La consommation collaborative est souvent présentée comme la nouvelle économie du partage et prône l’usage vs la propriété. Il semble pourtant que certaines pratiques collaboratives soient sources d’hyperconsommation et encouragent au contraire le consumérisme. Dans le cadre de la présente recherche doctorale, nous cherchons à identifier et comprendre les modalités de la montée en compétences marchandes des consommateurs. Nous étudions ce processus à travers les dispositifssociotechniques dans le contexte de la consommation collaborative. Nos résultats révèlent que certaines pratiques collaboratives permettent l’expression de l’Homme-entrepreneur et alimentent la logique néolibérale plutôt que de la remettre en question. Ils montrent également que les dispositifs sociotechniques sont omniprésents et capables de former en masse des consommateurs, les amenant àse conduire tels des conso-marchands au sein d’une hétérotopie « consumériste ». Notre travail souligne en outre que les conso-marchandes étudiées, dans la pratique du vide-dressing, développent certes leur entrepreneurialité mais veulent néanmoins préserv er un espace entre le jeu et le sérieux pour continuer à « jouer à la marchande ». / Collaborative consumption is often presented as the new economy of sharing and advocates usage vs. ownership. However, it seems that certain collaborative practices are sources of hyperconsumption and that they actually encourage consumerism. As part of this doctoral research, we seek to identify and understand the rise of commercial skills among consumers. We take a sociotechnical dispositives approach to study this process in the context of collaborative consumption. Our results demonstrate that certain collaborative practices allow the expression of the entrepreneurial subject and fuel the neoliberal logic rather than question it. They also show that socio-technical dispositives are omnipresent and capable of mass shaping consumers, leading them to behave like consumer-seller within a "consumerist" heterotopy. Furthermore, our results reveal how the consumersellers studied, in the context of a jumble sale, certainly develop their entrepreneurship but nevertheless want to preserve a certain distance between game and reality to continue to "play shop".

D'après le magazine Terra eco (2014),48% des français pratiquent régulièrement la consommation collaborative et 32% ont l'intention de le faire. Malgré l'engouement des consommateurs pour ces alternatives d'échanges, nous constatons comparativement assez peu d'études sur ce sujet en marketing. Cette recherche se propose donc d'analyser les motivations des membres des réseaux physiques de consommation collaborative, à travers l'étude du Système d'échange local (SEL). Le chapitre I propose un état des lieux du SEL, à travers son histoire, son étendue, son objet et son fonctionnement. Le chapitre 2 présente le SEL sous son approche académique. Par une revue de la littérature, il montre comment les différentes disciplines expliquent cette réalité. Il se penche plus précisément sur les déterminants au sélisme, et se termine par la proposition d'un modèle d'influence des motivations au sélisme et de leurs antécédents sur la pratique séliste. Le chapitre 3, par une analyse de l6 entretiens semi-directifs de sélistes, complète et enrichi le modèle. Le chapitre 4traite de la méthodologie employée pour le tester, Le chapitre 5 s'attèle à la création d'une échelle des motivations au sélisme, ainsi qu'à la validation des échelles de mesure du modèle. Le chapitre 6 se consacre enfin au test du modèle et à I'approfondissement des résultats. Cette étude quantitative se base sur un échantillon de 957 sélistes. Les principaux apports de notre thèse consistent : en une modélisation du comportement du séliste ; en la découverte de deux nouvelles motivations à faire partie d'un SEL : se distraire et s'enrichir intellectuellement; en la création d'une échelle de mesure des motivations au sélisme; en l'analyse de leur influence sur la pratique séliste ; et en la création d'une typologie de sélistes. Pour finir et sur la base de ces résultats, des préconisations managériales sont proposées aux SEL, aux entrepreneurs sociaux ou privés de réseau de consommation collaborative, ainsi qu'à l'État et aux collectivités territoriales. / According to the magazine Terra Eco (20 I 4), 48%o of French people are regular users of collaborative consumption, and 32%o of them are considering doing it. Despite the consumer craze for those alternative exchanges, comparatively, only a few marketing studies on the topic are currently made, This research's aim is therefore to analyse the various motivations of members from a physical network of collaborative consumption through the study of the local exchange trading system (LETS). The first chapter is focused on a state of play of the LETS, through its history, its geographical extent, its aims and uses. The second chapter will observe the LETS under an academic point of view. Through