In our society there is an increased awareness of environmental impact and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. An influencing factor is transport in passenger cars to and from work. In order to increase the utilization rate of passenger cars and thereby reduce environmental impact, a possible solution is to carpool. The purpose of the project was to create a web application to help those who want to carpool. To be effective and interesting to users such a web application needs to be useful and easy to navigate, as supported in previous surveys. The report’s issue is therefore how a carpooling web application, for companies and their employees, is designed and implemented to make it useful with regard to navigability. The attempt to answer the issue was initiated by finding relevant theory of navigabil- ity and usability. After that a market survey was conducted, to better understand the needs of the target group, and a prototype was developed based on the found theory. User stories were developed to define the application’s functionality and the development of the web application took place in parallel with iterative user tests, where feedback from the tests was implemented. At the end of the project, the final result and each user test were analyzed to compare users’ response to current theory and by answering the issue of the report. Based on the results of the tests, given the theoretical framework, it was shown that two out of four test subjects got lost in the web application. The test subjects were struggling to get through the buying process. They had insufficient understanding of what happens when placing a trip in the cart, that the trips are booked inside the shopping cart and that the payment of completed trips are found on the profile page. Reasons for the result may be due to both the weaknesses of the web application navigability or the characteristics of the test subjects. Despite this the web application was considered useful in accordance with the System Usability Test performed. In its entirety, the web application can be assessed as useful, though it can not be considered to meet the theoretical requirements for navigability. The conclusion is that a navigable web application can be developed by allowing users to effectively find the most important features of the web application. This can be imple- mented with a distinct navigation bar, visual indications for links, information boxes, a natural flow for the user through the page structure, and that the user can get through it with few steps. This should be specifically applied to the buying process, which is central to a consumer web application, to reduce perceived complexity and to be useful and navigable to the user. In order for the web application to be perceived as useful, it should contain the basic functionality requirements expected of a carpooling service. These are being able to register oneself, find a trip, create a trip, find information about pricing and to be able to remove a trip. / I samhället finns det en ökad medvetenhet kring miljöpåverkan och att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser. En påverkande faktor är transport i personbil till och från arbetet. För att öka nyttjandegraden av personbilar och därmed minska miljöpåverkan är en lösning att samåka. Syftet med projektet var att skapa en webbapplikation för att hjälpa de som vill samåka. För att vara effektiv och intressant för användarna behövde en sådan web- bapplikation vara användbar och lätt att navigera i, vilket stöds i tidigare undersökningar. Därför är rapportens frågeställning hur en webbapplikation för samåkning, för företag och dess anställda, designas och implementeras så att den är användbar med avseende på navigerbarhet. Besvarandet av frågeställningen inleddes med att relevant teori om navigerbarhet och användbarhet togs fram. Efter det gjordes en marknadsundersökning, för att tydliga- re förstå målgruppens behov, och en prototyp skapades utifrån den framtagna teorin. User stories användes för att definiera applikationens funktionalitet och utvecklingen av webbapplikationen skedde parallellt med iterativa användartester, där feedbacken från testerna implementerades. I slutet av projektet analyserades slutresultatet och varje enskilt användartest för att jämföra användarnas respons mot rådande teori, och genom det besvara arbetets fråge- ställning. Utifrån resultatet av testerna, sett till de teoretiska ramarna, visades det att två av fyra testpersoner var vilsna på webbapplikationen. Testpersonerna hade svårigheter att ta sig igenom köpprocessen. De hade bristande förståelse för vad som händer när man placerar resor i varukorg, att resorna bokas i varukorgen och att betalning av genomförda resor skedde på profilsidan. Anledningar till resultatet kan såväl bero på brister i web- bapplikationens navigerbarhet eller egenskaper hos testpersonerna. Trots detta ansågs webbapplikationen användbar i enlighet med de System Usability Test som utfördes. I sin helhet kan webbapplikationen därmed bedömas som användbar, däremot den kan inte anses uppfylla de teoretiska kraven för navigerbarhet. Slutsatsen dras att en navigerbar webbapplikation kan utvecklas genom att användar- na effektivt ska kunna hitta webbapplikationens mest väsentliga funktioner. Detta kan implementeras med en tydlig navigationsbar, visuella indikationer för länkar, informa- tionsrutor, ett naturligt flöde för användaren genom sidstrukturen och att användaren kan ta sig igenom den med få steg. Detta bör specifikt tillämpas i köpprocessen, som är central i en webbapplikation för konsumenter, för att minska upplevd komplexitet och att den är användbar och navigerbar för användaren. För att webbapplikationen ska upplevas som användbar bör den innehålla de grundläggande funktionalitetskraven som ställs på en samåkningstjänst. Dessa är att kunna registrera sig, hitta en resa, skapa en resa, hitta information kring prissättning och att kunna ta bort en resa.

