Favorable and unfavorable demographic processes and their imminent repercussions for local labor markets, regional economic development, and the accomplishment of public duties have spurred the interest around the world. The mobility of individuals and households, in particular in the form of migration and commuting, decisively shapes these demographic trends at the regional and local level. Studying the causes of mobility behavior at the microlevel, therefore, delivers hypotheses needed for the evaluation of various policy options directed at attracting new and retaining existing population shares. Knowing about the various influences in mobility decision making also allows for a better projection of population dynamics and migration flows. In the design of this dissertation, uncertainty is recognized as a key component of day-to-day decision making processes and, thus, serves as the underlying feature in the examinations. The dissertation’s aim is to study the effects of economic uncertainty on household mobility decisions. This includes migration as well as commuting behavior in the presence of income and transport cost uncertainty. In three thematic areas the dissertation investigates migration behavior of individuals and households in the context of both long-distance interregional migration and short-distance local moves. Covered aspects range from the influence of different levels of longevity over the implications of joint migration intentions to the interrelated choice of residence and mode of mobility in a urban-suburban framework.

Šťástka, J. (2010): Time-space mobility of students in Prague. Diploma thesis, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Prague. Diploma thesis deals with evaluation of time-space mobility of students in selected Prague's high schools. In introduction, research questions searching for differences in daily motions, non-daily motions of students and way of spending leisure time in a city are asked. Furthermore, this thesis is aimed at discussion of time-space mobility within Czech and foreign literature and approach to study of everyday-life. The main objective of this diploma thesis is to analyze everyday mobility of students in Prague and to document their correlation on the basis of data from questionary survey. key words: time-space mobility, everyday rythm, lifestyle, commuting, suburbanization, leisure time, students, Prague.

High-speed railway, as a modern means of transport with convenient, fast and mass transport volume characteristics, plays a significant role on regional development. Since 2008, in order to react to the influence of international financial crisis, China began the mass construction of high-speed rail. With the rapid construction, China has the longest mileage of high-speed rail in 2014. On the one hand, China enjoys the benefits of improved accessibility. On the other hand, many scholars think the expectations of high-speed rail are a bit exaggerated. In order to knowing and predicting the effects of high-speed rail objectively, the thesis tries to study how high-speed rail promotes the regional development in the Yangtze River Delta region of China, based on the experiences in Stockholm-Mälar Region of Sweden. The study in Stockholm-Mälar region suggests that: high-speed rail improve the overall accessibility in the region, and land along high-speed line and around station has better accessibility; frequent and easier commuting promotes regional integration; high-speed rail, on the one hand, strengthens the central position of regional center, on the other hand, brings more and equal opportunities for regional cities; moreover, large cities with good accessibility have the potential to grow up to the sub-centers. Combined with the experiences in the Stockholm-Mälar region and self-development situation, the development in the Yangtze River Delta region under the impacts of high-speed rail have following trends: first, high-speed rail promote the reorganize of urban system through the growth of new regional sub-centers and flat development; second, high-speed rail guides the reorganization of regional spatial structure, which mainly reflects in the urban land and regional cities distribute along the high-speed rail corridor; third, high-speed rail increases potential of regional commuting and accelerates the regional integration, and commuting trends will appear from major cities to Shanghai and peripheral cities to sub-centers; fourth, high-speed rail might bring positive effects (e.g. the radiation effect of regional central city) and negative effects (e.g. siphon effect, the outflow of city population and resources) for regional cities. In addition, aiming to the existing and possible issues, two supportive strategies are proposed about regional governance and urban public transportation development.

