics approach offers deeper insight into government decisions and behaviour on the Spratly Islands dispute than hitherto reported in the literature.

The South African Schools Act of 1996 mandates the establishment of School Governing Bodies (SGBs) in all schools with grade eight and higher. Amongst others, the SGB has the authority to develop a Code of Conduct for learners in a school. This study includes a literature review of discipline in schools, the functions of SGBs, the development and implementation of a Code of Conduct by the SGB. A qualitative investigation of the perceptions of parents, educators and learners, of discipline and dealing with misbehaviour was conducted in three secondary schools in the North-West Province. It was established that role-players differed in their understanding of coming to a common understanding of what to include in a Code of Conduct. It seems as if measures to deal with misbehaviour are often in violation of the Bill of Rights in the Constitution. Based on the findings, recommendations for addressing discipline by means of a Code of Conduct were proposed. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Since 1994 the South African government has implemented principles of equity, redress and social empowerment in broader society and in education. Consequently, corporal punishment was banned in schools and new methods of managing discipline were introduced. Moreover, decision-making power is decentralised to School Governing Bodies on which learner representatives serve in secondary schools. Thus, the latter are also involved in the management of discipline. This study explores the learners' role in the management of discipline in urban secondary schools in KwaZulu-Natal. Current perspectives on school discipline and an overview of the learners' role in discipline management in the South African context were provided. A qualitative investigation used interviews with learners and educators in selected schools to collect data. Findings suggest that learner involvement in discipline can be positive but lack of training and poor communication impede the full deployment of learners in this regard. Finally, recommendations for the improvement of practice are made. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Education Management)

The objective of this study was mainly to describe, analyse and evaluate the determinants of the phenomenon of whistle blowing that influences the protection of employees making authorised and/or unauthorised disclosures. It was also a purpose of the study to evaluate the specific role of the Protected Disclosures Act 2000 (Act 26 of 2000) (PDA) in fulfilling its mandate to protect authorised disclosures on wrongdoing in public and private sector organisations. The PDA seeks to combat crime and corruption through the disclosing of wrongdoing. The intention is to create a culture which will facilitate the disclosure of information by employees relating to criminal and other irregular conduct in the workplace in a responsible manner, by providing comprehensive statutory guidelines through the PDA for the disclosure of such information, and protection against any retaliation as a result of such disclosures. An important aspect that this study dealt with was the provision, as a prerequisite to the PDA to be implemented successfully, that individual members of the private and public sectors have to act responsibly and in good faith in making disclosures in order to be protected by the PDA. In order to provide clarity on the conceptualisation of whistle blowing, the study explored the conceptual knowledge of the variables influencing the determinants of whistle blowing and the whistle blower through the application of a literature study of the concept and theories of ethics, values, morals, loyalty, trust and whistle blowing, in order to describe and analyse the variables influencing the whistle blower, the whistle blowing process, the characteristics of whistle blowers and the strategies and procedures employed to blow the whistle in an organisation. The study explored the organisational determinants influencing a whistle blower's decision to blow the whistle in the social context of an organisation in order to determine the influence of organisational culture and organisational trust as internal social factors that may facilitate the effective management of whistle blowing resulting in no whistle blowing taking place. The study objectives, appropriate conclusions and proposals are addressed based on the role that the PDA, the ethical determinants of the work environment, the determinants influencing the individual whistle blower and the organisational determinants influencing effective whistle blowing, can fulfil, in order to serve as a mechanism to combat corruption. / Public Administration and Management / D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)

The Eastern Cape Department of Education has become like a problem child in the Republic of South Africa. It is a cause for concern to both the provincial and national government. This is a department where service delivery is problematic. Schools are not built or renovated and children are taught in dilapidated structures or sometimes under trees. Hardly a week passes without the department making the headlines in the media for the wrong reasons. It is widely accepted that the department is dysfunctional and education is in a crisis. The department has emerged as the number one culprit of engaging in corrupt activities in the province. Public officials in the department have been identified as being at the helm of these corrupt activities. In the 200/10 financial year, the Auditor General issued a disclaimer to the department and highlighted a lack of direction, accountability and a total breakdown of internal control systems and supply chain management within the department. Numerous fraud risk indicators were identified during the audit and underlined by findings that are indicative of fraud and corruption within the department. This unfortunate state of affairs is contrary to the requirements of section 195(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa which provides for the democratic values and principles governing public administration including inter alia, that: A high standard of professional ethics must be promoted and maintained. Efficient, economic and effective use of resources must be promoted. Public administration must be accountable. This raises several questions about the ethical fitness of public officials in the department as the custodians of the public resources and trust. Though several reasons abound for this unfavourable state of affairs in the department, the researcher has singled out unethical conduct by public officials in the department and its impact on service delivery. The approach followed in this research was to analyse the 2009/10 Department of Education Annual Report and the 2009/10 Auditor General’s Report to the Eastern Cape Department of Education. The analysis confirmed the existence and occurrence of multiple cases of unethical conduct in the department. At the end scientific recommendations are proposed to alleviate this ill.