Transport systems are essential to trade, globalisation, communication and other forms of interaction between people and societies (Banister, 2013). Yet they can also have negative impacts including decreased quality of life or health impacts arising from pollutants, environmental damage including climate change and a range of wider socio-economic effects (Glanz et al., 1990). Given that most car journeys are short however (57% of UK trips are under five miles), there is particular potential for active travel (i.e. walking and cycling) to both reduce the environmental externalities of modern transport systems and stimulate improved quality of life and societal wellbeing (Banister, 2013; Martin et al., 2014). Unfortunately, there is a paucity of robust evidence that examines how infrastructural interventions (i.e. those aimed at making the physical environment more conducive to active travel) actually impact on active travel levels in specific communities. In addition, there is very limited evidence of the wider effects that such interventions have on wellbeing and levels of happiness overtime. This thesis details mixed-method research undertaken in Cardiff, UK, during 2011/2012, which examined the impacts of a new piece of infrastructure - the Pont-y-Werin walking and cycling bridge - on the local community's levels of active travel and subjective wellbeing. It provides insights into the nature of constraints preventing travel behaviour change from taking place, and - through the use of the novel, 'Day Reconstruction Method' - into the consequences that different modes of travel can have for travel and wellbeing, including on moment-to-moment moods and emotions. Overall by contextualising and measuring and evaluating wellbeing, the research suggests that people experience less pleasant emotions during travel than when undertaking everyday activities, and also that for certain modes there is a decrease in happiness before and after travel compared to everyday activities. Additionally greater monitoring, evaluation and promotion of combined hard and soft measures - focusing on travel behaviour change - is needed alongside providing travellers with accessible information on the wellbeing impacts of different modes (Elvik, 2009).

This study investigates the concessioning of the commuter rail subsystem, which was discussed in the White Paper on National Transport Policy. The theoretical divide between private and public sector enterprise is investigated in terms of a principal-agent approach. The hypothesis underlying the fundamental shift of services traditionally provided by government enterprise to the private sector is X-efficiency gains under a concession regime. There are, however, potential challenges under a concession regime that must be anticipated. Challenges are identified in terms of an incomplete contract approach with its underpinning source manifested in a bounded rationality concept. The study investigates how rail concessionaires are regulated under a concession regime from an economics perspective and various price mechanisms are explored. The study provides strategies to deal with challenges under a rail concession regime with a view to minimising conflicts that will arise between the parties involved in a concession agreement. / Transport, Logistics and Tourism / M.Comm.(Transport Economics)

