Summary Aim The study examines a theoretical model developed to capture cyclist´s perceptions of the route environment. The survey focuses on if level two and three in the theoretical model captures what it´s intended to do. More specific we ask ourselves how the three appraisals (unsafe/safe by traffic reasons, stimulating/inhibiting route environment, unsafe/safe by other reasons) in the model´s second level relates among themselves and if these three appraisals can capture the degree of environmental well-being/unwell-being in the model´s third level. The questions were: Do the three appraisals differ among themselves? What is the difference/-s in such cases? And, is there a correlation between any of the three appraisals and environmental unwell-being/well-being? What is the correlation in such case?   Method The gathering of data was done through questionnaires. The participants got to assess their perceptions of four photographs on route environments. The assessment was done by four questions too each photograph. The four appraisals in the theoretical model about the route environment, which the study is based on, have formed the basis for respectively question. The four questions read: “How unsafe/safe by traffic reasons would you feel in this route environment?” ([1] unsafe/safe by traffic reasons). “To what extent do you assess that this route environment would stimulate/inhibit your cycling?” ([2] stimulating/inhibiting route environment). “How unsafe/safe by other reasons than traffic would you feel in this route environment?” ([3] unsafe/safe by other reasons) and “How would you assess your environmental well-being/unwell-being in this route environment?” ([4] environmental well-being/unwell-being). To rate the photographs The ACRES (Active Commuting Route Environment Scale) 15-degree point scale has been used. 157 students from The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, aged from 19 to 43 years, were included in the study, of which 62 students were males (mean age: 24,3 years) and 95 students were females (mean age: 23,4 years). The data was analyzed with Pearsons correlation analysis, dependent t-test and multiple regression.   Results The dependent t-test analysis showed that there was a significant difference in assessments between all of the appraisals for photography 1, 2, and 3. Photograph 4 showed a significant difference in assessments between the appraisals [1] unsafe/safe by traffic reasons and [2] stimulating/inhibiting route environment and between [1] unsafe/safe by traffic reasons and [3] unsafe/safe by other reasons. However, no significant difference was shown between [2] stimulating/inhibiting route environment and [3] unsafe/safe by other reasons. The correlation matrices for each photograph showed a significant correlation between [4] environmental well-being/unwell-being and the three appraisals. However, the multiple regression analysis showed no significant correlation between the appraisals [1] unsafe/safe by traffic reasons and [4] environmental well-being/unwell-being. This applies for all four photographs.   Conclusion Appraisal [1] unsafe/safe by traffic reasons seems to be distinguished from the other two appraisals. Appraisal [3] unsafe/safe by other reasons and appraisal [2] stimulating/inhibiting route environment may possibly be distinguished from each other. The appraisals [2] stimulating/inhibiting route environment and [3] unsafe/safe by other reasons may have an effect on [4] environmental well-being/unwell-being during cycling. Appraisal [2] and [3] can to 30-57% explain the changes of [4] environmental well-being/unwell-being during cycling of the four route environments that were assessed in this study. Appraisal [1] Unsafe/safe by traffic reasons does not seem to have an effect on the degree of [4] environmental well-being/unwell-being during cycling. With that being said level 2 and 3 of the theoretical model about the route environment do partially work. This study was an attempt, through photographs, examine a theoretical model about the route environment but more studies are needed to explore uncertainties of this model. / Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar Studien granskar en teoretisk modell framtagen för att fånga cyklisters uppfattningar av färdvägsmiljön. Undersökningen fokuserar på om nivå två och tre i den teoretiska modellen fångar vad de är ämnade att göra. Mer specifikt frågar vi oss hur de tre utsagorna (otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl, otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker och stimulerande/motverkande färdvägsmiljö) i modellens andra nivå förhåller sig sinsemellan samt om dessa tre utsagor kan fånga graden av miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande i modellens tredje nivå. Frågeställningarna var: Skiljer sig de tre utsagorna åt sinsemellan? Hur ter sig skillnaden/-erna i sådana fall? Och finns det ett samband mellan någon/några av de tre utsagorna och miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande? Hur ser sambanden i sådana fall ut?   