De flesta människor reser dagligen till arbete, skola eller för att uträtta ärenden, men dessvärre utgör sätten som vi reser på en belastning på miljön som inte är förenlig med en långsiktigt hållbar samhällsutveckling. I Sverige står transportsektorn för ungefär en fjärdedel av landets energianvändning och cirka 30 procent av landets totala klimatutsläpp. En stor del av utsläppen genereras av persontransporter och forskare menar att en minskad energianvändning genom ett smartare och mer hållbart resande är en viktig utveckling för att minska transportsektorns miljöpåverkan. Då arbetsrelaterade resor utgör hälften av alla persontransporter i Sverige, spelar företag en betydande roll, eftersom de har möjlighet att påverka både arbets- och tjänsteresor. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur ett företag och arbetsplats, ÅF i Solna, kan skapa förutsättningar för hållbara arbets- och tjänsteresor. Vidare är syftet att ta fram åtgärdsförslag baserat på ÅF:s mål med att minska miljöpåverkan från resor. Mot bakgrund av utförda litteraturstudier, som redogör för bakgrunden till företags arbete för hållbara resor, som beskriver svenska arbetsmetoder för ändamålet och som diskuterar goda exempel på åtgärder som utförts av organisationer i Sverige, har en studie av platsförutsättningar och en resvaneundersökning genomförts på ÅF i Solna. Resultaten visar att tjänsteresor står för 73 procent av koldioxidutsläppen från resor och arbetsresor för 27 procent. Nästintill samtliga internationella tjänsteresor görs med flyg. Cirka 50 procent av alla nationella tjänsteresor görs med bil, 25 procent med flyg och 25 procent med tåg. Vid lokala tjänsteresor utgör bilresor ungefär 65 procent och kollektivtrafiksresor utgör cirka 30 procent. På ÅF i Solna görs ungefär 40 procent av arbetsresorna med bil, 40 procent med kollektivtrafik och 20 procent med gång, cykel och övriga färdsätt, sett över hela året. Studien visar att de anställda är intresserade av frågor som rör hållbart resande och efterfrågar satsningar på området. I studien konstateras att ÅF i Solna kan underlätta för hållbara arbets- och tjänsteresor genom att informera om hållbara resor och de möjligheter som redan finns på kontoret. Vidare kan ÅF utveckla och förbättra de befintliga förutsättningarna, genom att till exempel genomföra mindre fysiska åtgärder för att se över tillkortakommanden som kan utgöra hinder för förändrade resvanor. Dessutom kan ÅF i Solna utreda möjligheten att införa incitament som underlättar för hållbara resvanor och att arbeta med en grön resplan. / Most people travel to work, school or run errands on a daily basis, but the way that we travel constitute an environmental impact that is not consistent with a long term sustainable development. In Sweden the transport sector accounts for about a quarter of the country’s energy use and about 30 percent of its total carbon emissions. A large share of the emissions is generated by passenger transport and researchers argue that reduced energy usage by smarter and more sustainable travel is important to reduce the transport sector’s environmental impact. Since work related travel accounts for half of all Swedish passenger transport, companies play a significant role, as they can affect both journeys to work and business travel. The purpose of the degree project is to investigate how a company and a workplace, ÅF in Solna, can create conditions for sustainable commuting and business travel. The aim is further to develop action proposals based on ÅF’s goal to reduce its carbon footprint. On the basis of conducted literature studies, which explain the background of companies’ efforts towards sustainable travel, describe Swedish work methods and discuss good examples of undertaken measures by Swedish organisations, a study of site conditions and a travel survey is carried out at ÅF in Solna. The results show that business travel accounts for 73 percent of the carbon emissions from travel and commuting for 27 percent. Nearly all international business travel is made by flight. Approximately 50 percent of national business travel is made by car, 25 percent by flight and 25 percent by train. Cars account for about 65 percent of local business travel and public transport for about 30 percent. At ÅF in Solna approximately 40 percent of commuting is made by car, 40 percent by public transport and 20 percent by walk, bike and other modes of travel, for a full year. The study shows that employees are interested in issues related to sustainable travel and ask for commitments in the field. The study concludes that ÅF in Solna can facilitate sustainable commuting and business travel by providing information on sustainable travel and the opportunities that already exists at the office. Further, ÅF can develop and improve existing conditions, for example by carrying out minor physical measures to revise shortcomings that may prevent changing travel habits. Additionally, ÅF in Solna can investigate the possibility of introducing incentives that facilitate sustainable travel habits and working with a travel plan.

This thesis deals with housing costs and commuting of professional soldiers of the Army of the Czech Republic. It analyzes not only the cost of housing and commuting , but also the subjective perception of the burden on individual households of soldiers. The sample was analyzed for the entire Army of the Czech Republic , which were represented by soldiers from various units and garrison towns across the Czech Republic . For the final analysis were used data gathered by a questionnaire and also was used secondary data analysis . The result was , among other things , to determine what strategies are used by soldiers to provide their housing and commuting . Other findings are described in the empirical part and at the end of the thesis. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