Diversos problemas de transporte, observados nas grandes metrópoles, têm sido mitigados com o aumento da capacidade da infraestrutura viária, voltada à circulação de veículos motorizados individuais. Com isso observa-se, atualmente, aumento dos congestionamentos, das poluições sonora e ambiental, mudanças climáticas e redução nos índices de atividade física da população. Uma alternativa encontrada por muitas cidades é a transformação de seu sistema viário em um local atrativo para utilização dos Modos Ativos de Transporte – realização de viagens a pé ou de bicicleta. Nesse sentido, a cidade de Porto Alegre desde 2010 vem aumentando a quantidade de ciclovias e ciclofaixas disponíveis. No entanto, a literatura indica que existem diversos outros fatores que influenciam na decisão por usar a bicicleta como modo de transporte, principalmente para os deslocamentos até o trabalho. Dessa forma, essa dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto que a implantação de vestiário, bicicletário, empréstimo de bicicletas, treinamento para trafegar de bicicleta e ciclovias disponíveis nas principais vias de Porto Alegre, causariam na probabilidade dos funcionários da Companhia Riograndense de Saneamento (CORSAN) utilizarem a bicicleta para realizar pelo menos dois deslocamentos por semana entre a sua casa e o trabalho. Para isso foi realizada uma Pesquisa de Preferência Declarada, incluindo essas variáveis e características socioeconômicas dos funcionários. A análise das medidas foi realizada utilizando o Modelo Logit Ordenado. Foi observado que o impacto da implantação das melhorias propostas possui magnitude maior que as características socioeconômicas das pessoas. Pessoas que atualmente utilizam o automóvel particular para seus deslocamentos diários são menos propensos à inclusão da bicicleta nos seus deslocamentos, assim como as que possuem filhos. A disponibilidade de vestiário com chuveiro e armário mostrou-se a variável mais importante para o estímulo do uso da bicicleta. A presença de um bicicletário interno e seguro, disponibilidade de bicicletas para empréstimo no local de trabalho e a presença de ciclovias no trajeto também apresentaram impactos significativos. O impacto da disponibilidade de treinamento para o uso de bicicleta foi significativamente menor que os observados nas outras variáveis. Considerando a viabilidade econômica e os benefícios observados, recomenda-se a implantação de vestiário e bicicletário, como medida de estímulo ao uso da bicicleta para os deslocamentos até o trabalho. / Most metropolitan areas mitigate transportation problems by increasing road infrastructure for motorized vehicles. This practice results in an increase in traffic congestion, noise and environmental pollution and reduction in the population’s physical activity levels. Many cities have tackled these externalities by transforming their road system into an attractive environment for Active Transport Modes - walking or cycling. As an example, the city of Porto Alegre has invested in the expansion of its cycling network since 2010. According to the literature, cycling infrastructure is one of the main factors that influence the use of bicycle for transportation, especially to work. The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of implementing different measures to improve the use of bicycle for commutes using as case study Companhia Riograndense de Saneamento (CORSAN). The evaluated measures included availability of changing rooms, cycle parking, bike sharing systems, training on bicycle use, and cycle paths. An Ordered Logit Model was estimated based onStated Preference data. The impact of the proposed measures has greater magnitude than employee’s socioeconomic characteristics. Individuals who currently use the private car for commute are less likely to use bicycles for those trips, as well as those with children. The availability of a changing room with shower and locker proved to be the most important variable to increase bicycle use among CORSAN employees. Cycle parking inside the building in a safe place, a bike sharing system and the presence of cycle paths along the way also had significant impacts. The impact of training availability for bicycle use was significantly lower, compared to other variables. This research also suggests that implementation of changing room and appropriate parking facilities for bicycles are affordable and important measures to promote the use of bicycle for commutes to work.