Metod Datainsamlingen skedde genom enkäter. Respondenterna fick bedöma sina upplevelser av fyra fotografier på färdvägsmiljöer. Bedömningarna skedde genom fyra frågor till varje fotografi. De fyra utsagorna i den teoretiska modellen om färdvägsmiljön som studien bygger på har legat till grund för utformningen av respektive bedömningsfråga. De fyra frågorna lyder: ”Hur otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl skulle du känna dig i denna färdvägsmiljö?” ([1] otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl). ”I vilken grad uppfattar du att denna färdvägsmiljö skulle stimulera/motverka din cykling?” [2] stimulerande/motverkande färdvägsmiljö). ”Hur otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker än trafiken skulle du känna dig i denna färdvägsmiljö?” ([3] otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker) samt ”Hur skulle du uppfatta ditt miljömässiga välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande i denna färdvägsmiljö?” ([4] miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande). För skattning av fotografierna har ACRES (Active Commuting Route Environment Scale) 15-gradiga skala använts. 157 studenter från Gymnastik-och idrottshögskolan i åldrarna 19-43 år inkluderades i studien, varav 62 studenter var män (medelålder 24,3 år) och 95 studenter var kvinnor (medelålder 23,4 år). Dataanalyserna gjordes genom Pearsons korrelationsanalys, beroende t-test och multipel regression.   Resultat Analysen med beroende t-test visade att det fanns statistiskt signifikanta skillnader i skattningarna mellan samtliga utsagor för fotografi 1, 2 och 3. För fotografi 4 kan man se att det fanns en signifikant skillnad i skattningar mellan utsagorna [1] otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl och [2] stimulerande/motverkande färdvägsmiljö samt mellan [1] otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl och [3] otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker. Dock fanns det ingen signifikant skillnad mellan [2] stimulerande/motverkande färdvägsmiljö och [3] otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker. Korrelationsmatrisen för varje fotografi visade att det fanns ett statistiskt signifikant samband mellan [4] miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande och de tre utsagorna. Dock visade den multipla regressionsanalysen inget signifikant samband mellan utsaga [1] otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl och [4] miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande. Detta gäller för samtliga fyra fotografier.   Slutsats Utsaga [1] otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl verkar kunna särskiljas från de två övriga utsagorna. Utsaga [3] otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker och utsaga [2] stimulerande/motverkande färdvägsmiljö kan möjligtvis särskiljas från varandra. Utsagorna [2] stimulerande/motverkande färdvägsmiljö och [3] otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker verkar kunna påverka graden av [4] miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande under cykling. Utsaga [2] och [3] kan till 30-57% förklara förändringen av [4] miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande under cykling för de fyra färdvägsmiljöer som bedömdes i den här studien. Utsaga [1] otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl verkar inte kunna påverka graden av [4] miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande under cykling. Med detta sagt fungerar nivå 2 och 3 i den teoretiska modellen om färdvägsmiljön delvis. Denna studie var ett försök att med hjälp av fotografier granska en teoretisk modell om färdvägsmiljön men fler studier behövs för att utforska oklarheter i denna modell.

Recent developments suggest that the need for contact between parents and adult children is expected to grow, while paid labour is re-organized to include more flexible work schedules and locations. In parallel we view a pressure to increase sustainable mobility through reducing car driving. Against this background, this paper addresses the question: to what extent the frequency of contact between parents and their adult children living out of home is associated with time allocated to work, including commuting time, and with automobility? Face-to-face and telecommunication based contact is considered. Regression analysis of survey data collected in the Netherlands was performed and results suggest that face-to-face contact was significantly associated with work and commute duration, car ownership, car commuting and distance. Telecommunication based contact was mainly associated with work duration, degree of urbanization and distance. Automobility seemed to be more important for women than for men. The policy implication is a potential trade-off between policies that aim at strengthening sustainable mobility behaviour and policies that lead to an increase in the reliance on informal care.