In the last several years, there has been growing worldwide interest in making streets safer for all users--pedestrians, cyclists, and motorists. One approach, shared space, is a traffic calming technique as well as urban design concept. This technique strives to fully integrate the roadway into the urban fabric by removing elements such as lane markings, curbs, and traffic signs. By removing these elements and creating a more plaza-like space, these sites become ambiguous and no user group as priority. The technique is relatively new, and the majority of existing research concerns pedestrians only. This mixed methods research focused on six intersections in England with the goal of understanding how bicycle riders perceive and travel through shared space intersections. Using video observations of the six sites in three cities, three shared and three control, this project analyzed the variations in the paths cyclists rode through the intersections. Data were collected on several variables related to both the cyclists and their interactions with the site itself such as helmet use and riding through crosswalks. Path analysis required the development a new evaluative variable in order to compare individual paths by how much deviation there was in each path ridden as compared to other cyclists. Site-specific surveys addressed the perceptions, bicycling experience, demographics, and path and route preferences by cyclists at both shared space and control intersections. The analysis indicated that cyclists rode similarly through both shared and control intersections, and that a large percentage of riders preferred to ride farther from motor vehicles when given the space to do so. This project offered further insight in how to best design shared space projects for nonmotorized users by looking at the spatial layout and the elements that most influenced a rider’s path choice. Results indicated that, in these cases, shared space was not the panacea for nonmotorized users as some literature suggests, but nonetheless appeared to be a valid form of traffic calming. This research offered further insight in how to best design shared space projects for nonmotorized users by looking at the spatial layout and the elements that most influenced a rider’s path choice.

This project examined cyclist red light running behavior using two data sets. Previous studies of cyclist compliance have investigated the tendencies of cyclists to run red lights on the whole by generalizing different maneuvers to their end outcome, running a red light. This project differentiates between the different types of red light running and focuses on the most egregious case, gap acceptance, which is when a cyclist runs a red light by accepting a gap in opposing traffic. Using video data, a mathematical model of cyclist red light running was developed for gap acceptance. Similar to other studies, this analysis utilized only information about the cyclist, intersection, and scenario that can be outwardly observed. This analysis found that the number of cyclists already waiting at the signal, the presence of a vehicle in the adjacent lane, and female sex were deterrents to red light running. Conversely, certain types of signal phasing, witnessing a violation, and lack of helmet increased the odds that a cyclist would run the red light. Interestingly, while women in general are less likely to run a red light, those who witnessed a violation were even more prone that men who had witnessed a violation to follow suit and run the red light themselves. It is likely that the differing socialization of women and men leads to different effects of witnessing a previous violator. The analysis also confirmed that a small subset of cyclists, similar to that found in the general population, are more prone to traffic violations. These cyclists are more willing to engage in multiple biking-related risk factors that include not wearing a helmet and running red lights. Although the model has definite explanatory power regarding decisions of cyclist compliance, much of the variance in the compliance choices of the sample is left unexplained. This points toward the influence of other, not outwardly observable variables on the decision to run a red light. Analysis of survey data from cyclists further confirms that individual characteristics not visible to the observer interact with intersection, scenario, and visible cyclist characteristics to result in a decision to comply (or not) with a traffic signal. Furthermore, cyclist characteristics, in general, and unobservable individual characteristics, specifically, play a larger role in compliance decisions as the number of compliance-inducing intersection traits (e.g. conflicting traffic volume) decrease. One such unobservable trait is the regard for the law by some cyclists, which becomes a more important determinant of compliance at simpler intersections. Cyclists were also shown to choose non-compliance if they questioned the validity of the red indication for them, as cyclists. The video and survey data have some comparable findings. For instance, the relationship of age to compliance was explored in both data analyses. Age was not found to be a significant predictor of non-compliance in the video data analysis while it was negatively correlated with stated non-compliance for two of the survey intersections. Gender, while having significant effects on non-compliance in the video dataset, did not emerge as an important factor in the stated non-compliance of survey takers. Helmet use had a consistent relationship with compliance between the video and survey datasets. Helmet use was positively associated with compliance in the video data and negatively associated with revealed non-compliance at two of the survey intersections. When coupled with the positive association between normlessness and stated willingness to run a red light, the relationship between helmet use and compliance solidifies the notion that a class of cyclists is more likely to consistently violate signals. It points towards a link between red light running and individuals who do not adhere to social norms and policies as strictly as others. Variables representing cyclists and motorists waiting at the signal were positively related to signal compliance in the video data. While an increased number of cyclists may be a physical deterrent to red light running, part of the influence on compliance that this variable and the variable representing the presence of a vehicle may be due to accountability of cyclists to other road users. This relationship, however, was not revealed in the stated non-compliance data from the survey. Efforts to increase cyclist compliance may not be worth a jurisdiction's resources since nearly 90% of cyclists in the video data were already compliant. If a problem intersection does warrant intervention, different methods of ensuring bicyclist compliance are warranted depending on the intersection characteristics. An alternative solution is to consider the applicability of traffic laws (originally designed for cars) to bicyclists. Creating separation in how laws affect motorists and cyclists might be a better solution for overly simple types of intersections where cyclists have fewer conflicts, better visibility, etc. than motorists. Education or other messaging aimed at cyclists about compliance is another strategy to increase compliance. Since cyclists appear to feel more justified in running red lights at low-volume, simple-looking intersections, it would probably be prudent to target messaging at these types of intersections. Many cyclists are deterred by high-volume and/or complicated looking intersections for safety reasons. Reminding cyclists of the potential dangers at other intersections may be a successful messaging strategy. Alternatively, reminding cyclists that it is still illegal to run a red light even if they feel safe doing so may be prudent. Additionally, messaging about the purpose of infrastructure such as bicycle-specific signals or lights that indicate detection at a signal may convince cyclists that stopping at the signal is in their best interest and that the wait will be minimal and/or warranted.