a litterature review, it will show how the differents disciplines are explaining this reality. It will also highlight in details what is determining LETS practices, and will end up suggesting an influence model on motivations behind becoming a LETS member, and their antecedents to the LETS practice. The third chapter will strenghten the model by a deep analysis of l6 semi-directives interviews of LETS users. The fourth chapter will put a light on the methodology used to test it. The fifth chapter will define a motivation scale on why becoming a LETS member, and to validate the measuring scales of the model. The sixth chapter will finally test the model and dig the results deeper. This quantitative study is based on a sample of 957 LETS users. Our thesis main assets are: a modelisation of the LETS member behavior, the discovery of two new motivations to join a LETS-distraction and intellectual enrichment, the creation of a motivation scale behind the decision of joining a LETS, analysis of their influences on the LETS practice, and the creation of a LETS member typology. To conclude, and based on those results, we'll come up with managing advices to give to LETS, to social or private workers from collaborative consumption networks, and also to the State and to territorial collectivities.

Submitted by Gilmara Espino (gilmara.espino@gpes.com.br) on 2018-06-13T23:25:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ESPINO_Economia compartilhada(2).pdf: 3950663 bytes, checksum: 40cfe7ac547a831cd83185c617d92725 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br) on 2018-06-14T00:56:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ESPINO_Economia compartilhada(2).pdf: 3950663 bytes, checksum: 40cfe7ac547a831cd83185c617d92725 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-06-14T17:09:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ESPINO_Economia compartilhada(2).pdf: 3950663 bytes, checksum: 40cfe7ac547a831cd83185c617d92725 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-14T17:09:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ESPINO_Economia compartilhada(2).pdf: 3950663 bytes, checksum: 40cfe7ac547a831cd83185c617d92725 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-13 / Avaliar a atratividade de um mercado é fundamental em decisões sobre investimento em uma determinada empresa ou segmento de negócio. Setores específicos requerem conhecimentos particulares, nem sempre percebidos em estudos de viabilidade conduzidos com base em premissas generalistas. Recentemente, um súbito crescimento da oferta de novas empresas de economia compartilhada competindo como plataformas de agendamento de consultas médicas fez levantar a questão sobre a atratividade desse negócio para o mercado de saúde. Esse estudo apresenta os fatores sociais, econômicos e tecnológicos que explicam essa intensificação de competidores e, também, as barreiras que ainda dificultam a expansão dessas plataformas no Brasil. Mais do que compreender o fenômeno, os resultados apresentam um cenário atual sobre o ambiente de saúde e percepção dos usuários. É, portanto, conhecimento que pode ser aplicado a estudos de viabilidade de outros produtos ou serviços que desejam competir no segmento de saúde. A análise, embasada na literatura pesquisada e nos dados combinados de questionário dirigido, entrevista e cliente oculto, conclui pela tendência de arrefecimento do interesse em investimentos em empresas que atuem exclusivamente como plataformas de agendamento de consultas, e aponta para uma organização do mercado mais concentrada, com pequenos concorrentes diversificando seus produtos e serviços para se manterem competindo. / The assessment of a market attractiveness is critical when deciding to invest in a new company or business segment. Specific sectors require specific knowledge, not always perceived in feasibility studies conducted on generalist assumptions. Recently, a sudden expansion of sharing economy companies offering online scheduling medical platforms has raised the issue of this particular market. This study presents the social, economic and technological factors that explain the increase of competitors and also explore the existing market barriers that makes the diffusion of this kind of platform so difficult in Brazil. More than understanding the phenomenon, the outcome presents a current overview about the Brazilian health environment and the users’ perception. Therefore, it’s a knowledge that can be applied to feasibility studies of other products or services that wish to compete in the Health sector. The analysis based on evidence from researched literature, interviews, survey and observation (hidden customer) concludes in direction to the lessen of interest by investments in companies that act exclusively on online-scheduling medical platforms based on sharing economy; and point to a more concentrated market with fewer small competitors who need to diversify their products and services in order to keep themselves competitive.