In recent decades skateboarding has expanded from recreation into a form of transportation. Skateboarders appear to use roadways much as other non‐motorized modes do. However, there is little academic research on the needs and characteristics of the skateboard as a mode. This research reports demographics, multi‐modal and travel behavior findings, and other data from an exploratory mixed‐methods study of skateboarding as a mode of transportation.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 231-237. / by Mark David Abkowitz. / Ph.D.

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År 2020 slog coronapandemin till i norden och ett av de områden som kom att bli drabbat var Greater Copenhagen vilket är ett samarbete mellan Sverige och Danmark med Öresundsbron som förbindelse. Restriktionerna som begränsade antalet människor som kunde vistas på en och samma plats var en av de primära åtgärderna för att minska smittspridningen av Covid-19 och till följd påverkades Greater Copenhagens rörelsemönster inklusive Öresundsbrons. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera rörelsemönstret över Öresundsbron under Covid-19-pandemin 2019 till 2021, samt föra en diskussion gällande Greater Copenhagens hantering av rörelsemönstret och restriktionerna under pandemin. Metod: För att få svar på frågeställningarna har det samlats in sekundärdata från olika institutioner och författare. Vidare kommer detta att jämföras och diskuteras med hjälp av teori och tidigare forskning. Resultat: Det framkom att coronapandemin haft en inverkan på Greater Copenhagens rörelsemönster och framförallt Öresundsbron. Med en minskning av cirka 3 000 000 fordon mellan åren 2019-2020 till följd av restriktioner och Danmarks gränsstängning. Det framkommer att under sommarmånaderna 2020 och 2021 var trafiken som allra högst. Vidare noteras att antalet fordon över Öresundsbron som mest var 5 496 bilpendlarresor per dag under 2019 medan motsvarande statistik för 2020 visar att siffran endast var 2 025 bilpendlarresor per dag. Detta visar att utvecklingen av rörelsemönstret drabbats av pandemin. / In 2020, the corona pandemic began spreading through the Nordic countries and one of the affected areas was Greater Copenhagen, which is a collaboration between Sweden and Denmark which are connected through the Öresund bridge. When restrictions were introduced, these became the primary measures to reduce the spread of Covid-19 and as a result, Greater Copenhagen's movement patterns, including the Öresund Bridge, were affected. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the movement pattern over the Öresund Bridge during the Covid-19 pandemic 2019 to 2021, and to have a discussion regarding Greater Copenhagen's handling of the movement pattern and the restrictions during the pandemic. Method: To answer the questions, secondary data was collected from various institutions and authors. Furthermore, this will be compared and discussed with the help of theories and previous research. Results: It emerged that the corona pandemic had an impact on Greater Copenhagen's movement patterns and, above all, the Öresund Bridge. With a reduction of approximately 3,000,000 vehicles between the years 2019-2020 as a result of restrictions and the border closure of Denmark. It appears that during the summer months of 2020 and 2021, traffic was at its highest. Furthermore, it is noted that the number of vehicles over the Öresund Bridge was 5,496 car commuter trips per day in 2019, while the corresponding statistics for 2020 show that the figure was only 2,025 car commuter trips per day. This shows that the development of the movement pattern was affected by the pandemic.