Submitted by PRISCILA ESTEVAM ENGEL null (pri-engel@hotmail.com) on 2016-01-25T15:21:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ENGEL_PRISCILA ESTEVAM_DISSERTAÇÃO FINALIZADA.pdf: 15913259 bytes, checksum: 81d32c427f449b3c569b96112b10112a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-25T17:15:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 engel_pe_me_prud.pdf: 15913259 bytes, checksum: 81d32c427f449b3c569b96112b10112a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T17:15:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 engel_pe_me_prud.pdf: 15913259 bytes, checksum: 81d32c427f449b3c569b96112b10112a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As cidades médias têm sido objeto de recentes estudos devido a novas funcionalidades e papéis crescentes na rede urbana brasileira. Como nós da rede urbana, a compreensão da articulação entre cidades médias e centros urbanos de sua hinterlândia é de extrema importância, visto que o mercado consumidor das cidades médias analisadas é, em parte, constituído pela população do seu entorno. Preocupa-nos, também, compreender a centralidade a partir dos fluxos gerados pela oportunidade e/ou necessidade de consumo de bens e serviços advindas também de outras escalas. Em nossa pesquisa escolhemos Presidente Prudente-SP e São José do Rio Preto-SP pela importância econômica e comercial que elas possuem no contexto regional onde estão inseridas, atraindo novos empreendimentos como os shopping centers. Surge daí a necessidade de se considerar novos elementos à problematização da circulação, pois estes espaços de consumo influenciam de maneira notável os deslocamentos dos consumidores. Assim, este trabalho visa analisar a centralidade a partir dos deslocamentos com finalidade para o consumo em shopping centers, contribuindo para o entendimento de como esse fenômeno se dá em cidades médias que são referência regional num contexto de cidades de menor centralidade e porte, componentes das regiões administrativas de Presidente Prudente e São José do Rio Preto, Estado de São Paulo. A partir da análise dos seis shopping centers presentes nessas cidades médias, pudemos concluir que tais espaços de consumo se aproveitam da centralidade interurbana pré-existente, ao mesmo tempo que a potencializam. / Medium cities have been the subject of recent studies due to new features and growing roles in Brazilian urban network. As a node of the urban network, understanding the links between medium cities and towns of its hinterland it is of utmost importance, since the consumer market of medium-sized cities analyzed is partly constituted by its surrounding population. Also, we are concerned about understanding the centrality from the flows generated by the opportunity and/or need for consumer goods and services arising from other scales. In our research we chose Presidente Prudente-SP and São José do Rio PretoSP by the economic and commercial importance they have in the regional context in which they insert, attracting new enterprises such as shopping malls. There arises the need to consider new elements to the questioning of circulation, because these consumption spaces influence notably shifts consumer. This work aims to analyze the centrality from shifts with the purpose for consumption in shopping malls, contributing to the understanding of how this phenomenon occurs in medium cities that are regional reference in a smaller sized and centrality cities context, components of administrative regions of Presidente Prudente and São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State. From the analysis of its 6 shopping malls in those medium cities, we concluded that such consumption spaces take advantage of pre-existing inter-urban centrality, while the leverage.

Ce travail porte sur les justices seigneuriales des environs de Paris entre le règne personnel de Louis XIV, moment de réforme des ressorts des justices à l’intérieur de la capitale, de la création de la Lieutenance générale de Police et de l’Ordonnance criminelle de 1670, jusqu’à leur suppression au début de la Révolution française. Grâce aux documents seigneuriaux, des institutions monarchiques, des notaires et aux documents produits dans les tribunaux locaux, j’étudie les prérogatives de ces justices, leur organisation matérielle, leur personnel, leurs rapports avec les justiciables pour l’enregistrement et l’instruction des crimes, et ce que les crimes nous apprennent sur les relations entre les hommes autour de Paris. / This PhD deals with seigneurial justices around Paris between the personal reign of Louis XIV, moment of reform in administration of Paris and in criminal procedure, and the beginning of the French Revolution. Numerous types of documents have been used: documents from seigneurial papers, royal institutions, notaries and seigneurial justices. I oriented my researches on the way these justices worked, the links between the judges and the people, and how crimes’ features can inform us about the society.