Crowdsourcing och den kollaborativa ekonomin är modeller för öppen innovation som blir allt mer centrala i ett samhälle som står inför morgondagens utmaningar. För att ta itu med globala problem krävs det ett globalt samarbete och ett gemensamt ansvar, där delningsekonomin kan bli avgörande. I denna kvantitativa undersökning svarar vi på frågeställningen om hur upptagandet av och beslutsfattandet kring kollaborativa tjänsteinnovationer kan se ut när vi låter 50 studenter ta del av en kollaborativ tjänsteinnovation. Vi undersöker några befintliga kollaborativa tjänster, redogör för relevanta begrepp och visar på hur Diffusion of innovations kan användas för att förstå något så komplext som hur innovationer kan upptas och spridas i sociala system. Vidare visar vi hur ramverk för konceptualisering av crowdsourcing kan användas för att förstå hur miljöaspekten och viljan att samarbeta kan driva en stor grupp människor till att dela på kompetens, resurser och kunskap. Slutsatser och ett innovationsbidrag lyfts fram som kan hjälpa företag att förstå hur crowdsourcing kan användas och de villkor som spelar roll för individers upptagande. / Crowdsourcing and the sharing economy are essential models for open innovation when facing the challenges of tomorrow. Dealing with global problems require global cooperation and common responsibility, where the sharing economy may become crucial. In this quantitative study we examine how the adoption and decision-making process occurs when we let 50 students take part in a collaborative service innovation. We look at some already existing collaborative innovations, explain relevant concepts and show how Diffusion of innovations can be used to understand something as complex as adoption and diffusion of service innovations in social systems. Furthermore, we show how the framework for conceptualization of crowdsourcing can be used to understand how the environmental aspect and the willingness to cooperate can drive a crowd to share skills, resources and knowledge. Conclusions are presented and a contribution to help crowdsourcing ventures and collaborative networks is highlighted to understand individual adoption and the preconditions that affects their decision-making.

This cumulative dissertation captures the sharing economy’s sustainability dynamics by applying a macro-, meso-, and micro-level analysis to investigate the actors and elements involved in constituting the field. On a macro-level, the first study examines the social, political, and economic context that shapes (non-)sustainable sharing entrepreneurs’ behavior. The second study's meso-level analysis investigates how sharing entrepreneurs affect other organizations and communities to act more sustainable. Lastly, the third study adopts a micro-level analysis that focuses on entrepreneurs’ identity formation in the contested sharing economy. Overall, this dissertation contributes to a more fine-grained understanding of sustainability in the sharing economy and the various actors and elements involved in constituting the field. Moreover, the dissertation highlights the actions and interventions necessary for the sharing economy’s sustainability path.:List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations CHAPTER 1: Background and Research Gap 1.1 Theoretical Framework 1.1.1 The Evolution of the Sharing Economy 1.1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems 1.1.3 Theoretical Perspectives on Organizational Identity Work 1.2 Research Purpose and Scientific Contribution 1.2.1 Research Article I 1.2.2 Research Article II 1.2.3 Research Article III References CHAPTER 2: Research Article I CHAPTER 3: Research Article II 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Theoretical Background 3.2.1 Entrepreneurial Ecosystems 3.2.2 Sustainability in the Sharing Economy 3.3 Data and Method 3.3.1 Research Context 3.3.2 Sampling Logic and Data Collection 3.3.3 Data Analysis 3.4 Findings 3.4.1 Building a Supportive Environment 3.4.2 Disrupting