abstract: Globalization has brought a renewed interest in the discourses of the past and national/ethnic identities that has been reflected in the cultural production and the social sciences around the globe. Historical novel (and their sequel telenovelas), a literary field closely linked to historiography, reflects, and has contributed to (re)shape the discourses of the past and identity in Latin America. Since the first decades of the 19th century until nowadays, Colombian novelists have explored Colombian identity through historical novels. Their plots and characters are highly influenced by new historiographical trends. During the19th and the first half of the 20th century, Romantic and Realist novels were generally constructed over historicist assumption of the past: the belief that it is possible to acquire a completely “objective” knowledge of the past. However, some outstanding Colombian historical novels, such as La Marquesa de Yolombó (1928), challenged this notion of the past. Since the last decades of the 20th century, Colombian historical novels share an attitude toward the past that Linda Hutcheon has defined as Historiographical Metafiction. This approach to history challenges the idea of an objective total history, and emphasizes the importance of the personal experiences, the subjectivity, of their characters and of the narrative voices. Donde no te Conozcan (2007), Trí¬ptico de la Infamia (2016), and Mancha de la Tierra (2014) are three Colombian historical novels written in the 21st century that share this attitude towards history. They question the nineteenth-century interpretations of Colombian history, especially those related to the role of Jews, Moors, Indigenous, Africans, and mestizos in the colonial social dynamics, and, therefore, in Colombian culture. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation International Letters and Cultures 2018

This thesis explores the works of the Colombian writer Fernando Vallejo in terms of autobiography and fiction. Using the theoretical approaches of Philippe Lejeune in his book On Autobiography and Serge Doubrovsky in his book Fils: Roman this thesis will draw distinctions between autobiography and what Doubrovsky calls "autofiction" in Vallejo'­s collection of five texts known as El rio del tiempo. Lejeune has shown that the canonical form of autobiography is characterized by the equation author=narrator=character. However, if we apply this clear-cut definition to Vallejo's book, a series of question arise: Who is speaking in his novels? Can we unequivocally attribute the narrator's ideas to Vallejo himself? Or if his novels are mere autobiographies, why does Vallejo use some blatantly fictitious situations? Fernando Vallejo'­s work underscores the fine boundary between fiction and autobiography and the impact that this relation has on his readers. In his writing, the present time and past time are fused in the capricious channel of his memory, confirming that every autobiography, no matter how sincere it is, is also a form of storytelling. / Master of Arts

A presente tese pretende, a partir da análise dos romances Lavoura arcaica (1975), de Raduan Nassar, Terra sonâmbula (1992), de Mia Couto, e Crônica de uma morte anunciada (1981), de Gabriel García Márquez, estabelecer um diálogo entre romance e mitologia. Sob tal perspectiva, a tese procura examinar como se dá a interação do tempo mitológico com o tempo histórico e o papel da reinterpretação dos mitos e sua repercussão nas obras literárias escolhidas. Para desenvolver tal proposta, apresentaremos lineamentos teóricos básicos que nos permitirão definir os elementos caracterizadores da presença do mitológico nos textos ficcionais selecionados para análise. Apontaremos, em primeiro lugar, a alusão a um determinado mito reconhecível; em seguida, a presença de elementos rituais que aí estabeleçam a conexão do mito com o sagrado; e, por último, o papel da palavra como elemento fundamental que reatualiza, preserva e difunde a memória do sagrado, isto é, do mitológico. Os romances escolhidos constituem verdadeiros exemplos dos processos de experimentação desenvolvidos em cada um desses campos o mito, o rito, a palavra numa prática artística que congrega diferentes maneiras de ver o mundo, assim como de reinterpretá-lo criativamente por meio de seus respectivos imaginários. O objetivo central de nosso trabalho é, pois, mostrar que a presença de elementos mitológicos nos três romances constitui o componente estrutural básico das três narrativas e que essa presença se manifesta de modo específico em cada uma das obras analisadas. / This analysis of the novels Lavoura arcaica (1975) by Raduan Nassar, Terra sonâmbula (1992), by Mia Couto, and Crónica de una muerte anunciada (1981), by Gabriel García Márquez, aims to establish a dialogue between romance and mythology. From this perspective, the text examines the nature of mythological and historical time interaction and the role of the reinterpretation of myths and its impact on the chosen literary works. To develop such a proposal, the use of basic theoretical guidelines will allow us to define the characterizing elements of the mythological presence in the fictional texts selected for analysis. We will first point out the allusion to a certain recognizable myth; secondly, the presence of ritual elements that establish the connection between the myth and the sacred; and, finally, the role of the word as a fundamental element that renews, preserves and diffuses the memory of the sacred, that is, of the mythological. The chosen novels are true examples of the processes of experimentation developed in each of these fields - myth, ritual, word - in an artistic practice that brings together different ways of seeing the world, as well as creatively reinterpreting it through their own imaginaries. The central objective of this work is, therefore, to show that the presence of mythological elements in the three novels embodies the basic structural component of the three narratives and that this presence manifests itself in a specific way in each of the works under analysis.

