LL.M. (International Commercial Law) / The principle of party autonomy is a fundamental characteristic of private international law. The contracting parties’ freedom of choice regarding the law governing their contract is one which optimises the fundamental principle of party autonomy. It is generally accepted that a choice of a governing law by the parties should be respected by adjudicating bodies such as domestic courts and arbitral tribunals. It would often benefit contracting parties to choose a neutral legal system so that there will be a “fair playing field” in case a dispute arises between them. However, some domestic legal systems and regional, supranational and international commercial instruments limit the choice of law to that of a recognised domestic legal system. Accordingly, choosing the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts as governing law will, in most cases, not be a viable option for the parties concerned. Such a limitation on the choice of a governing law does not promote the fundamental principle of party autonomy, which is characteristic of private international law. Parties to an international commercial contract should be able to choose a non-state system of law to govern their contract. The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts provide a comprehensive, complete and easily obtainable system of law compiled by legal experts in the various fields which form part of international commercial law. It follows a via media system of law with regards to Civil Law and Common Law legal systems. This paper will discuss the principle of party autonomy, as well as the possibility of a choice of non-state law, in particular the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, as the law governing an international commercial contract. The choice of law will be discussed with reference to the position taken in domestic courts as well as that in international arbitration. To review the impact and success of the UNIDROIT Principles in the realm of international commercial contracting, various international commercial instruments will be discussed.

"Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit des affaires LLM" / Ce mémoire analyse l'introduction et l'application de la notion d'entreprise dans le Code de commerce français et dans le Code civil du Québec. En adoptant cette notion, les deux législateurs avaient pour objet principal de pallier à la désuétude de principes traditionnels du droit commercial et d'ajuster leurs législations aux nouvelles mutations économiques et sociales. Ainsi, est évoquée présentement, en France comme au Québec, la notion d'entreprise. Cependant, force est de constater que le rôle donné à cette notion de même que le contexte dans lequel elle s'applique ne sont pas les mêmes dans les deux législations. Dans le C.c.Q., la notion d'entreprise a remplacé définitivement la notion de commerce afin d'élargir le champ d'application des règles dérogatoires propres au monde des affaires. Quant au législateur français, bien qu'il ait introduit l'entreprise dans la plupart des règles des affaires, il a opté pour le maintien du droit commercial. Dès lors, l'accent sera mis sur la méthode poursuivie par chacune des deux législations quant à l'adoption et l'application de la notion d'entreprise ainsi que sur les difficultés et les avantages inhérents à chaque démarche. La conclusion tirée de cette étude montre que les deux expériences sont aux antipodes l'une de l'autre en ce qui concerne l'état actuel de droit de chaque législation suite à l'adoption de la notion d'entreprise. En gardant la notion de commerce, le législateur français profite toujours d'une stabilité juridique certaine dérivant notamment d'un bagage doctrinal et jurisprudentiel notable, lié au droit commercial. Toutefois, cette stabilité est faite au détriment d'une structure juridique cohérente et logique. Par contre, le C.c.Q. repose sur des règles juridiques homogènes et rationnelles dignes d'un système juridique évolué. Cependant, il essuie plusieurs difficultés quant à l'interprétation et l'application de la nouvelle notion, étant donné la nouveauté de la réforme. / An analysis of the implementation of the notion of enterprise in the French Commercial Code and the Civil Code of Quebec is undertaken in this study. By adopting the concept of enterprise, both legislators wanted to overcome the obsolescence of the traditional principles of the commercial law and adjust their legislations to the modem economic and social mutations. Thus, this concept is currently referred to in France and in Quebec. However, it would be a flaw to accept the adoption and implementation of the concept of enterprise as the same in France and in Quebec. Indeed, in the Civil Code of Quebec, the enterprise concept replaced completely the concept of commerce to widen the realm of application of the rules applied in the business world. On the other hand, despite the adoption of this concept on most of the business regulations, the French legislator chose to preserve the commercial law. The emphasis in this thesis is to contrast the two paths taken by France and Quebec to adopt and implement the concept of enterprise and to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each path. This study concludes that the two experiences are in contradiction with regard to the current state of law in France and in Quebec after adopting the notion of enterprise. By safeguarding the notion of commerce, the French legislator still profiting from stable juridical system derived essentially from the commercial law's doctrine and jurisprudence. However, this stability was maintained at the cost of a logical and coherent legal structure. On the other hand, the Civil Code of Quebec is based on rational and homogeneous rules that correspond to a modern legal system. Nevertheless, given the novelty of the legal reforms, many challenges arise when it cornes to the application and interpretation of the new concept of enterprise.