Normative Standards 3.4.3 Reframing the Sustainability Paradigm 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Implications for Theory 3.5.2 Implications for Practice 3.5.3 Limitations and Future Research References CHAPTER 4: Research Article III 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Theoretical Background 4.2.1 Identity Narratives in Contested Fields 4.2.2 Label Work and Collective Identity 4.3 Methodology 4.3.1 Research Setting: The Sharing Economy as a Contested Field 4.3.2 Data Sources and Collection 4.3.3 Data Analysis 4.4 Findings 4.4.1 Embracing the Label for Configuring Local Identity and Field Aspirations 4.4.2 Fixing the Label to Signal Distinctiveness 4.4.3 Unfixing the Label to Embrace Tensions and Ambiguities 4.4.4 Re-Fixing the Label to Consolidate a Collective Identity 4.5 Discussion 4.6 Conclusion References

Uno de los sectores inmobiliarios más dinámicos es el de alquiler de oficinas y dentro de él, un modelo de negocio innovador llamado Coworking que nace de una tendencia en crecimiento: la Economía Colaborativa. Dicho modelo resulta atractivo para inversionistas inmobiliarios, empresas en expansión e independientes porque ofrece mayor valor en cuanto a flexibilidad, comparada con la oferta tradicional. Por eso, este trabajo se centra en evidencia que valide la incidencia de esta tendencia, la economía colaborativa, sobre la competitividad de las empresas que brindan el servicio de alquiler de oficinas en Lima Metropolitana en el año 2018. La metodología se descompone en investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa. A través de una selección muestral, se realizaron encuestas a directivos o encargados de las empresas de Coworking. Por su lado, la investigación cualitativa consta de entrevistas en profundidad a expertos nacionales e internacionales respecto a la tendencia global de la economía colaborativa y el sector Coworking. Luego de la investigación realizada, se puede determinar que la Economía Colaborativa incide en la competitividad de las empresas que brindan servicio de alquiler de oficina en Lima Metropolitana en el año 2018. Asimismo, los factores: digital (hipótesis específica número 1, o, HE1), social (HE2), económico (HE3) tienen la misma incidencia. Sin embargo, el factor cultura medioambiental (HE4) no impactaría en la competitividad de dichas empresas ya que su alcance sería sólo en términos comunicacionales o publicitarios, el cual se sugiere investigar con mayor profundidad. Como aporte a la comunidad empresarial, se propone el Índice de Competitividad Colaborativa (ICC) que, de la investigación realizada, las empresas con mayor ICC demuestran una propuesta de valor más centrada en el usuario y una comunidad sólida. Se sugiere a las empresas de Coworking realizar un diagnóstico interno para identificar aspectos de la gestión interna asociados a la competitividad que pueden fortalecerse. / One of the most dynamic real estate sectors is office rental and within it, an innovative business model called Coworking born from a growing trend: the Collaborative Economy. This model is attractive to real estate investors, expanding and independent companies because it offers greater value in terms of flexibility compared to the traditional offer. Therefore, this work focuses on evidence that validates the incidence of this trend, the collaborative economy, on the competitiveness of companies that provide office rental services in Metropolitan Lima in 2018. The methodology is broken down into quantitative and qualitative research. Through a sample selection, surveys of executives or managers of Coworking companies were conducted. For instance, qualitative research consists of in-depth interviews to national and international experts about the global trend of the collaborative economy and the Coworking sector. After the investigation, it can be determined that the Collaborative Economy affects the competitiveness of companies that provide office rental service in Metropolitan