Cette étude traite de la comparaison du régime de la responsabilité délictuelle du fait d’autrui en droit français et en droit chinois.Dans une première partie, plutôt micro-vision, la thèse se consacre à une étude au cas par cas des responsabilités du fait d’autrui dans les deux systèmes juridiques. Il s’agit précisément de la responsabilité du fait des mineurs (la responsabilité des parents en droit français et des tuteurs en droit chinois ainsi que la responsabilité des instituteurs en droit français et des établissements scolaires en droit chinois), de la responsabilité des employeurs du fait des personnes qu’ils emploient dans les deux droits et de la responsabilité générale du fait d’autrui qui est admise particulièrement en droit français, à la différence du droit chinois.La deuxième partie apporte une vision d’ensemble et propose au sein des deux systèmes de droit une étude des rapports internes du régime entre les différentes hypothèses de cette responsabilité ainsi qu’un examen des rapports externes de ce régime avec les responsabilités personnelles de droit commun et les mécanismes d’indemnisation collective.Pourtant, de ce mécanisme appliqué aux deux systèmes, l’analyse révèle un inconvénient commun : une harmonisation du régime fait défaut. A cet égard, sous la condition préalable de ne pas nuire à la particularité de chaque cas de figure, l’étude tente de restaurer une cohérence tant dans les rapports « internes » du régime de responsabilité du fait d’autrui, que dans ses rapports « externes » avec d’autres régimes. / This study is about a comparison of vicarious liability in French juridical system and in Chinese juridical system.In first part of this article, a more micro-vision, it is analyzed case by case of specific vicarious liability in two judicial systems. It is precisely about the acts of minors (the liability of parents in French law and liability of guardians in Chinese law, also the liability of teachers in French law and liability of school in Chinese law), the liability of employers and masters in two juridical systems and the general vicarious liability that is accepted particularly in French law, while the latter is different in Chinese law.The second part of this article concerns a whole vision and proposes a study of internal relations of two systems between different hypotheses of vicarious liability, and also an investigation of external relations of this system with the personal responsibility of “common law” and the mechanisms of collective compensation.However, of this mechanism applied at two systems, analysis reveals a common disadvantage: a lack of harmonization. In this aspect, considering the precondition of avoiding doing harm to particularity of each case of figure, the study tries to restore coherence both “internal” relations in systems of vicarious liability and “external” relations with other systems.

La syncope est une perte brusque de conscience. Bien qu'elle ne soit pas généralement mortelle, elle présente un impact économique sur le système de soins et sur la vie personnelle de personnes en souffrant. L'objet de la présente étude est de réduire la durée du test clinique (environ 1 heure) et d'éviter aux patients de développer une syncope en la prédisant. L'ensemble de travail s'inscrit dans une démarche de datamining associant l'extraction de paramètres, la sélection des variables et la classification. Trois approches complémentaires sont proposées, la première exploite des méthodes d'analyse non-linéaires de séries temporelles extraites de signaux acquises pendant le test, la seconde s'intéresse aux relations cardiovasculaires en proposant des indices dans le plan temps-fréquence et la troisième, plus originale, prendre en compte leurs dynamiques temporelles. / Syncope is a sudden loss of consciousness. Although it is not usually fatal, it has an economic impact on the health care system and the personal lives of people suffering. The purpose of this study is to reduce the duration of the clinical test (approximately 1 hour) and to avoid patients to develop syncope by early predicting the occurrence of syncope. The entire work fits into a data mining approach involving the feature extraction, feature selection and classification. 3 complementary approaches are proposed, the first one exploits nonlinear analysis methods of time series extracted from signals acquired during the test, the second one focuses on time- frequency (TF) relation between signals and suggests new indexes and the third one, the most original, takes into account their temporal dynamics.