Bastante significativa tem sido a atenção que críticos, historiadores ou pesquisadores de literatura colombiana vêm dando a Mito - revista bimestral de cultura (1955-1962) nas últimas décadas. O interesse despertado sobre essa publicação promovida por escritores como Jorge Gaitán Durán, Hernando Valencia Goelkel, Pedro Gómez Valderrama, Eduardo Cote Lamus, Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot e Jorge Eliécer Ruiz, para mencionar aqueles que foram seus principais responsáveis, reside principalmente na eficácia editorial que logrou a realização de 42 números de uma revista de indiscutível qualidade literária, tanto em termos críticos quanto de divulgação estética. A revista contou com inúmeros colaboradores de relevância literária nacional e internacional e por meio de suas páginas os leitores colombianos entraram em contato com correntes de pensamento que ajudaram a modernizar o ambiente intelectual e cultural do país. Como parte de um ambicioso projeto, a revista Mito foi também promotora de uma casa editorial de livros e de um programa radiofônico homônimos que, juntos, atuando simultaneamente nos campos culturais e políticos, contribuíram para marcar a cultura colombiana de tal forma que seus realizadores foram convertidos em obrigatórias referências canônicas na literatura do século XX em Colômbia e América Latina. O presente trabalho de pesquisa procurou identificar a trajetória do discurso político-cultural da revista Mito, assim como de suas ampliações dentro do que aqui denominamos como Projeto Mito, que surgiu diante da violenta crise social do país, foi alimentado pela necessidade de transformações dessa realidade, pela premência de liberdade total do ser humano, e teve como principais suportes argumentativos a tolerância opinativa associada ao antidogmatismo ideológico. Como consequência após o fim da publicação, o imaginário criado por esse eficaz e influente discurso acabou por proporcionar o acesso de seus intelectuais aos campos de poder, fato que não apenas permitiu o estabelecimento consagrador de suas realizações literárias como o de sua manutenção canônica ao longo dos anos, numa espécie de conservação discursiva perene em que residem complexos problemas de ordem historiográfica como os de tradição/ruptura ou de sincronia/diacronia. Para isso, a pesquisa inicialmente contou com estudos relacionando Mito com revistas e publicações periódicas nacionais antecessoras (Los Nuevos, Lecturas Dominicales de El Tiempo, Revista de las Indias e Crítica) e internacionais (Les Temps Modernes, Sur, Revista Mexicana de Literatura) em busca de influências ou uma comprovação de certa continuidade discursiva que pudesse conotar alguma tradição editorial; depois passou à devida leitura dos principais aspectos culturais publicados nas páginas da revista ou apreendidos do projeto como um todo, assim como à leitura que permitiu a identificação de sua representação política tomando alguns casos polêmicos para análise; para finalmente se dedicar à compreensão dos alcances do discurso político-cultural de Mito entre os campos do poder e da literatura em termos de política cultural e de historiografia. / In the last decades, it has been very significant the attention given by critics, historians or Colombian literature researchers to Mito bimonthly magazine of culture (1955-1962). The interest generated about this publication promoted by Jorge Gaitán Durán, Hernando Valencia Goelkel, Pedro Gómez Valderrama, Eduardo Cote Lamus, Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot and Jorge Eliécer Ruiz, mentioning those who were mainly responsible for this, was especially due to the editorial efficacy that enjoyed the achievement of 42 numbers of an unquestionable literary quality, in critical terms and esthetic propagation. The magazine had many collaborators with national and international relevance and through its pages the Colombian readers could be in touch with lines of thoughts that were helpful to became more modern the intellectual and cultural environment of the country. Mito magazine also promoted an editorial house of books and a radio program, both homonyms, as part of an ambitious project that together acted simultaneously in politics and cultural fields and contributed so expressively to mark Colombian culture that their directors were converted to canonic mandatory references for literature of XX century in Colombia and Latin America. The present research aimed to identify the journey of political-cultural speech from Mito magazine, and its extensions inside of what we considered here as Mito Project, that emerged due to the violent social crisis of the country and was supplied by the necessity of changing this reality, by the urgency of total liberty from human being and that has as main argumentative support the opinionated tolerance associated to ideological anti-dogmatism. As a consequence by the end of this publication, the imaginary created by this effective and influent speech promoted to its intellectuals the access to powerful fields, fact that not only permitted them the strong