Lima in 2018. Also, the factors: digital (specific hipothesis number 1, i.e. SH1), social (HE2), Economic (HE3) have the same incidence. However, the environmental culture factor (HE4) would not impact the competitiveness of these companies since its scope is only communicational or in advertising terms, which is further research could be conducted. As a contribution to the business community, the Collaborative Competitiveness Index (CCI) is a proposal derived from the research carried out. The companies with the highest CCI show a more user-centered value proposal and a solid community. Coworking companies are suggested to perform an internal diagnosis to identify aspects of internal management associated with competitiveness that can be strengthened. / Tesis

Kollaborativ konsumtion och bildelningstjänster är två fenomen som under de senaste åren blivit allt mer populära som ett sätt att bemöta hållbarhetskrisen. Bildelningstjänster är en form av kollaborativ konsumtion och är ofta drivna av kommersiella krafter. Syftet med tjänsterna är att erbjuda kunder moderna och hållbarhetsdrivna lösningar som ett alternativ till det privata bilägandet. I användandet av bildelningstjänster uppstår interaktioner mellan olika aktörer, mänskliga såväl som icke-mänskliga, både direkt- och indirekt. I användningen av bildelningstjänster och i dessa interaktioner, skapas en upplevelse för användarna. Genom en enkät och nio semistrukturerade intervjuer med användare av bildelningstjänster, studerar vi i denna studie, dessa upplevelser. Användarupplevelsemål och delade användarupplevelser, samt aktör-nätverksteori används som teoretiska ramverk för att analysera och diskutera den insamlade datan. I denna studie drar vi slutsatsen att användandet av bildelningstjänster inte enbart handlar om användarens individuella upplevelse av att använda bilen och mobilapplikationen. Användandet av bildelningstjänster består av flera samverkande faktorer som påverkarvarandra och som tillsammans påverkar användarupplevelsen. Slutligen ger studien ytterligare insikter i hur aktörer påverkar förarens användarupplevelse av bildelningstjänster. Med kunskapen om hur förarens upplevelse, i användandet av bildelningstjänster, påverkas av både mänskliga och icke-mänskliga aktörer. Dessa aktörer utgörs för omfånget av denna studie den mobila applikationen, bilen, kundtjänsten, den tidigare föraren och passagerarna. / Collaborative consumption, shared mobility, and car sharing services are three modern phenomena that in recent years have become a popular way to respond to the sustainability crisis. Carsharing services are a subcategory of collaborative consumption and are often driven by commercial forces. The aim of the services is to offer modern and sustainably-driven solutions to users as an alternative to private car ownership. In the use of carsharing services, an interaction occurs between different actors, human as well as non-human actors, both direct- and indirect. These interactions generate a user experience which this thesis aims to study through a survey and nine semistructured interviews with users of carsharing services. User experience goals, shared user experience, as well as Actor-network theory, is used as theoretical frameworks to analyze and discuss the collected data. Through this study, we conclude that the act of using car sharing services isn’t solely an individual experience between the users and the artifacts such as the car or the mobile application. Instead, the use of carsharing services often consists of several collaborating actors who influence each other and together affect the user experience. Lastly, the study contributes further insights into how actors affect the driver's user experience of carsharing services. With the knowledge of how the driver's experiences in the use of carsharing services are affected by both human and non-human actors. These actors consist of the mobile application, the car, previous users, customer service, and passengers.