Organisationer står ständigt inför förändring för att behålla sin plats på dagens arbetsmarknad. Merparten av organisationsförändringar misslyckas varpå motstånd till förändring (MTF) antas vara en bidragande orsak. Forskning har undersökt hur MTF kan minskas via bl.a. förändringsledning. Denna studie avsåg undersöka individuella faktorer vilka kan påverka medarbetares MTF. Detta undersöktes via en enkät besvarad av 209 medarbetare på 11 företag. Enkäten bestod av Oregs skala för MTF, arbetsrelaterad self-efficacy (ASE), arbetsrelaterad KASAM (WSOC), attityd till organisationsförändring samt bakgrundsvariablerna kön, ålder, utbildningsnivå, antal år på arbetsplatsen och sektor. Studien hittade signifikanta samband mellan MTF och ASE, WSOC, attityd till organisationsförändring samt kön. Vidare visade sig prediktorvariablerna tillsammans förklara 29 % av variationen i MTF. Studiens resultat går i linje med tidigare resultat inom ASE och WSOC men går emot forskning om könsskillnader i MTF. Studiens slutsats var att de hälsofrämjande individuella aspekterna (ASE, WSOC) troligen inverkar mest på MTF.

Fundamentos: A caracterização precisa da interação da placa aterosclerótica no momento do implante do stent é crucial para o entendimento da complacência e da cicatrização vasculares. Objetivamos investigar se a composição da placa avaliada pela tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT), influencia as alterações agudas no procedimento índice do implante do stent e na cicatrização vascular no seguimento tardio. Métodos: Os pacientes tratados com um único tipo de stent eluidor de fármaco (cromo cobalto, eluidor de sirolimus e polímero bioabsorvível) foram incluídos prospectivamente, seguindo um protocolo com etapas de dilatações progressivas do vaso. As imagens de OCT sequenciais foram realizadas no procedimento índice (basal e a cada etapa do protocolo) e no seguimento tardio, co-registradas e analisadas a cada 0,6mm. A avaliação semiquantitativa da placa foi realizada dividindo-se secções transversas em 4 quadrantes, com cada quadrante rotulado de acordo com o seu componente mais prevalente (fibrótico, calcificado, lipídico, normal). A interação stent-vaso avaliada pela OCT foi utilizada como indicador substituto para lesão e cicatrização vasculares após o implante do stent. Resultados: Um total de 22 lesões (1stent/lesão) de 20 pacientes e 2298 seções transversas de OCT foram analisadas no procedimento índice. O reestudo com OCT foi realizado em 17 pacientes e 19 lesões (86%). O componente de placa predominante foi fibrótico (fibrótico = 46.84 ± 16%; lipídico = 17.63 ± 10.72%; calcificado = 4.63 ± 5.9%; normal = 29.16 ± 12.24; não analizável=1.74 ± 5.35%). Houve um aumento nas áreas da luz (10atm = 5.5 (4.5 - 7.4) mm2, 14-16atm = 6.0 (4.7 - 7.70) mm2, 20atm = 6.7 (5.5 - 8.2) mm2; P < 0.001) e do stent (10atm = 5.2 (4.3 - 7.0) mm2, 14-16atm = 5.7 (4.5 - 7.5) mm2, 20atm = 6.5 (5.3 - 7.9) mm2; P < 0.001), com um aumento na área do prolapso tecidual (10atm =0.09 (0.06 - 0.12) mm2, 14-16atm =0.10 (0.06 - 0.15) mm2, 20atm =0.15 (0.08 - 0.20) mm2; P < 0.01). Segmentos com muito tecido fibrocalcificado tiveram áreas luminais menores ao longo das etapas da intervenção. Por outro lado, placas com muito conteúdo lipídico ou vaso normal tiveram maiores ganhos nas medidas das áreas luminais mínimas ao longo das dilatações sequenciais. Além disso, placas com muito tecido fibrocalcificado no momento basal apresentaram menor crescimento neointimal no seguimento tardio, enquanto que o grau de conteúdo lipídico e de vaso normal não tiveram impacto sobre a formação do tecido neointimal. Os indicadores substitutos de lesão vascular após o implante do stent correlacionaram-se significativamente com o crescimento neointimal no seguimento tardio. Conclusões: A composição tecidual das placas subjacentes influencia significativamente o comportamento mecânico agudo e a longo prazo dos vasos coronarianos submetidos ao implante de stent. Além disso, a lesão vascular após o implante do stent está potencialmente ligada ao futuro crescimento neointimal no seguimento tardio / Background Accurate characterization of atherosclerotic plaque interaction during stent deployment is crucial to understand vascular compliance and healing. We sought to determine whether plaque composition assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT), influences acute changes at index procedure and vascular healing at follow up. Methods Patients treated with a single drug-eluting stent type (cobalt chromium with bioabsorbable polymer eluting sirolimus stent) were prospectively included, following a pre-defined step-by-step progressive vessel dilatation. Sequential OCT imaging were performed at the index procedure (baseline and at each time point of the protocol) and at follow up, co-registered and analyzed every 0.6mm for quantitative measurements. Semi-quantitative plaque assessment was performed at baseline by dividing cross-sections into 4 quadrants, with each quadrant labeled according to its most prevalent component (fibrotic, calcific, lipid). OCT assessments of stent-vessel interactions were used as a surrogate for vessel injury and healing after stent implantation. Results A total of 22 lesions (1stent/lesion) of 20 patients and 2298 OCT crosssections were analyzed at the index procedure. For an average of 19.7 months (591.88 ± 60.52 days), 17 of the patients and 19 lesions (86%) underwent OCT imaging at follow up. The predominant percentage plaque component was fibrotic (fibrotic = 46.84 ± 16%; lipid = 17.63 ± 10.72%; calcific = 4.63 ± 5.9%; normal = 29.16 ± 12.24; non-analyzable = 1.74 ± 5.35%). There was an increase in lumen (10atm = 5.5 (4.5 - 7.4) mm2, 14-16atm = 6.0 (4.7 - 7.70) mm2, 20atm = 6.7 (5.5 - 8.2) mm2; P < 0.001) and stent (10atm = 5.2 (4.3 - 7.0) mm2, 14-16atm = 5.7 (4.5 - 7.5) mm2, 20atm = 6.5 (5.3 - 7.9) mm2; P < 0.001) areas, with an increase in tissue prolapse area (10atm =0.09 (0.06 - 0.12) mm2, 14-16atm =0.10 (0.06 - 0.15) mm2, 20atm =0.15 (0.08 - 0.20) mm2; P < 0.01). Segments with high fibrocalcific content tended to have decreased minimal luminal areas along the intervention time-points. Conversely, plaques with high lipid content had increased minimal luminal areas during sequential dilatations. Moreover, plaques with high fibrocalcific tissue at baseline had significantly smaller neointimal growth at follow-up, whereas the degree of lipid content or normal tri-layered vessel had no impact on neointimal formation. OCT surrogates of vessel injury after coronary stenting significantly correlated with neointimal growth at follow-up. Conclusions: Tissue composition of underlying plaques significantly influences the acute mechanical and the long-term behavior of coronary vessels undergoing stent implantation. In addition, vessel injury after coronary stenting is potentially linked to future neointimal growth at follow-up

Esta tese objetiva analisar processos de variação linguística em tempo real (LABOV, 1994) no português brasileiro de contato com variedades dialetais italianas, para verificar se existe coerência dialetal (GUY e HINSKENS, 2016) na comunidade de Flores da Cunha (RS). Para tanto, fizemos análise quantitativa conforme metodologia de análise de regra variável (LABOV, 1972), para cotejar o padrão de variação de -ão::-on em tempo real com o de outro processo na mesma comunidade. A pesquisa foi embasada em dados de fala provenientes de dois acervos distintos, o do projeto VARSUL (1990) e do Projeto BDSer (2008/2009). Na „troca‟ de -ão por –on, houve um decréscimo na frequência total de aplicação da regra variável: 30,7% nos dados do VARSUL e 21,6% nos do BDSer, indício de regressão de regra. Para verificar a existência de coerência dialetal, compararam-se os resultados da análise de ão::on com os do estudo de Azeredo (2012), sobre o uso variável de tepe em lugar de vibrante no português de contato com variedades dialetais italianas e observamos que as variantes atribuídas ao contato são, ambas, favorecidas pelos homens de mais idade e com nível mais baixo de escolaridade. Essa correlação entre as variáveis analisadas aponta para a existência de coerência dialetal na comunidade de fala em estudo. / This thesis aims at analyzing linguistic variation processes in real time (LABOV, 1994) in Brazilian Portuguese in contact with Italian dialectal varieties, to verify if there is lethal coherence (GUY and HINSKENS, 2016) in the community of Flores da Cunha (RS). We performed a quantitative analysis according to the methodology of variable rule analysis (LABOV, 1972), to compare the variation pattern of -ão::-on in real time with that of another process in the same community. Our research was based on speech data from two different collections, the VARSUL project (1990) and the BDSer Project (2008/2009). The analysis showed a decrease in the total frequency of use of -on in contexts where -ão is expected: 30.7% in the speech of VARSUL informants and 21.6% in the speech of BDSer informants, a sign of rule regression. We compared the results of the analysis of -ão::-on with the results of Azeredo (2012) about the use of tap where a trill is expected. We observed that older men with low level of schooling favor the variants under analysis. The correlation between the analyzed variables points to the existence of lethal coherence in the speech community under study.

Cette thèse a pour objectif l’étude d’un lien effectif potentiel entre la motilité cellulaire, la mécanique cellulaire, et l’activité biochimique de ces mêmes cellules. Ce couplage a été étudié dans divers systèmes biologiques, et aussi bien dans des cultures de cellules qu’à l’intérieur de tissus plus complexes. Notamment, nous avons particulièrement cherché à détecter un couplage électromécanique dans des neurones qui pourrait être impliqué dans la propagation du message nerveux.Pour ce faire, nous avons dû développer deux microscopes optiques à la sensibilité extrême. Ces microscopes se composent de deux parties principales. La première sert à détecter des mouvements axiaux plus petits que la longueur d’onde optique, soit en dessous de 100 nanomètres. La deuxième partie permet la détection d’un signal de fluorescence, offrant la possibilité de suivre l’évolution biochimique de la cellule. Avec ces deux microscopes multimodaux, il est donc possible de suivre de manière simultanée un contraste de motilité, un contraste mécanique, un contraste structurel et un contraste biochimique. Si l’un de ces systèmes est basé sur la tomographie de cohérence optique plein champ et permet de faire de telles mesures en 3-D et en profondeur dans les tissus biologiques, le second ne permet que des mesures dans des cultures de cellules, mais est bien plus robuste au bruit mécanique. Dans ce manuscrit, nous allons essentiellement décrire le développement de ces deux appareils, et préciser les contrastes auxquels ils sont sensibles spécifiquement.Nous développerons également deux des applications principales de ces microscopes que nous avons étudié dans le détail au cours de cette thèse. La première application développe l’intérêt d’un de nos microscopes pour la détection sans marquage des principaux composants cellulaires et structuraux de la cornée et de la rétine. La seconde application tend à détecter et à suivre des ondes électromécaniques dans des neurones de mammifères / This PhD project aims to explore the relationship that might exist between the dynamic motility and mechanical behavior of different biological systems and their biochemical activity. In particular,we were interested in detecting the electromechanical coupling that may happen in active neurons, and may assist in the propagation of the action potential. With this goal in mind, we have developed two highly sensitive optical microscopes that combine one modality that detects sub-wavelength axial displacements using optical phase imaging and another modality that uses a fluorescence path. Therefore, these multimodal microscopes can combine a motility, a mechanical,a structural and a biochemical contrast at the same time. One of this system is based ona multimodal combination of full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) and allows the observation of such contrast inside thick and scattering biological tissues. The other setup provides a higher displacement sensitivity, but is limited to measurements in cell cultures. In this manuscript, we mainly discuss the development of both systems and describe the various contrastst hey can reveal. Finally, we have largely used our systems to investigate diverse functions of the eye and to look for electromechanical waves in cell cultures. The thorough description of both biological applications is also provided in the manuscript

The aim of the dissertation was to examine the relationship between career adaptability, sense of coherence (SOC) and career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE), and whether there were any demographic differences, namely age, gender and race, between the constructs. The Career Adapt-ability Scale South Africa (CAAS-South Africa), Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ-13), Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale Short Form (CDSE-SF) and a demographical questionnaire were applied in a convenience sample comprising 317 undergraduate students at a residential university in South Africa. The results indicated a moderate positive relationship between career adaptability, and SOC, and a strong positive relationship between career adaptability and CDMSE. CDMSE predicted career adaptability with a variance of 43%. SOC did not emerge as a significant predictor of career adaptability. No gender differences were found. This study makes a valuable contribution to the existing literature and practice, showing that CDMSE and SOC can have an impact on the career adaptability of undergraduate students. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the nerve fiber layer and glaucoma-induced structural optic nerve head (ONH) damage in patients with normal- (NTG) and high-tension (HTG) glaucoma. Methods: In this retrospective pair-matched comparative study, 22 NTG and 22 HTG eyes were matched according to the same glaucomatous damage based on rim volume, rim area and disk size, as measured by Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT III). Visual fields (VF) were assessed by Humphrey perimetry, and nerve fiber layer thickness was determined both by scanning laser polarimetry (GDxVCC) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Comparisons of all measured parameters were made between NTG and HTG groups. Results: Based on HRT results, both NTG and HTG eyes displayed comparable structural damage to the ONH (NTG/HTG, mean: disk area, 2.30/2.31 mm 2 , p = 0.942; rim area, 1.02/0.86 mm 2 , p = 0.082; rim volume, 0.19/0.17 mm 3 , p = 0.398). NTG eyes had significantly less VF damage than HTG eyes (NTG/HTG, mean deviation: –4.23/–12.12 dB, p = 0.002; pattern standard deviation: 5.39/8.23 dB, p = 0.022). The inferior nerve fiber layer of NTG patients was significantly thicker than that of HTG patients (NTG/HTG, mean: GDx inferior: 53.5/46.3 μm, p = 0.046). SD-OCT revealed a significantly thicker nerve fiber in NTG compared with HTG patients in all quadrants (NTG/HTG, total mean: 72.72/58.45 μm, p = 0.002). Conclusion: At comparable glaucomatous stages, nerve fiber loss was more advanced in HTG patients compared with NTG patients.

As dental caries is one of the most common diseases, the early and noninvasive detection of carious lesions plays an important role in public health care. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) with its ability of depth-resolved, high-resolution, noninvasive, fast imaging has been previously recognized as a promising tool in dentistry. Additionally, polarization sensitive imaging provides quantitative measures on the birefringent tissue properties and can be utilized for imaging dental tissue, especially enamel and dentin. By imaging three exemplary tooth samples ex vivo with proximal white spot, brown spot, and cavity, we show that the combination of polarization sensitive OCT and the degree of polarization uniformity (DOPU) algorithm is a promising approach for the detection of proximal carious lesions due to the depolarization contrast of demineralized tissue. Furthermore, we investigate different sizes of the DOPU evaluation kernel on the resulting contrast and conclude a suitable value for this application. We propose that DOPU provides an easy to interpret image representation and appropriate contrast for possible future screening applications in early caries diagnostics.

The common way to diagnose hard and soft tissue irregularities in the oral cavity is initially the visual inspection by an experienced dentist followed by further medical examinations, such as radiological imaging and/or histopathological investigation. For the diagnosis of oral hard and soft tissues, the detection of early transformations is mostly hampered by poor visual access, low specificity of the diagnosis techniques, and/or limited feasibility of frequent screenings. Therefore, optical noninvasive diagnosis of oral tissue is promising to improve the accuracy of oral screening. Considering this demand, a rigid handheld endoscopic scanner was developed for optical coherence tomography (OCT). The novelty is the usage of a commercially near-infrared endoscope with fitting optics in combination with an established spectral-domain OCT system of our workgroup. By reaching a high spatial resolution, in vivo images of anterior and especially posterior dental and mucosal tissues were obtained from the oral cavity of two volunteers. The convincing image quality of the endoscopic OCT device is particularly obvious for the imaging of different regions of the human soft palate with highly scattering fibrous layer and capillary network within the lamina propria.