establishment of their literary performances as the canonic maintaining position along the years, as kind of perennial discursive conservation where lives complexes issues related to historiographical as traditional/rupture or synchrony/diachrony. For that, the research initially used as reference studies that made a relationship between Mito and previous national and international periodic magazines and publications (Los Nuevos, Lecturas Dominicales de El Tiempo, Revista de las Indias and Crítica / Les Temps Modernes, Sur, Revista Mexicana de Literatura) in order to look for influences or kind of discursive evidence that could cogitate any editorial tradition; after that it crossed over to the proper reading of main cultural aspects published in magazines pages or got form the project at all including the reading that allowed the identification of its politic representation, taking some polemic cases for the analysis; for finally dedication to the comprehension of political-cultural speech reach from Mito between power and literature fields in terms of cultural politic and historiography.

Bastante significativa tem sido a atenção que críticos, historiadores ou pesquisadores de literatura colombiana vêm dando a Mito - revista bimestral de cultura (1955-1962) nas últimas décadas. O interesse despertado sobre essa publicação promovida por escritores como Jorge Gaitán Durán, Hernando Valencia Goelkel, Pedro Gómez Valderrama, Eduardo Cote Lamus, Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot e Jorge Eliécer Ruiz, para mencionar aqueles que foram seus principais responsáveis, reside principalmente na eficácia editorial que logrou a realização de 42 números de uma revista de indiscutível qualidade literária, tanto em termos críticos quanto de divulgação estética. A revista contou com inúmeros colaboradores de relevância literária nacional e internacional e por meio de suas páginas os leitores colombianos entraram em contato com correntes de pensamento que ajudaram a modernizar o ambiente intelectual e cultural do país. Como parte de um ambicioso projeto, a revista Mito foi também promotora de uma casa editorial de livros e de um programa radiofônico homônimos que, juntos, atuando simultaneamente nos campos culturais e políticos, contribuíram para marcar a cultura colombiana de tal forma que seus realizadores foram convertidos em obrigatórias referências canônicas na literatura do século XX em Colômbia e América Latina. O presente trabalho de pesquisa procurou identificar a trajetória do discurso político-cultural da revista Mito, assim como de suas ampliações dentro do que aqui denominamos como Projeto Mito, que surgiu diante da violenta crise social do país, foi alimentado pela necessidade de transformações dessa realidade, pela premência de liberdade total do ser humano, e teve como principais suportes argumentativos a tolerância opinativa associada ao antidogmatismo ideológico. Como consequência após o fim da publicação, o imaginário criado por esse eficaz e influente discurso acabou por proporcionar o acesso de seus intelectuais aos campos de poder, fato que não apenas permitiu o estabelecimento consagrador de suas realizações literárias como o de sua manutenção canônica ao longo dos anos, numa espécie de conservação discursiva perene em que residem complexos problemas de ordem historiográfica como os de tradição/ruptura ou de sincronia/diacronia. Para isso, a pesquisa inicialmente contou com estudos relacionando Mito com revistas e publicações periódicas nacionais antecessoras (Los Nuevos, Lecturas Dominicales de El Tiempo, Revista de las Indias e Crítica) e internacionais (Les Temps Modernes, Sur, Revista Mexicana de Literatura) em busca de influências ou uma comprovação de certa continuidade discursiva que pudesse conotar alguma tradição editorial; depois passou à devida leitura dos principais aspectos culturais publicados nas páginas da revista ou apreendidos do projeto como um todo, assim como à leitura que permitiu a identificação de sua representação política tomando alguns casos polêmicos para análise; para finalmente se dedicar à compreensão dos alcances do discurso político-cultural de Mito entre os campos do poder e da literatura em termos de política cultural e de historiografia. / In the last decades, it has been very significant the attention given by critics, historians or Colombian literature researchers to Mito bimonthly magazine of culture (1955-1962). The interest generated about this publication promoted by Jorge Gaitán Durán, Hernando Valencia Goelkel, Pedro Gómez Valderrama, Eduardo Cote Lamus, Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot and Jorge Eliécer Ruiz, mentioning those who were mainly responsible for this, was especially due to the editorial efficacy that enjoyed the achievement of 42 numbers of an unquestionable literary quality, in critical terms and esthetic propagation. The magazine had many collaborators with national and international relevance and through its pages the Colombian readers could be in touch with lines of thoughts that were helpful to became