Submitted by ROSIANE SANT ANNA STUTZ (rosistutz@gmail.com) on 2017-12-27T19:10:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Rosi Stutz.pdf: 1924541 bytes, checksum: 466cc41030b03645511276ad7f864ddf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2018-01-02T13:02:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Rosi Stutz.pdf: 1924541 bytes, checksum: 466cc41030b03645511276ad7f864ddf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-09T17:04:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Rosi Stutz.pdf: 1924541 bytes, checksum: 466cc41030b03645511276ad7f864ddf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-04 / Esta pesquisa objetivou investigar a manifestação do isomorfismo nos Códigos de Ética das empresas de capital aberto listadas na Bolsa de Valores do Brasil para verificar como a construção deste documento é influenciada por mecanismos institucionais que exercem pressão sobre estas empresas, inseridas no mesmo ambiente.Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter descritivo, conduzida por meio de análise do conteúdo dos Códigos de Ética de uma amostra que incluiu todos os setores econômicos utilizados pela Bolsa de Valores do Brasil. Para tratamento dos dados, o estudo utilizou categorias referentes às exigências da Legislação Brasileira, à legitimidade e às melhores práticas de um Programa de Compliance.A partir das categorias evidenciadas no conteúdo dos Códigos de Ética, esta pesquisa observou a ocorrência dos aspectos de isomorfismo coercitivo e de legitimidade em todos os Códigos, independente do setor econômico das empresas da amostra. Este estudo sugere que os Códigos analisados foram criados como uma resposta simbólica para atender as pressões de regulação e do ambiente institucionalizado onde as empresas estão inseridas.A presente pesquisa se limitou a analisar os conteúdos dos Códigos de Ética sob a luz da Teoria Institucional, concentrando-se no aspecto do isomorfismo e dos mecanismos institucionais que exercem pressão sobre as organizações inseridas em determinado campo organizacional, não abordando outros conceitos da Teoria nem realizando qualquer análise sobre a efetividade dos Códigos de Ética nas organizações selecionadas.O resultado deste estudo serve como um insumo relevante tanto para empresas que necessitam construir seu Código de Ética, quanto para as que necessitam aperfeiçoar o conteúdo de Códigos de Ética já existentes.As empresas podem construir seu Código de Ética como um guia efetivo de conduta para restringir comportamentos não éticos da organização e não apenas como um documento escrito para atender as exigências institucionais e regulatórias.Pelo nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro estudo de conteúdo dos Códigos de Ética das empresas de capital aberto no Brasil, após a Legislação Brasileira Anticorrupção. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of isomorphism in the Codes of Ethics of public companies listed on the Brazilian Stock Exchange to verify how the construction of this document is influenced by institutional mechanisms that put pressure on these companies, inserted in the same environment.A qualitative, descriptive research was carried out by analyzing the content of the Codes of Ethics of a sample that included all the economic sectors used by Brazilian Stock Exchange. For data treatment, the study used categories related to the requirements of the Brazilian Legislation, related to legitimacy and to the best practices of a Compliance Program.From the categories evidenced in the content of the Codes of Ethics, this study observed the occurrence of coercive isomorphism and legitimacy aspects in all Codes, regardless of the economic sector of the sample companies. This work suggests that the Codes analyzed were created as a symbolic response to address the pressure of regulation and the pressure of the institutionalized environment where the companies are inserted.This study was limited to analyze the content of the Codes of Ethics using the Institutional Theory, focusing on the aspect of the isomorphism and the institutional mechanisms that put pressure on the organizations inserted in a determined organizational field, not addressing other concepts of the Theory nor performing any analysis on the effectiveness of the Codes of Ethics in the selected organizations.The result of this study serves as a relevant input for both companies that need to build their Code of Ethics and those that need to improve the content of existing Codes of Ethics.Companies can build their Code of Ethics as an effective conduct guide to restrict employees’ unethical behavior and not just as a written document to meet institutional and regulatory requirements.To our knowledge, this is the first study of the Codes of Ethics content of public companies in Brazil, after the creation of the Brazilian Anti-Corruption Law.