Diversos problemas de transporte, observados nas grandes metrópoles, têm sido mitigados com o aumento da capacidade da infraestrutura viária, voltada à circulação de veículos motorizados individuais. Com isso observa-se, atualmente, aumento dos congestionamentos, das poluições sonora e ambiental, mudanças climáticas e redução nos índices de atividade física da população. Uma alternativa encontrada por muitas cidades é a transformação de seu sistema viário em um local atrativo para utilização dos Modos Ativos de Transporte – realização de viagens a pé ou de bicicleta. Nesse sentido, a cidade de Porto Alegre desde 2010 vem aumentando a quantidade de ciclovias e ciclofaixas disponíveis. No entanto, a literatura indica que existem diversos outros fatores que influenciam na decisão por usar a bicicleta como modo de transporte, principalmente para os deslocamentos até o trabalho. Dessa forma, essa dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto que a implantação de vestiário, bicicletário, empréstimo de bicicletas, treinamento para trafegar de bicicleta e ciclovias disponíveis nas principais vias de Porto Alegre, causariam na probabilidade dos funcionários da Companhia Riograndense de Saneamento (CORSAN) utilizarem a bicicleta para realizar pelo menos dois deslocamentos por semana entre a sua casa e o trabalho. Para isso foi realizada uma Pesquisa de Preferência Declarada, incluindo essas variáveis e características socioeconômicas dos funcionários. A análise das medidas foi realizada utilizando o Modelo Logit Ordenado. Foi observado que o impacto da implantação das melhorias propostas possui magnitude maior que as características socioeconômicas das pessoas. Pessoas que atualmente utilizam o automóvel particular para seus deslocamentos diários são menos propensos à inclusão da bicicleta nos seus deslocamentos, assim como as que possuem filhos. A disponibilidade de vestiário com chuveiro e armário mostrou-se a variável mais importante para o estímulo do uso da bicicleta. A presença de um bicicletário interno e seguro, disponibilidade de bicicletas para empréstimo no local de trabalho e a presença de ciclovias no trajeto também apresentaram impactos significativos. O impacto da disponibilidade de treinamento para o uso de bicicleta foi significativamente menor que os observados nas outras variáveis. Considerando a viabilidade econômica e os benefícios observados, recomenda-se a implantação de vestiário e bicicletário, como medida de estímulo ao uso da bicicleta para os deslocamentos até o trabalho. / Most metropolitan areas mitigate transportation problems by increasing road infrastructure for motorized vehicles. This practice results in an increase in traffic congestion, noise and environmental pollution and reduction in the population’s physical activity levels. Many cities have tackled these externalities by transforming their road system into an attractive environment for Active Transport Modes - walking or cycling. As an example, the city of Porto Alegre has invested in the expansion of its cycling network since 2010. According to the literature, cycling infrastructure is one of the main factors that influence the use of bicycle for transportation, especially to work. The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of implementing different measures to improve the use of bicycle for commutes using as case study Companhia Riograndense de Saneamento (CORSAN). The evaluated measures included availability of changing rooms, cycle parking, bike sharing systems, training on bicycle use, and cycle paths. An Ordered Logit Model was estimated based onStated Preference data. The impact of the proposed measures has greater magnitude than employee’s socioeconomic characteristics. Individuals who currently use the private car for commute are less likely to use bicycles for those trips, as well as those with children. The availability of a changing room with shower and locker proved to be the most important variable to increase bicycle use among CORSAN employees. Cycle parking inside the building in a safe place, a bike sharing system and the presence of cycle paths along the way also had significant impacts. The impact of training availability for bicycle use was significantly lower, compared to other variables. This research also suggests that implementation of changing room and appropriate parking facilities for bicycles are affordable and important measures to promote the use of bicycle for commutes to work.