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Cette thèse est centrée sur les délibérations du tribunal de la Mercanzia de Florence. Pour les Florentins, l’accès au port de Pise, dont il est indirectement possible de reconstituer le trafic, est crucial et transcende les relations compliquées entre les deux villes. Mais, s’ils sont prêts à quitter Pise (1356-1369 et 1399-1406) ou à déclencher des guerres (1362-1364 et 1397-1398) pour défendre leurs exemptions de droits de douanes et de gabelles, leur analyse précise prouve la faible incidence sur les prix de vente. Ces sommes sont en réalité transférées à la nation florentine, dont la direction est bicéphale (un consul pisan, un notaire-syndic florentin). La découverte d’un statut de la nation (1381) permet de mieux connaître le rôle des dirigeants et la conservation d’un livre de compte (1374-1382) éclaire leur rémunération. Les structures communautaires sont centrées sur le fondaco de Porto Pisano, géré par la commune pisane, et sur la loggia, située dans le palais du seigneur de Pise de 1369 à 1392, ou 1395, date à laquelle la nation est transférée à Livourne et Piombino. Une double certification de la citoyenneté, par le serment de deux marchands et par l’envoi de lettres de la Mercanzia, est également mise en place. Les listes des traités bilatéraux ne recensent que les compagnies habilitées à prêter serment, ce qui rend difficile la prosopographie de la communauté. Le dernier chapitre montre la formation d’un champ judiciaire commun, capable de fonctionner durant les périodes de tension, à travers l’examen des procédures et du règlement de conflits concernant les franchises de taxes, le règlement des faillites et l’application du droit de représailles. / This PhD thesis focuses on the Deliberazioni of the Florentine court called Mercanzia. Access to the port of Pisa, the traffic of which can indirectly be reconstructed, is essential for Florentine people and transcends the difficult relationships between both cities. They are ready to leave Pisa (1356-1369 and 1399-1406) or to go to war (1362-1364 and 1397-1398) to defend their tax and customs exemptions, but an analysis of the specifics shows a weak impact on prices. These sums are transferred to two-headed Florentine natio (one Pisan consul, one Florentine notary-sindaco). The discovery of the natio’s statute (1381) improves our knowledge of the managers’ duties and the remaining accounts shows how they are paid. The structures of the community are concentrated on the fondaco of Porto Pisano, which is administrated by the Pisan city-state (commune), and on the loggia, located in the Pietro Gambacorta’s palace in Pisa from 1369 to 1392, or 1395, the year when the natio was transferred to Livorno and Piombino. Double certification of citizenship, first by an oath sworn by two merchants, second by the sending of letters by the Mercanzia, does exist. Lists in bilateral treaties only register the companies, whose members are able to declare one’s citizenship under oath, which makes the prosopography of the community even more difficult. The last chapter analyses the formation of a common judiciary field, able to function in times of strained relationship, through the presentation of bilateral procedures and of cases of conflict about tax exemptions, bankruptcy and reprisals.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato de Toledo Piza Ferraz.pdf: 1105798 bytes, checksum: d10b31aae0422b33477048a9123e70e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-16 / The purpose of the current study is to analyze the usages and practices under the contemporary commercial law and to evaluate its use on commercial arbitrations, both national and international. By the analysis of lex mercatoria, mostly, the purpose of the study is to assess the evolution and consolidation of usages and practices as suitable source of law in arbitration procedures, especially on a context where national legal systems rarely provide accordingly solutions for those involved in international trade / O presente trabalho tem por objeto o estudo dos usos e costumes à luz do direito comercial contemporâneo e como se dá o emprego dessa fonte de direito nas arbitragens comerciais, tanto domésticas quanto internacionais. A partir da análise, principalmente, da lex mercatoria, busca-se avaliar a evolução e a consolidação dos usos e costumes como fonte de direito adequada à solução de arbitragens, notadamente em um contexto em que os ordenamentos estatais raramente oferecem soluções satisfatórias para os atores envolvidos no dinâmico comércio internacional