Passenger traffic for train journeys has been limited in northern Sweden due to the fact that the railway has mainly been used in industrial business. The establishment of Botniabanan enabled passenger traffic by train and created a train connection between the cities in the region. A continuation of Botniabanan quickly began to be planned so that the railway would continue along the Norrland coast, and the so-called Norrbotniabanan came into being. Today, northern Norrland is also facing one of the largest industrial investments in Sweden's history, which will require an increased workforce and supply of skills. In order to meet the demand for labor, Norrbotniabanan can provide a good opportunity for increased work commuting. An efficient and improved transport supply can in turn increase work commuting without people having to move to work. This in turn can create regional enlargement.  The purpose of the study is to investigate and analyze the effects Botniabanan had on commuting and further analyze and compare these with the effects that can be expected to occur with commuting through the establishment of Norrbotniabanan. The study is based on predictions about Norrbotniabanan and whether these can be expected to be achieved. This is then compared with whether the expected effects of Botniabanan were fulfilled. The establishment of Norrbotniabanan is then presented in a context of regional enlargement. The study has been carried out based on a quantitative method by processing quantitative data (register data) as well as carrying out literature studies and content analysis.  The study found that commuting has increased since the establishment of Botniabanan and that commuting mostly increased to Umeå municipality but also to Kramfors, which may be due to the municipality not belonging to Umeå's area of influence. In relation to this, commuting can be expected to increase with the establishment of Norrbotniabanan and in the same way that commuting mainly takes place to the larger municipalities such as Umeå, Luleå and Skellefteå. In order for Norrbotniabanan to achieve a greater increase in commuting than Botniabanan, the travel times need to be well planned. Provided that Norrbotniabanan has taken into account the reasons why the journey times for Botniabanan were not achieved, Norrbotniabanan has a good opportunity for a greater increase in commuting. Botniabanan can be declared to have achieved a regional enlargement, which Norrbotniabanan also makes possible. With the industrial investments in northern Sweden, Norrbotniabanan can create a stronger regional expansion than what Botniabanan did.

Today’s sparse cities with for example workplaces located outside the city centre has led to increased travel levels for the inhabitants. The long distance between different attribute has resulted in a car dependency. To achieve the climate goals and a sustainable development it’s important to have a transition to more sustainable travel modes. This essay focus on socially and environmentally sustainable travels to workplaces outside the city centre. The aim of the study is the understand how the geographical location of the workplace affects the travel mode choice. The ambition is to examine the possibilities for environmentally sustainable travel at the same time as the travel also must be socially sustainable and feasible in the individual’s everyday life. This study is conducted in Umeå with a workplace located outside the city centre. The empirical material has been collected through interviews with employees in purpose the understand the individual conditions and travel patterns. The results are then discussed and analysed using, theories and previous research, time-geography, aspects of accessibility and travel mode choice to create an understanding of sustainable travel to workplaces with an external localisation. The results identified challenges linked to long distance, lack of accessibility to use other travel modes and individual constraints. The results shows that individuals have different constraints and opportunities to change their travel mode, but that it is also bound to how much an individual is willing, and able, to sacrifice.

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This research evaluated various mass transportation alternatives for the commuting students, faculty and staff of the University of Central Florida (U.C.F.), located at Orlando. The alternatives considered in this research are bus service, van service / minibus service, vanpool, carpool, and bicycle and pedestrian modes. During the life-time of the University the private automobile has been the only prevalent mode of transportation used by the U.C.F. commuters. Opinion surveys conducted in the summer of 1979 indicated that the U.C.F. commuters are confronted with a number of transportation problems including lack of parking spaces on campus, traffic congestion on the access roads to the University and the high cost of commuting using automobiles. Other surveys which were required for the evaluation process were taken during the same academic year. these included location survey, traffic study, intersection delay study, and parking study. Based on the results of these surveys the different transportation modes considered feasible in this situation are analyzed. According to the results of the comparative cost analysis, using present-worth and equivalent uniform annual cost methods, all the candidate modes were found to be economically advantageous over the existing auto transportation mode. However, with the existing rate of auto ownership by the commuters, the carpool program could e considered as the most realistic solution to the short-term transportation problems of the University, provided the legal obstacles are overcome before the implementation of the program. The feasibility and legal considerations of the various modes are discussed in the closing chapter of this report.