more modern the intellectual and cultural environment of the country. Mito magazine also promoted an editorial house of books and a radio program, both homonyms, as part of an ambitious project that together acted simultaneously in politics and cultural fields and contributed so expressively to mark Colombian culture that their directors were converted to canonic mandatory references for literature of XX century in Colombia and Latin America. The present research aimed to identify the journey of political-cultural speech from Mito magazine, and its extensions inside of what we considered here as Mito Project, that emerged due to the violent social crisis of the country and was supplied by the necessity of changing this reality, by the urgency of total liberty from human being and that has as main argumentative support the opinionated tolerance associated to ideological anti-dogmatism. As a consequence by the end of this publication, the imaginary created by this effective and influent speech promoted to its intellectuals the access to powerful fields, fact that not only permitted them the strong establishment of their literary performances as the canonic maintaining position along the years, as kind of perennial discursive conservation where lives complexes issues related to historiographical as traditional/rupture or synchrony/diachrony. For that, the research initially used as reference studies that made a relationship between Mito and previous national and international periodic magazines and publications (Los Nuevos, Lecturas Dominicales de El Tiempo, Revista de las Indias and Crítica / Les Temps Modernes, Sur, Revista Mexicana de Literatura) in order to look for influences or kind of discursive evidence that could cogitate any editorial tradition; after that it crossed over to the proper reading of main cultural aspects published in magazines pages or got form the project at all including the reading that allowed the identification of its politic representation, taking some polemic cases for the analysis; for finally dedication to the comprehension of political-cultural speech reach from Mito between power and literature fields in terms of cultural politic and historiography.

La rédaction de ce mémoire a été possible grâce à la bourse d’études supérieures du Canada (BESC M), Joseph-Armand-Bombardier du Centre de Recherche en Sciences Humaines (CRSH) du gouvernement du Canada, 2015. / Cette recherche est basée sur l’hypothèse suivante : la relation entre la société colombienne et la violence a été si constante et profonde que la nouvelle littérature du XXIe siècle est un produit de ce phénomène. Bien que les études académiques portant sur la littérature et la violence en Colombie soient si nombreuses, celles-ci ont été dirigées à l’analyse du violent comme étant un phénomène perturbateur de l’ordre social, que ce soit dès la Violence politique des années 50 et 60, ou bien dès la littérature du narco trafique dans les années 80 et 90. Toutefois, dans la littérature des générations plus récentes d’écrivains, la violence n’est pas nécessairement exercée par des acteurs « traditionnellement » violents qui portent atteinte à l’ordre social, mais ce supposé « ordre » social est déjà essentiellement violent, faisant de la violence une question symbolique, normalisée et profondément enracinée dans l’ensemble de la société. Donc, de quelle façon la violence « traditionnelle » a-t-elle mutée jusqu’à configurer la neo-violence d’aujourd’hui? Quelles sont ses caractéristiques? Mais, surtout, de quelle façon la littérature raconte-t-elle cette nouvelle violence? Le objectif de cette recherche est d’identifier ces nouvelles manifestations de la violence dans la littérature de la première décennie du XXIe siècle ayant été produites pour les écrivains nés pendant les années 70 et le début des années 80. La méthodologie, basée sur l’analyse de romans et de nouvelles d’écrivains colombiens de cette génération, cherche à établir comment la surexposition à une violence endémique a généré de nouvelles formes de voir, de percevoir, de sentir et de narrer le violent au-delà de la description de faits concrets de violence. / This research is based on the assumption that the relationship between the Colombian society and violence is so constant and deep that the new 21st century literature is the result of this phenomenon. Despite the fact that previous academic research on violence and literature in Colombia has largely addressed the topic, this same research has usually approached “violence” as a disruptive phenomenon having an impact on established social orders. That is the case of previous analysis addressing either the 1950s and 1960s’ La Violencia-based literature or the 1980s and 1990s’ drug trafficking literature. However, in the literature of the new generation of writers, violence is not necessarily practiced by traditionally violent actors who intentionally put social order at risk. This social order is in fact essentially violent, which turns violence into a symbolic, normalized, deeply rooted matter in society. Thus, how