The current - and very relevant - debate about the way authors and performers lose control over exploitation, and more importantly, revenue generated through use of their works and performances in the digital world somewhat overshadows the fact that there are existing scenarios arising from the normal course of dealings in such works where the same occurs and were remedy of any such "injustice" has not been fully enshrined in law. A right to additional fair remuneration is a concept recognised to various degrees in some Member States of the EU but not all, scaling from (seemingly) zero in the UK to quite an elaborate regulation in Germany. Where they are recognised, application and enforcement of relevant provisions also vary. The EU sought to harmonise the issue of author's and performer's access to fair share of revenue generated from exploitation of their work or performance (for normal dealings and in digital spheres of copyright exploitation) in its new draft Directive. The Proposal for a Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market published in September 2016 dedicates its Chapter 3 of Title IV to Fair remuneration in contracts of authors and performers; contract adjustment mechanism introduced in Article 15 attempts to tackle the issue by proposing a statutory right to additional remuneration being introduced throughout the EU Member States. Or, was the aim of this provision originally even broader? In this work, three main areas are addressed: (i) the background and justification of inclusion of such provisions into the Draft DSM Directive; (ii) current applicable law in Germany, Czech Republic and the UK; three countries each representing different historical and doctrinal approach to copyright law and thus providing unique benchmarks for the analysis, (iii) reconciliation of the first two parts: analysing what - if any - change in the national legislation would be needed for the three Member States to transpose the provision into the national laws. By way of conclusion, recommendations to amend Article 15 of the draft Directive is based on the analysis made in the third part.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-10T11:27:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Afonso Pipolo.pdf: 1810996 bytes, checksum: afd13b1f24208ddee639198e5eed305c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-10T11:27:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Afonso Pipolo.pdf: 1810996 bytes, checksum: afd13b1f24208ddee639198e5eed305c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-07 / Law n. 11,101 / 2005 inaugurated a new system for the recovery of companies. Consolidating and positivando constitutional principles, this law established a microsystem that goes against the ideals of post-positivism, to recognize the principles as a normative kind. His art. 47 came positivate the principles of preservation of the company, maintaining the productive source of jobs and the interests of creditors. This study aims to make a critical analysis of the possibility of whether or not the principle of preserving the company in our Courts in the Judicial Recovery processes. The assertiveness of the principle and its application in judicial decisions will be used as premises at work, because there is no doubt such findings. judicial decisions will be studied to demonstrate the effective use of the principle of preservation of the company in bankruptcy proceedings and others in which the misuse is detrimental evident to one party and cause legal uncertainty to the whole community, affecting many sectors. The principle of preserving the company has motivated some judicial decisions to overcome some rules, even when lacking any illegality or unconstitutionality to justify the failure to apply the text of the law or factual situation and even economic that the company is viable, featuring a clear excessive and unjustified use. The argument put forward is that the principle of preserving the company's microsystem of Law. 11.101 / 2005 can only be applied in situations where the legal text is not clear, where there is room for interpretation due to inaccuracy or gap that can be filled by the doctrinal discussion involving the device in question. In cases where the law is clear, without which there is doubt about its contents and interpretation, the principle should not be applied to override the law, without infringing some of the goals envisioned by the microsystem Recovery and Bankruptcy, notably legal certainty and predictability of decisions / A Lei n. 11.101/2005 inaugurou uma nova sistemática para a recuperação das empresas. Consolidando e positivando princípios constitucionais, a referida lei estabeleceu um microssistema que vai de encontro aos ideais do pós-positivismo, no sentido de reconhecer os princípios como uma espécie normativa. Seu art. 47 veio positivar os princípios da preservação da empresa, manutenção da fonte produtiva, dos empregos e dos interesses dos credores. O presente estudo tem por objetivo fazer uma análise crítica sobre a possibilidade de aplicação ou não do princípio da preservação da empresa em nossos Tribunais nos processos de Recuperação Judicial. A positivação do referido princípio e sua aplicação nas decisões judiciais serão utilizados como premissas no trabalho, pois não há dúvidas de tais constatações. Serão estudadas decisões judiciais para demonstrar a utilização eficaz do princípio da preservação da empresa nos processos de recuperação judicial e outras em que a utilização indevida acarreta prejuízos evidentes a uma das partes e causa insegurança jurídica a toda a coletividade, afetando diversos setores. O princípio da preservação da empresa vem motivando algumas decisões judiciais para superar algumas regras, mesmo quando inexistente qualquer ilegalidade ou inconstitucionalidade a justificar a não aplicação do texto da lei, ou situação fática e até mesmo econômica de que a empresa é viável, caracterizando um claro excesso e injustificada utilização. A tese defendida é que o princípio da preservação da empresa no microssistema da Lei n. 11.101/2005 somente pode ser aplicado em situações em que o texto legal não é claro, onde há uma margem para interpretação decorrente da imprecisão ou lacuna que podem ser preenchidas pela discussão doutrinária que envolve o dispositivo em questão. Já nos casos em que a lei é clara, sem que exista dúvida em relação ao seu conteúdo e interpretação, o princípio não deve ser aplicado para se sobrepor à lei, sob pena de violar alguns dos objetivos idealizados pelo microssistema de Recuperação e Falências, notadamente a segurança jurídica e previsibilidade das decisões

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-02-08T11:19:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Eugenio Pereira Bargiona.pdf: 1781377 bytes, checksum: adabce077d0c836f4f8e10ec342a5809 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-08T11:19:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Eugenio Pereira Bargiona.pdf: 1781377 bytes, checksum: adabce077d0c836f4f8e10ec342a5809 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / The research object of this dissertation is the partial dissolution of heterotypical corporations, in which the expected characteristics of corporations, such as stability do not really occur. The goal of the research is to identify the way in which the partial dissolution of a heterotypical corporation should be processed in the current civil procedural law, including its objective identification. To do so, the first focus of the study to the company types and their expected characteristics, developing an objective test to identify situations of heterotypical forms in any kind of company. Then, in the second chapter, it proceeds to the study the case law that lead to the development of the institute of partial dissolution of societies and their theoretical bases in Brazil. In the third chapter, an analysis is made of the current hypotheses in which the exercise of the right of withdrawal is admitted, studying the grounds employed by the Superior Courts to recognize the heterotypical nature and allow the recess of the company by the rupture of the affectio societatis personalistic bound, and even the exclusion of shareholders for serious misconduct. Subsequently, in the fourth and last chapter, the Civil Procedure Code of 2015 is studied, as for the first time a rite for the partial dissolution of companies is established, including an attempt to expand its incidence for heterotypical corporations. This chapter tries to provide a proper interpretation for the technical vocabulary misused at the law. Also in this last chapter, the procedure for the seizure of company shares and the total dissolution of the company are analyzed. The conclusions of the study are the possibility of using an objective test that accurately identifies situations of heterotypical companies; the need for the authorization of partial dissolution as a form of harmonization for the constitutional principles of freedom of association and the preservation of the company with the rules that objectively apply to each case of dissolution; and the unrestricted applicability of the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code of 2015 to heterotypical corporations, but the necessary harmonization of the content of §2 of art. 599 from the Civil Procedure Code of 2015 with the interpretations given by the superior courts in the first case law that authorized the partial dissolution, recognizing the heterotypical characteristics and not of the inability to fulfill the corporate end, reason to limit the dissolution to the retiring partner / O objeto de pesquisa da presente Dissertação é a dissolução parcial de sociedades anônimas que se enquadrem em heterotipia, situação em que as características esperadas de intuito capitalista e estabilidade não se verificam de fato. O objetivo da pesquisa é identificar a forma pela qual se deve processar a dissolução parcial de sociedade anônima heterotípica na atual normativa processual civil, incluindo, para tanto, sua identificação objetiva. Para tanto, primeiramente se volta o foco do estudo para os tipos societários e suas características esperadas, desenvolvendo um teste objetivo para identificar situações de heterotipia em qualquer sociedade. Em seguida, no segundo capítulo, se estuda o desenvolvimento pretoriano do instituto da dissolução parcial de sociedades e suas bases teóricas, identificando que a demanda pela dissolução parcial não é uma novidade no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Em seguida, no terceiro capítulo, faz-se análise das hipóteses atuais em que se admite o exercício do direito de retirada para, então, estudar os fundamentos empregados pelos Tribunais Superiores para reconhecer a heterotipia e permitir o recesso por quebra da affectio societatis e até a exclusão de acionista por falta grave. Em sequência, no quarto e último capítulo, se estuda o Código de Processo Civil de 2015, que instituiu pela primeira vez um rito para a dissolução parcial de sociedades, incluindo até mesmo uma tentativa de ampliar sua incidência para as sociedades anônimas heterotípicas, sendo necessária sua apropriada interpretação. Ainda neste último capítulo, se analisa o procedimento da penhora de quota de sociedade e da dissolução total de sociedade. As conclusões do trabalho são a possibilidade de empregar um teste objetivo e que precisamente identifique situações de heterotipia; a necessidade da autorização da dissolução parcial como forma de harmonização dos princípios constitucionais da livreiniciativa e da preservação da empresa com as normas que objetivamente são aplicáveis a cada caso de dissolução; e a aplicabilidade sem ressalvas do disposto no Código de Processo Civil de 2015 às sociedades anônimas heterotípicas, sendo necessário, contudo, harmonizar o conteúdo do §2º do art. 599 do CPC/2015 com as interpretações dadas pelos tribunais superiores nos primeiros julgados que autorizaram essa modalidade, que reconheceram na heterotipia, e não da incapacidade de cumprimento do fim, a razão que permite a limitação da dissolução à figura do sócio retirante

Le risque de capture est peu étudié en dehors du contexte de la régulation économique dans lequel il a été théorisé. Bien que la doctrine américaine ait montré que ce risque est inhérent à tout processus normatif, les études juridiques sur la question demeurent rares, même si le risque de capture est parfois mentionné au détour d’une phrase ou d’une note de bas de page. La présente étude a pour ambition de mieux cerner les risques de capture pouvant affecter la fabrique du droit du commerce international au sein de la CNUDCI et d’UNIDROIT. L’étude vise non seulement à identifier ces risques de capture, mais surtout à en proposer un encadrement juridique à même de maîtriser la double dynamique observable au sein de la CNUDCI et d’UNIDROIT, entre d’une part la participation des opérateurs du commerce international dans leurs activités normatives – un aspect essentiel conditionnant la qualité et l’acceptabilité commerciale de leurs normes juridiques –, et d’autre part la prévention des risques de capture, un phénomène nuisible en raison du détournement du processus normatif qu’il entraîne au profit de certains opérateurs économiques. / Apart in the field of economic regulation where it emerged, the notion of capture has not been the subject of much analysis, particularly in law. The present study builds on the theory of regulation that coined the concept of capture and proposes to analyse the risks of capture affecting the making of transnational commercial law within UNCITRAL and UNIDROIT. The study aims not only to identify these risks of capture but also to provide a legal framework to promote the participation of economic actors in these law-making processes – a key feature to ensure the quality and commercial acceptability of their norms – , while preventing the occurrence of captures, a noxious situation where lawmakers are left without autonomy to conduct their normative functions.

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