No description available.

Skellefteå befinner sig i en expansiv stadsutvecklingsfas vilket ställer högre krav på trafiksystemet. Studien syftar därmed till att undersöka den lokala planeringen av kollektivtrafik och hur den relaterar till ett Bus rapid transit (BRT)-system. Transit oritented development (TOD) som innebär en samplanering av kollektivtrafik och bebyggelse, utgör arbetets teoretiska ram och är nära kopplat till BRT. Metoden utförs genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer och dokumentanalys av policydokument från Skellefteå kommun. Studien visar att trafiknätet i centrala tätorten har en dålig framkomlighet, vilket kommunen vill åtgärda genom att bland annat utveckla sin kollektivtrafik med fördel framför bilen. I denna utveckling finns det aspekter som är lika ett BRT-system men även vissa delar som avviker från det. Det går även att urskilja tecken på TOD i den lokala planeringen, något som också underlättar en BRT-implementering. Det finns därmed tendenser och ansatser för en BRT-utveckling, men där andra likande alternativ övervägs. / Skellefteå is in an expansive urban development phase that causes higher demands on the traffic system. The study aims to investigate the local planning of public transport and how it relates to a Bus rapid transit (BRT) system. Transit-oriented development (TOD), which involves a co-planning of public transport and settlements, forms the theoretical framework of the study and is closely linked to BRT. The method consisted of semi-structured interviews and document analysis of policy documents from Skellefteå municipality. The study show that the traffic network in the central urban area consists of poor accessibility, which the municipality wants to solve by developing the public transport. In this development there are aspects that are similar to BRT, but some parts that deviate from it. It is possible to distinguish signs of TOD in the local planning, which also facilitates a BRT implementation. There are thus tendencies and approaches for a BRT development, but where other similar alternatives are considered.

Denna uppsats försöker identifiera faktorer som förklarar varför cykelpendlingen till och från Stockholms innerstad har ökat mellan 1980 och 2020. Vi bildar och väljer ut tre linjära regressionsmodellerna vilka vi anser vara de bästa modellerna utifrån ett flertal urvalskriterier. Resultaten visar att alla inkluderade variabler är signifikanta i respektive modell. Våra resultat, vilka är i linje med tidigare forskning, visar vidare följande: (a) antalet cykelpendlingsresor har ett positivt samband med cykelinfrastrukturkostnader, vilket tyder på att bättre cykelinfrastruktur gör att fler väljer cykeln till jobbet; (b) antalet cykelpendlingsresor har ett positivt samband med befolkningsstorleken; (c) antalet cykelpendlingsresor har ett positivt samband med trängselskatten, vilket tyder på att en överföring sker där en del bilister byter till cykelpendling p.g.a. trängselskatt; (d) antalet cykelpendlingsresor har ett negativt samband med BNP per capita. Sammanfattningsvis indikerar resultaten att ett flertal faktorer har påverkat antalet cykelpendlingsresor till och från Stockholms innerstad mellan 1980 och 2020. / This thesis attempts to identify factors that explain why bicycle commuting in and out of Stockholm City Centre has increased between the years 1980 and 2020. We create and select three linear regression models, which we consider to be the best models based on several selection criteria. Our results show that the included variables in each respective model are significant. Our results, which are in line with previous findings in the literature, moreover, show the following: (a) the number of bicycle commuting trips is positively associated with bicycle infrastructure costs, which indicates that better bicycle infrastructure leads to more people bicycling to work; (b) the number of bicycle commuting trips is positively associated with population size; (c) the number of bicycle commuting trips is positively associated with the congestion tax, which indicates that a modal shift takes place where some motorists switch to bicycle commuting because of the congestion tax; (d) the number of bicycle commuting trips is negatively associated with GDP per capita. In summary, the results indicate that several factors have affected the number of commuting trips by bicycle in and out of Stockholm City Centre between 1980 and 2020.