Cyber bullying is a growing phenomenon in schools all over the world, and it is evident that cyber bullying presents certain unique problems for schools in the regulation thereof. From the number of different definitions of cyber bullying, it is also evident that there is no clear concept of the exact nature of cyber bullying, and how it should be addressed in schools. The existing legal framework in South Africa can be used to address cyber bullying in schools, but there is no legislation or policy that is directly aimed at the regulation of cyber bullying at school level. The purpose of this research is to develop a law and policy framework for the effective regulation of cyber bullying in schools. Firstly, a literature review was conducted to determine the nature of cyber bullying and to examine how cyber bullying in American schools is regulated by law. Secondly, a literature study determined the human rights obligations with regard to protecting learners against cyber bullying, and reviewed how current South African law and policy speaks to addressing cyber bullying in schools. In order to investigate the occurrence of cyber bullying in South African schools practically, a case study was conducted at a South African school. All the resources mentioned above were used to develop an education-specific law and policy framework to address cyber bullying in South African schools effectively. This framework includes a suggested insertion in the South African Schools Act, draft Guidelines for the regulation of cyber bullying in schools, draft provisions for schools’ Codes of conduct for learners and an information brochure on cyber bullying. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D.

For many years the South African educational platform has been the target of international and national criticism for its apartheid ideals. Since 1994 the former Model C high school has endured a changing landscape characterised by the ideals of educational transformation. However, the current face of the former Model C high school has been marred by the challenge of learner ill-discipline. This research aimed to explore the challenges experienced by female principals in a former Model C high school. A literature review focussed on female leadership and school discipline through the lens of a theoretical framework based on the ethics of care and transformational leadership theories. Using a qualitative case study design, data were collected and analysed. The analysis revealed that school discipline was a major challenge to the principal personally and professionally, and to the school. It further highlighted the strong need for support by the Department of Education. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

This study was encouraged by the fact that the theoretical terrain of ethics in public administration and management posits that, despite the existence of a code of conduct that regulates the conduct of municipal functionaries and councillors at local government sphere, the ethics in practice in general are still illusive. All this revolves around the main guiding research objective for this study which was to examine the reception of a code of conduct by municipal functionaries and councillors at the Capricorn District Municipality in the Limpopo Province. In exploring the main question of this study, the researcher developed an understanding of the concept ethics in Public Administration by selecting ethics theories namely: consequentialism, deontology and virtue theories. From the lesson learnt, it is evident that throwing around charges about which theory is truly ethical and which one should be followed or should guide municipal functionaries and councillors in making policy decisions is pointless. There is no ethical system which appeals to all people, or even to the same person in different situations. It is undoubtedly the case that consequentialists, deontologists and those who stand by virtue theories can each be sincere in believing their system embodies goodness and morality. The formulation of the Code of Conduct for the South African local government indicates the commitment of the South African government to enhancing ethical conduct. This Code contains a uniform set of ethical guidelines and applications for use throughout local government. It is also clear that the Code of Conduct has been drafted so as to be as clear as possible, but a detailed standard of conduct and disciplinary measures are not provided. This is a great challenge as it poses concerns about the accountability of municipal functionaries and councillors, and about how disciplinary measures on unethical conduct of politicians and officials should be handled. Chapter 3 forms an understanding of how culture, religion and language have ethical significance for community and tradition particularly when municipal functionaries and councillors make decisions. The promotion of an appropriate local government culture posits that, in order for a municipal manager and a mayor to make better decisions, they must take the need to understand the diversity of the local government into consideration. The most important point to be drawn from chapter 4 is that, besides legal instructions, the nature and influence of human behaviour through leadership and ethics infrastructure such as appointing an ethics officer and using whistle blowing as a system to enhance ethical conduct is important. In outlining the statutory and regulatory framework that directs public officials and politicians’ ethical conduct in South Africa, it was identified that South Africa is highly conscious of differences between individuals; therefore it is unlikely that legislation and current initiatives will suffice to enforce ethical behaviour among public officials, councillors and municipal functionaries. Another finding of this study is that the only official document available as the Code of Conduct for local government can be found in the Local Government Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000 in Schedule 1 and 2, and also in the Local Government Municipal Structures Act 117 of 1998 in Schedule 5. This finding is an indicative that South African local government does not have an official Code of Conduct as a separate document for ethical conduct. Following this finding, the recommendation is therefore that a separate document should be designed, formulated and emphasised. / Public Administration and Management / D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)

Unmanned aircraft vehicles were primarily used for military purposes and are still used for them. Not only for this reason is their introduction for humanitarian aims disputable, raising various dilemmas. Supporters of humanitarian drones put emphasis on/emphasize their speed, security, data amount and the possible employment of new technology in extreme environments. Critics of humanitarian technologization stress the loss of neutrality and impartiality, politicization and militarization of humanitarian aid. Consensus does not even exist amongst academics in the field. Contemporary literature is primarily targeted on the controversy of dual-usage of UAVs and on potential technical advantages with emphasis on immediate assistance. The literature dealing with ethical issues of humanitarian drones in connection to humanitarian and development practice outside the conflict zone is almost absent, and only marginally or indirectly treats the issue. The aim of this paper is to analyse potential advantages and disadvantages of humanitarian drones' proliferation within the theoretical framework of The Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Non-Governmental Organizations in Disaster Relief, which deals with basic dilemmas in humanitarian aid. This thesis does not...