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-08-14T11:24:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Fernandes Pires - 2018.pdf: 9380227 bytes, checksum: e5582a51bf4fddf8aecd6825577eea20 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-08-14T11:34:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Fernandes Pires - 2018.pdf: 9380227 bytes, checksum: e5582a51bf4fddf8aecd6825577eea20 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T11:34:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Fernandes Pires - 2018.pdf: 9380227 bytes, checksum: e5582a51bf4fddf8aecd6825577eea20 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-29 / The urbanization process of the Brazilian metropolitan regions has not been sustainable. These areas are characterized for its dichotomic central-peripheral model of city expansion, in which the intense conurbation and dependence among its municipalities allow intermunicipal commuting to happen. The latter usually happen through mass transit buses, which circulate without priority infrastructure and low passenger turnover. In the peripheral municipalities, urban occupation has happened in a scattered way, which turns infrastructure provision more expensive in these areas, and, because of that, scarcer, something that also undermines the efficiency of public transportation. A modal of transportation is needed between not too dense urban occupations, with a small amount of passengers, regularly traversing urban voids. Considering this background, this research aims at characterizing the impacts that the urban sprawl and the metropolitan relations cause into the mass transit, through a case study about selected municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Goiânia. In order to achieve this goal, indicators of quality and efficiency were selected to evaluate the mass transit system in two different dates, 2010 and 2017, when the system of mass transit that meets the Metropolitan Region of Goiânia present distinct settings to serve the metropolitan population, which, in this time interval, grew in a scattered and expanded manner in the peripheral municipalities. The proposed analysis aims at allying the results shown by the indicators to the urban spot spatial growth of the selected peripheral municipalities, and the spatial setting that the system presents in both dates. The results demonstrate that the intermunicipal commuting and the low density of intramunicipal passengers impair the economic efficiency of the system, causing economic impacts, while the excessive distance, which characterizes the commuting, and the frequency of intramunicipal bus lines impair this system quality, causing social impacts. The methodological procedure has proved itself adequate for the identification and registration of the case under investigation, and it may contribute to a better comprehension of the metropolitan relations, for the urban occupation resultant of these relations and from the displacements generated by such relationships. The conclusion of this work demonstrates a strong need for decentralization of the socio-economic activities in the MRG (Metropolitan Region of Goiânia) and for politics that may promote mass transit in this region. / O processo de urbanização ao qual estão submetidas as regiões metropolitanas brasileiras não tem ocorrido de forma sustentável. Essas regiões são caraterizadas pelo modelo dicotômico centro-periferia de expansão das cidades, em que a intensa conurbação e dependência entre seus municípios propiciam os deslocamentos pendulares intermunicipais, realizados geralmente por ônibus coletivo, que circulam sem infraestrutura prioritária para este modo e com baixa rotatividade de passageiros. Nos municípios periféricos, a ocupação urbana tem ocorrido de forma espraiada no território, o que torna a provisão de infraestruturas nessas áreas mais dispendiosa e, por isso, mais escassa, o que também prejudica a eficiência do transporte coletivo, que precisa circular entre ocupações urbanas pouco densas, com baixa demanda de passageiros, muitas vezes percorrendo vazios urbanos. Diante deste contexto, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de caracterizar os impactos que o espraiamento urbano e as relações metropolitanas provocam no sistema de transporte coletivo, a partir de um estudo de caso com municípios selecionados da Região Metropolitana de Goiânia. Para alcançar tal objetivo, foram selecionados indicadores para avaliação da qualidade e eficiência do sistema de transporte coletivo em duas datas distintas, 2010 e 2017, nas quais o sistema de transporte coletivo que atende a Região Metropolitana de Goiânia apresenta configurações distintas para atender a população metropolitana que, neste intervalo temporal, cresceu de forma expandida e espraiada nos municípios periféricos. A análise proposta procura aliar o resultado demonstrado pelos indicadores ao crescimento espacial da mancha urbana dos municípios periféricos e selecionados, e também à configuração espacial que o sistema apresenta nas duas datas. Os resultados demonstram que os deslocamentos pendulares intermunicipais e a baixa densidade de passageiros intramunicipais prejudicam a eficiência econômica do sistema, causando impactos econômicos, enquanto a distância excessiva que caracteriza os deslocamentos pendulares e a frequência das linhas de ônibus intramunicipais prejudicam a qualidade deste sistema, causando impactos sociais. O procedimento metodológico mostrou-se adequado para o registro e identificação do processo investigado, e pode contribuir para melhor compreensão das relações metropolitanas, da forma de ocupação urbana resultante destas relações e dos deslocamentos gerados em função de tais relações. A conclusão deste trabalho demonstra a forte necessidade de descentralização das atividades socioeconômicas na RMG e a necessidade de políticas que possam potencializar o transporte coletivo nesta região.