Efterfrågan och konsumtionen av jordens naturresurser ökar ständigt (Lieder & Rashid 2016). Längs med ett konsumtionsmönster som präglas av en mentalitet där produkter används ett fåtal gånger under en begränsad tidsperiod kommer också konsekvenser (Belk 2014a). Ett gehör på detta har lett till att nya affärsmodeller har börjat uppmärksammas. En affärsmodell av cirkulär karaktär är delningskonsumtion som bland annat inkluderar korttidshyra (Armstrong & Park 2019a). Genom att dela resurser under en kort period kan konsumenter uppleva ekonomiska-, utilitariska- och miljömässiga fördelar utan att äga produkten (Barhdi & Eckhardt 2012; Griffiths & Hwang 2017; Martin 2016). Men är ägandeskap en vän eller fiende gällande mer hållbara konsumtionsmönster? Syftet med denna studie är att observera hur ägandeskap påverkar adopteringen av korttidshyra och vidare observera om olika produktkategorier påverkas på olika sätt. En kvantitativ enkätundersökning genomfördes och resultatet tyder på att ägandeskap har en tendens att påverka adopteringen av korttidshyra sett till de observerade produktkategorierna. Dessutom finns det en indikation på att möbler tillsammans med kläder inte nödvändigtvis är särskilt lämpliga för korttidshyra medan bostäder samt, till viss del, elektronik kan anses vara mera lämpliga. / The demand and consumption of the earth's natural resources is constantly increasing (Lieder & Rashid 2016). In combination with a consumption pattern that is characterized by a “take-make-waste” mentality we face anticipated consequences (Belk 2014a). As a response, a new set of business models has begun to get attention. One of these more circular models is collaborative consumption which includes short-term renting (Armstrong & Park 2019a). By sharing resources during a short period, the consumers are able to experience monetary-, utilitarian- and environmental benefits without owning the product (Barhdi & Eckhardt 2012; Griffiths & Hwang 2017; Martin 2016). But is ownership a friend or foe in regards to more sustainable consumption patterns? The purpose of this study is to observe how ownership affects the adoption of short-term renting and further to observe if different product categories are affected differently. By conducting a quantitative online survey, the result shows that there is a tendency for ownership to affect the adoption of short-term renting in the observed categories. Furthermore, there is an indication that furniture along with clothing might not be suitable for short-term renting whilst accommodation, and for some part electronics, might be more suitable due to the degree that ownership affects the intention for adoption.

There is a growing economy of services that leverage networked solutions to enable peers to rent, re-sell, lend, trade or share assets among each other. We see a few widely successful examples of this, but there are many more that are not taking off. This thesis aims to identify barriers that hinder transactions from taking place in the sharing economy. The technological nature of these services allows HCI design to be a tool to mitigate these barriers. The literature review, a set of interviews and a workshop form data for the formation and analysis of the barriers. By categorizing the services as sharing, collaborative or on-demand economy services the barriers and the different motivations for using the services are explored. The associated values with the motivations for using the different service types are considered in a novel strategy to mitigate hard to reach barriers. The results from this thesis will be material for the proposed implementation of a local marketplace for sharing economy services. This implementation will be done in a proposed VINNOVA supported project in Stockholm, Sweden. The knowledge about the barriers and the strategies to mitigate them will hopefully be of value to other developments in the sharing economy. By designing with the barriers in mind the user experience will hopefully improve and lead to more transactions taking place. / Det finns en växande ekonomi av tjänster som utnyttjar nätverkslösningar som vill möjliggöra det för användare att hyra, återsälja, låna eller dela tillgångar mellan sig. Vi kan idag se ett fåtal väldigt framgångsrika exempel på detta, men det finns många fler som inte lyckas etablera sig. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att identifiera barriärer som hindrar transaktioner att ske inom delande-ekonomin. Den teknologiska kopplingen hos dessa tjänster tillåter MDI-design att vara ett viktigt verktyg för att motverka barriärerna. Litteraturstudien, ett antal intervjuer och en workshop ligger till grund för data till definierandet och analysen av dessa barriärer. Genom att kategorisera tjänster som delande-, kollaborativa- eller on-demand-ekonomitjänster kan motivation för användande och dess barriärer utforskas. Värden som kan associeras till motivationen för användandet av de olika tjänsterna används i en ny typ av strategi för att motverka de annars svårtillgängliga barriärerna. Resultatet från denna avhandling blir underlag för en implementation av en lokal marknadsplats för delande-ekonomitjänster. Denna implementation är en del i ett föreslaget projekt med stöd från VINNOVA i Stockholm, Sverige. Kunskap om barriärerna och strategier för att övervinna dom kan förhoppningsvis vara till värde för andra utvecklingsområden inom delande-ekonomi. Genom att designa med barriärerna i åtanke kan användarupplevelsen förbättras och leda till att fler transaktioner äger rum.