has “traditional” violence transformed into today’s neoviolence? Which are its attributes? Furthermore, how does literature tell this new violence’s story? The purpose of this research is to identify these new forms of violence made evident in the literature of the first decade of the 21st century that has been produced, in turn, by writers born between the 1970s and the 1980s. The methodology, based on the analysis of novels and short stories by Colombian writers from this period, seeks to establish how overexposure to endemic violence has resulted in new forms of seeing, perceiving, feeling and recounting violence beyond the accurate description of violent facts. / Si bien los estudios académicos sobre el tema de la literatura y la violencia en Colombia son bastante numerosos, estos han estado dirigidos al análisis de la violencia como un fenómeno perturbador del orden social, ya sea desde la Violencia política de los años 50 y 60, o bien desde la violencia del narcotráfico en los años 80 y 90. Sin embargo, en la literatura de las generaciones más jóvenes de escritores, la violencia no es necesariamente ejercida por actores tradicionalmente violentos que atenten contra el orden social, sino que este supuesto orden social es ya esencialmente violento, donde la violencia se manifiesta de manera simbólica, normalizada y profundamente enraizada en la vida social. La investigación se pregunta entonces, ¿de qué manera la violencia “tradicional” ha mutado hasta configurar la neo-violencia de hoy? ¿Cuáles son sus características? Pero, sobre todo, ¿de qué manera esta nueva violencia es contada por la literatura? El objetivo de esta investigación es el de identificar estas nuevas manifestaciones de la violencia en la literatura de la primera década del siglo XXI, producida por los escritores nacidos durante los años 70 e inicios de los años 80. La metodología se basa en el análisis de novelas y cuentos de escritores colombianos pertenecientes a esta generación, para establecer cómo la sobreexposición a una violencia endémica ha generado nuevas formas de ver, percibir, sentir y narrar lo violento más allá de la descripción de hechos concretos de violencia.

L'étude examine comment la narration historique colombienne du XIXe siècle s'insère dans les différents débats qui ont eu lieu dans le processus complexe de construction du pays en tant qu'État moderne. Elle part de l'idée que la production d'identités nationales comporte des éléments sociaux, politiques et culturels, raison pour laquelle il est fondamental de considérer la place de cette production dans les débats concernant : 1) les rapports entre l’Église catholique, l’État et la tradition chrétienne; 2) la place de l’héritage hispanique dans la culture nationale et du sujet autochtone dans la société; et 3) l’histoire récente de la République émergente. Nous partons de l’idée que divers projets de nation ont été proposés par les intellectuels en fonction de leurs intérêts idéologiques pluriels, voire même de leurs préoccupations existentielles. La rencontre entre les différentes perspectives sur la construction d’une nation moderne a créé des conflits politiques, sociaux et culturels qui se sont soldés par des confrontations fratricides. Or, le caractère conflictuel du contexte de construction de la nation a été reproduit par les intellectuels dans les récits historiques. Dans ce travail, nous adoptons une perspective sociocritique et explorons la façon dont les contradictions historiques d’un processus colonial ont produit des sujets problématiques; sujets qui ont essayé de résoudre, dans la production discursive historique, ces mêmes contradictions dont ils étaient issus. L’exploration de ces hypothèses est faite en quatre temps. D’abord, nous partons des rapports entre les discours historique et littéraire de l’époque pour comprendre la nature hybride de la production étudiée. Cette réflexion nous permet d’observer les fonctions didactique, identitaire et critique que les intellectuels ont attribué au récit historique. En somme, nous analysons en premier lieu comment la littérature de type historique répond à des dynamiques et normes esthétiques produites par le croisement des sphères littéraire et sociopolitique. Les trois dernières parties de cette thèse consistent en une revue des débats de société susmentionnés depuis la production de récits historiques. La deuxième partie examine comment la narration historique est insérée dans les débats sur la religion catholique dans le pays. À travers la narration historique et en affirmant le christianisme comme symbole de civilisation, les intellectuels ont débattu de la place de l'Église catholique dans la structure sociale. Le troisième chapitre analyse les positions sur le passé hispanique et le passé indigène. Malgré la découverte de positions marquées en faveur et contre la tradition hispanique, les oeuvres reproduisent les contradictions historiques dans les deux. Tandis que les premiers devaient considérer le bain de sang et le pillage de la Conquête, les seconds devaient affronter le poids de la tradition hispanique dans le processus de civilisation. En ce qui concerne le passé indigène, l'instrumentalisation discursive du passé pour favoriser les intérêts présents de chaque groupe est considérée. Le quatrième chapitre se concentre sur les oeuvres qui analysent le présent républicain, y compris la transition connue sous le nom d'Indépendance. Bien que cela soit reconnu comme un geste héroïque, l'accent est mis sur le chaos du présent du pays. Les intellectuels avaient tendance à se positionner de manière critique face à un présent instable, soulignant l'impossibilité de développer une véritable république, selon les idéaux du mouvement d'indépendance. Il faut préciser toutefois que notre intention n’est pas de reconstituer les débats à travers les ouvrages, mais bien de comprendre les enjeux soulevés par les intellectuels à partir du discours historique et esthétique. Les oeuvres étudiées expriment autant les contradictions historiques elles-mêmes que la position des intellectuels par rapport à celles-ci. Nous proposons un axe de recherche centré sur l’analyse des récits historiques. En effet, ces derniers demeurent en grande partie inconnus, ce qui pose un frein à la compréhension complète des processus sociaux, historiques et littéraires de la Colombie. / The study investigates how 19th-century Colombian historical narrative is embedded in the various debates that took place in the complex process of constructing the country as a modern state. It starts from the idea that the production of national identities involves social, political, and cultural elements, which is why it is essential to consider the place of this production in debates concerning: 1) the relationship between the Catholic Church, the State, and Christian tradition; 2) the Hispanic legacy’s place in national culture and the Indigenous subject’s position in society; and 3) the recent history of the emerging Republic. This thesis starts with the idea that there were different nation-building projects proposed by intellectuals based on their various ideological interests or even existential concerns. The convergence of these different perspectives on the construction of a modern nation led to political, social, and cultural conflicts that resulted in fratricidal confrontations. The polemical nature of the historical context was reproduced by intellectuals in historical narrative. From a sociocritical perspective, this study examines how the historical contradictions of the colonial process produced problematic subjects who tried to resolve these contradictions within historical discursive production. The exploration of these hypotheses is conducted in four parts. We first analyze the relationship between the historical and literary discourses of the time to understand the hybrid nature of the examined works. This reflection allows us to observe the didactic, identity-building, and critical functions that intellectuals attributed to historical narrative. In summary, we investigate how historical narrative responds to dynamics and aesthetic norms that arise from the intersection of the literary and sociopolitical spheres. The last three parts of this thesis review the aforementioned debates based on the production of historical narrative. The second part reviews the way historical narrative is inserted into debates about the Catholic religion in the country. Through historical narrative and affirming Christianity as a symbol of civilization, intellectuals debated the place of the Catholic Church in the social structure. The third chapter analyzes the positions on the Hispanic past and the indigenous past. Despite finding marked positions in favor and against the Hispanic tradition, the works reproduce historical contradictions in both. While the former had to consider the bloodshed and looting of the Conquest, the latter had to face the weight of the Hispanic tradition in the civilizing process. Regarding the indigenous past, the discursive instrumentalization of the past to favor the interests in the present of each group is considered. The fourth chapter focuses on works that analyze the republican present, including the transition known as Independence. Although this is recognized as a heroic act, emphasis is placed on the chaos of the country's present. Intellectuals tended to position themselves critically in front of an unstable present, pointing out the impossibility of developing a true republic, according to the ideals of the independence movement. Our intention is not to reconstruct the discussion based on the works, but rather to understand the issues put forward by intellectuals through historical and aesthetic discourse. The studied works express both historical contradictions themselves, and the intellectuals' stance in relation to them. We propose a line of study focused on the analysis of historical narrative, as most of it remains unknown, which hinders a comprehensive understanding of Colombian social, historical, and literary processes. / El estudio indaga en cómo la narrativa histórica colombiana del siglo XIX se inserta en los diferentes debates que tuvieron lugar en el complejo proceso de construcción del país como un estado moderno. Se parte de la idea de que la producción de identidades nacionales comporta elementos sociales, políticos y culturales, por lo cual es fundamental considerar el lugar de esta producción en los debates tocantes a 1) la relación entre la Iglesia Católica, el Estado y la tradición cristiana, 2) el lugar del legado hispánico en la cultura nacional y el del sujeto indígena en la sociedad, 3) la historia reciente de la emergente República. Se parte de la idea de que existían distintos proyectos de nación; estos habían sido propuestos por los intelectuales en función de sus diversos intereses ideológicos o incluso de sus preocupaciones existenciales. El encuentro de estas diferentes perspectivas sobre la construcción de una nación moderna creó conflictos políticos, sociales y culturales que resultaron en confrontaciones fratricidas. El carácter conflictivo del contexto histórico fue reproducido por los intelectuales en la narrativa histórica. Desde una perspectiva sociocrítica, se estudia cómo las contradicciones históricas del proceso colonial produjeron sujetos problemáticos que intentaron resolver estas contradicciones en la producción discursiva histórica. La exploración de estas hipótesis se realiza en cuatro capítulos. En el primero, se parte de las relaciones entre el discurso histórico y el literario de la época para comprender la naturaleza híbrida de esta producción. Esta reflexión permite observar las funciones sobre la búsqueda de los orígenes, las didácticas y las críticas que los intelectuales atribuyeron a la narrativa histórica. En síntesis, se analiza cómo la serie literaria de corte histórico responde a dinámicas y normas estéticas que surgen del cruce de la esfera literaria con la esfera sociopolítica. La segunda parte revisa la inserción de la narrativa histórica en los debates sobre la religión católica en el país. Por medio de la narrativa histórica y afirmando el cristianismo como símbolo de civilización, los intelectuales debatieron sobre el lugar de la Iglesia Católica en la estructura social. El tercer capítulo analiza las posturas sobre el pasado hispánico y el pasado indígena. A pesar de encontrar posiciones a favor y en contra de la tradición hispánica, las obras reproducen las contradicciones históricas de ambas tendencia y mientras la primera debe evaluarel derramamiento de sangre y el saqueo de la Conquista, la segunda no puede obviar el peso de la tradición hispánica en el proceso civilizatorio. En cuanto al pasado indígena, se considera la instrumentalización discursiva del pasado para favorecer los intereses en el presente de cada grupo. El cuarto capítulo se concentra en las obras que analizan el presente republicano, incluyendo la transición conocida como la Independencia. Aunque se reconoce esta como una gesta heroica, se hace hincapié en el caos del presente del país. Los intelectuales tendieron a posicionarse críticamente frente a un presente inestable, señalando la imposibilidad del desarrollo de una verdadera república, según los ideales independentistas. Las preguntas que han guiado el análisis no han considerado la reconstrucción de la discusión a partir de las obras, sino la comprensión de los problemas propuestos por los intelectuales a partir de los discursos histórico y literario. Las obras históricas expresan tanto las contradicciones históricas como la situación de los intelectuales frente a estas. El trabajo propone una línea de estudio que se concentre en el análisis de la narrativa histórica, puesto que la mayor parte de ella permanece desconocida, lo cual obstaculiza la cabal comprensión de los procesos sociales, históricos y literarios colombianos.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to point out how personal experience and memories on the drug violence that was common in Colombia during 80's - 90's reflect in the novelistic works of a few contemporary Colombian writers. The thesis is based on the following five novels: Noticia de un secuestro (Gabriel García Márquez), El olvido que seremos (Hector Abad Faciolince), El ruido de las cosas al caer, Reputaciones (Juan Gabriel Vásquez) a La luz difícil (Tomás González). Aforementioned books were published after the year 2000 (Noticia de un secuestro makes an exception), thus they come from the writers that represent same generation. Almost all of the analyzed books are connected with the topic of terrorism of drug mafia and they take interest in the life of ordinary people. By analyzing novels, the thesis tries to point out also another topics, such as death or power of the fame and public opinion in the country. In each novel are analyzed also autobiographical features, language style and the process of the creation of the text. The last chapter contains memories and opinions of ten Colombian respondents which we can compare with the memories of the writers. Thanks to these opinions we can imagine not only the past of Colombia but partly also her current state. Key words: contemporary Colombian...

Alfredo Molano, écrivain et sociologue colombien contemporain, remet en question la concentration de la propriété terrienne et la distribution inégale des richesses. L'étude de son oeuvre explore trois axes centraux. Premièrement, la transformation de son écriture, qui évolue d'un format propre au discours scientifique vers le témoignage journalistique et littéraire. Cet écart par rapport à l'objectivisme scientifique entraîne un certain risque de fictionnalisation, que l'écrivain assume, car, d'après lui, il ne porte aucune atteinte à la factualité des récits et favorise en revanche leur lecture et leur diffusion. Nous avons également analysé la technique, chère à l'écrivain, de l' « imputation », consistant en la fusion de plusieurs témoins en un seul personnage, qui garde les traits des individus dont il s'est inspiré. Notre intérêt s'est aussi porté sur l'hybridation générique, puisque le Colombien fait appel aux récits de vie, de voyages et d'apprentissage, autant qu'aux textes sentimentaux, d'action et d'aventures, et à l'essai, entre autres. Cette confluence reflète la complexité d'une société féodale et postmoderne, et permet l'expression d'une variété de témoins hétérogènes, notamment les Amérindiens, les paysans, les activistes politiques, les délinquants et les prisonniers. Ils sont, pour la plupart, victimes de l'inégalité et du conflit permanent entre le centre hégémonique et la périphérie opprimée, deux pôles aussi flous que la violence est tangible, sanglante et multiforme. Alfredo Molano, comme la plupart des témoins, ne s'en tient pas au constat de cette violence, il la dénonce ouvertement et propose des solutions structurelles. Il s'oriente vers la construction d'une « mémoire historique », reconnaissant la souffrance des victimes, et vise une société non seulement hybride, mais surtout juste et égalitaire. / Alfredo Molano, a contemporary Colombian writer and sociologist, calls into question the concentration of land property and the unequal distribution of wealth. The study of his writing explores three main axes. At first, the transformation of his writing, which advances from a scientific discourse to the journalistic and literary testimony. This distance concerning the scientific objectivism carries away some risk of fictionnalisation. The writer assumes because, according to his point of view, his writing has no effect on the factuality of the stories but it is quite easy to read and to circulate. Then, the writer's technique of the "imputation" has been analysed. The author is really attached to. It consists on the fusion of many witnesses into a single character, who keeps the characteristics of people he was inspired by. Finally, our study of his writing is also focused on generic hybridisation, since the Colombian refers not only to the stories of Life, travel and learning, as well as sentimental texts, action and adventures, but also to the essay, among many others. This confluence reflects the complexity of a feudal and postmodern society, and allows the expression of heterogeneous diversity of witnesses, particularly Amerindians, farmers, political activists, offenders and prisoners. Most of them are victims of the inequalities and the continuous conflict between the hegemonic center and the oppressed periphery, two poles as fuzzy as the violence is palpable, bloody and multiform. Alfredo Molano, like most of his witnesses, does not content himself by the recording of this violence, but he denounces it openly and proposes structural solutions. He turns himself towards the development of a "historical memory", recognizing the suffering of victims and targeting a society not only hybrid, but most of all just and egalitarian. / Alfredo Molano, escritor y sociólogo colombiano, critica la concentración de la propiedad de la tierra y la distribución desigual de la riqueza. Este estudio de su obra explora tres ejes principales. Primeramente, la transformación de su estilo, de un formato propio del discurso científico, hacia el testimonio periodístico y literario. Tal distanciamiento frente al objetivismo científico conlleva cierto riesgo de ficcionalización, asumido por el escritor, para quien ésta no afecta de manera alguna el carácter fáctico de los relatos y, en cambio, facilita su lectura y su difusión. Analizamos igualmente la técnica "molanesca" de la "imputación", consistente en fusionar varios testigos en un solo personaje, el cual conserva los rasgos de los individuos en los que se inspira. Nos hemos interesado también por la hibridación genérica, puesto que el colombiano recurre a las historias de vida, a los relatos de viajes y de aprendizaje, así como a textos sentimentales, de acción y de aventuras, y al ensayo, entre otros. Esta confluencia refleja la complejidad de una sociedad tan feudal como posmoderna y permite la expresión de una serie de testigos heterogéneos, como los amerindios los campesinos, los activistas políticos, los delincuentes y los reclusos. Son ellos, en su mayoría, victimas de la desigualdad y del permanente conflicto entre el centro hegemónico y la periferia oprimida, dos polos tan difusos como tangible, sangrienta y multiforme es la violencia. Alfredo Molano, como casi todos sus testigos, no se limita a constatar dicha violencia; la denuncia abiertamente y propone soluciones de fondo. El escritor trabaja en la construcción de una “memoria histórica” y vislumbra una sociedad no sólo híbrida, sino ante todo justa e igualitaria.