Orientador: Daniel Joseph Hogan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T17:17:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_RafaelHenriqueMoraes_M.pdf: 1587007 bytes, checksum: 9692b2d68e4fe41be611d890315dc489 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Algumas transformações vivenciadas no espaço urbano brasileiro nas últimas décadas vêm reforçando um padrão de urbanização disperso e fragmentado e, não obstante, mais integrado. Essas mudanças na estrutura urbana vêm implicando em novidades sobre a mobilidade espacial da população onde ganham destaque os deslocamentos pendulares. A partir dessas transformações na estrutura urbana dos principais aglomerados do país, o objetivo desta dissertação é estabelecer um quadro referencial de análise sobre os deslocamentos pendulares, apontando sua relação com os processos sócioespaciais que atuam na produção e reprodução social do espaço urbano no Brasil, mais precisamente, aqueles processos que condicionam a (re)localização de residências e postos de trabalho.Um compêndio da bibliografia especializada em estudos urbanos permite apontar quatro processos sócioespaciais que influem na estrutura urbana e que estariam ligados às causas dos deslocamentos pendulares: os processos de centralização e de desconcentração produtiva e os de periferização e suburbanização (ligados, respectivamente, a determinados padrões de localização espacial de atividades econômicas e da população). Ao manter e reforçar certo descompasso espacial entre residências e postos de trabalho, esses processos resumem os elementos que vão constituir a estrutura de incentivos/constrangimentos (CUNHA, 1994) que condicionam de maneira mais próxima os deslocamentos pendulares ¿ tanto em termos de seu padrão espacial quanto do perfil socioeconômico dos comutadores que realizam esses deslocamentos. Com dados censitários e da pesquisa Origem-Destino esta dissertação ilustra empiricamente como, a partir da década de 70, aqueles processos sócioespaciais se deram na Região Metropolitana de Campinas e apresenta o padrão espacial e qualitativo dos fluxos pendulares dessa região. Ao aprofundar essas análises sobre três municípios da RM (Hortolândia, Vinhedo e Campinas), a possibilidade de considerar algumas de suas particularidades históricas na dinâmica regional permitiu compreender com mais clareza, em situações distintas da pendularidade, a predominância de diferentes condicionantes de seus fluxos / Abstract: Recent changes in Brazil¿s urban agglomerations have promoted a more dispersed and fragmented ¿ but at the same time, more integrated ¿ urban pattern. Along with these changes, some specific types of population spatial mobility are stressed, such as commuting. This study aims to explore a new theoretical framework for the analysis of commuting, with attention to its relations with social processes which impact urban structure by affecting residence and job locations in urban space. These processes synthesize the elements of the structure of opportunities/constraints which affect commuting patterns and commuters¿ socioeconomic characteristics. Using mainly Brazilian census data, this study illustrates empirically these ongoing processes over the last four decades in the metropolitan area of Campinas, presenting spatial and qualitative patterns with special attention to three specific cities (Hortolândia, Vinhedo e Campinas). The possibility of considering some of these cities¿ historical particularities in regional dynamics leads us to a clearer understanding of the predominance of various commuting constraints on different situations / Mestrado / Demografia / Mestre em Demografia

Rapid growth in suburb-to-suburb commuting has created a problem for transit providers: the dispersed commuting patterns are very difficult to serve with transit, and are characterized by low transit use. This thesis aims to determine which markets have the best potential for transit, and what factors could increase this potential. Surrey, B.C. is typical of the rapidly growing areas where suburb-to-suburb commuting is most prevalent. Commuting between Surrey and other suburban areas has increased sharply in recent years. A detailed examination of commuting patterns within Surrey revealed the highly dispersed nature of the work trip flows; the only flows which were concentrated to any degree were those between nodes with relatively high population and employment densities. A correlation was found between density, especially employment density, and transit use. Inter-nodal trips, which already have the greatest transit use among suburb-to-suburb trips, will be a key market for transit in the suburbs. Inter-nodal express service would help to address complaints that suburb-to-suburb transit service is too slow and indirect. Trips to and from the nodes will also be an important market. Intra-nodal trips, which presently have low transit use, form another key market which could possibly be served by a paratransit shuttle service. In Surrey, efforts have begun to address the issue of suburb-to-suburb transit in a comprehensive manner, but there has been little substantive progress to date. The case study results were used to develop a conceptual framework for suburb-to-suburb transit planning which could then be applied to other suburban areas facing similar problems. The framework calls for a wide array of transit and paratransit services, each filling a different market niche, which can be combined to create an integrated but flexible system. This system must be reinforced with land use strategies to promote greater densities, and more pedestrian and transit friendly design. Transportation demand management must also be used to encourage transit use by increasing the costs of driving an automobile. This three-pronged, comprehensive approach should allow transit to compete successfully in some suburban markets. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate