This doctoral dissertation includes two main works and a comprehensive summary: Jedeskog, G. 1996: Lärare vid datorn. Sju högstadielärares undervisning med datorer 1984-1994. (Teachers at Computers. Seven upper compulsory school teachers´ teaching with computers in 1984-1994.) SkapandeVetande, Linköpings universitet. ISBN 91-7871-664-0. (in Swedish) Jedeskog, G. 2000: Ny i kl@ssen. Förhållandet mellan lärarroll och datoranvändning beskrivet i internationell forskning. (New in Cl@ss. The relationship between computers and the role of the teacher, as described ininternational research.) ISBN 91-646-1473-5. (in Swedish) The comprehensive summary is written in English: Teachers and Computers, Uppsala University, Department of Educatiom 48 pp. ISBN 91-506-1439-8. The first work was presented and defended in 1996. The second work, New in Cl@ss, is summarised here: For about fifteen years now, there have been computers in the schools meant for instructional use. The focus of this study is to describe and analyse how the relationship between computers and the role of the teacher has been treated in international scholarly literature, 1988-1998. The empirical study has two aims: To outline and analyse the contents of the texts with regard to what is happening to the role of the teacher, i.e.the work and deeds of the teacher, in a time when computers and IT are being introduced and used, or not used,in teaching. To outline and analyse, using the selected texts, how the research field of computers and the role of the teacheris now being moulded. The analysis of the texts is based on three theoretical platforms; House's innovation theory, the actors-networktheory and a micropolitical perspective. In these theories the importance of power, participation and conflict isemphasised. Results show that three variants of the role of the teacher in connection with computer usage stand out: theteacher as a link between the pupil and the computer, as a technician and delegating routine work to thecomputer. The role of the computer can be observed as a rival, as an 'alarm clock', as a mediator of contacts, as anobstacle to contacts and as a replacement for the school. An analysis of the research area shows that it is possible to distinguish four categories of texts; texts with noreference to earlier research and texts with references to research on processes of innovation and reform, onknowledge and learning and on relationship between school and society.

Studiens syfte var att öka kunskapen kring hur några studie- och yrkesvägledare på grundskolan arbetar med vägledning av elever med ADHD och vilka kompetenser och resurser de kunde tänkas ha för att stötta väl underbyggda studie- och yrkesval. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes och resultatet visar att respondenterna individanpassar vägledningen i hög grad, för elever med ADHD främst genom mer tid, studiebesök, medföljare, visualisering och empowerment. De använder ingen speciellt utarbetad vägledningsmetod för dessa elever men det visar sig att det vore välkommet med metodutveckling, vidareutbildning och utökat samarbete. / The aim of the study was to increase the knowledge of how some career counselors work with students with ADHD and what skills and resources they might have to support well-founded career choices. Qualitative interviews were accomplished and the result shows that the respondents personalized guidance to a large extent, for students with ADHD above all through more time, educational visits, accompanied by someone, visualization and empowerment. They use no specific guidance method for these students, but it turns out that it would be welcomed with method development, training and increased cooperation.

Målet med mitt arbete är att ta reda på vilka undervisningsmetoder som presenteras av forskare och lärare i litteraturen och sedan jämföra resultatet med lärares egna erfarenheter. Jag har fokuserat på litteraturundervisningen på högstadiet. Jag har använt böcker skrivna av bland annat Gerd och Gerhard Arfwedson, Ulla Lundqvist, Göran Ejenby & Gunilla Molloy, Olga Dysthe och Aidan Chambers. Jag genomförde sedan en enkätundersökning bland svensklärare på högstadiet för att få reda på hur de verkligen arbetar och vilka metoder de eventuellt använder sig av. Resultatet visade att de flesta av lärarna själva inte anser att de har någon specifik undervisningsmetod, men när jag läser deras svar kan jag tydligt se att de arbetssätt de beskriver är just delar av de metoder jag skrivit om. Alla lärare är dock överens om att förbättringar behövs i skolan för att arbetet ska kunna effektiviseras för eleverna och i vissa fall anser lärarna att byte av undervisningsmetod är en del av den förbättringen.

Non-compulsory schools in Sweden should make use of the knowledge and experience that is available in society according to the aims and objectives of the Curriculum for the Non-Compulsory School System - Lpf 94. There are however only a few studies which have focused on the contacts between non-compulsory schools and society as represented by the business world in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to examine in what ways and to what extent non-compulsory schools are following the Curriculum by using the knowledge and experience of the business world. The perspectives have been: Which contacts in the business world and which working practices from the business world are implemented in teaching in non-compulsory schools? In what way do these contacts and working practices affect the teaching and learning of business administration? The purpose of this study is also to examine if the teachers in non-compulsory schools use business information and different kinds of business knowledge and experiences in order to keep themselves up-to-date regarding the business world. The perspectives have been: Are the teachers using up-to-date business information or business experience? Are the teachers applying a multicultural perspective in teaching business studies? In what way does this kind of information or first-hand experience affect the teaching and learning of business administration? The method used in this study was to interview seven teachers from two non-compulsory schools in Stockholm. The research showed that both schools use different kinds of business contacts, business experience and up-to-date business information as input in their teaching. Both schools are also using mini enterprise and work experience in teaching the pupils business administration. Only a few of the teachers have applied a multicultural perspective in their teaching. The research also showed that it will take time, resources and coordination to increase contacts with the business world. These contacts are essential for helping the pupils to achieve a degree of practical learning and knowledge which is mentioned in the Curriculum for the Non-Compulsory School System as well as being in demand in working life.

Denna studie handlar om språk och statusskillnader mellan språken. Syftet var att ta reda på om flerspråkiga grundskoleelever upplever att deras olika språk har olika status. Undersökningen är deskriptiv till sin karaktär. Sex stycken respondenter från åk 9 blev intervjuade. Intervjun består av två delar en skriftlig del och en muntlig del. Resultatet visar att respondenterna betraktade sina språk olika viktiga. Slutsats var att undersökningen trots vaga resultat indikerar att elever i denna studie upplever att det finns statusskillnader mellan sina olika språk. This study is about language and status distinctions between languages. The purpose was to find out if multilingual pupils’ experiences that their different languages have different status. The characteristic of this study is that the study is descriptive. Six respondents from the 9th year of the compulsory school were interviewed. The interview was divided into two different parts written and oral. The result of this study shows that respondents considered that their language differs in importance. The conclusion of this study is that in spite of vague results the study indicates that pupils experiences that there is status distinctions between languages.

The aim of this study is to investigate what the grade in mathematics tells us about the pupil’s general academic success in other school subjects in Sweden’s compulsory school. What proficiency, except mathematical skills, does a high grade in mathematics indicate? First an inventory of the official arguments for school mathematics was conducted. The inventory shows that the arguments generally can be classified into two main classes: i) utilitarian arguments and ii) cultural arguments. In addition to these two main groups the debate also includes more remote and indirect arguments: iii) the transfer argument and iv) the selection argument .If the two last arguments are valid it is assumed that the so called indication hypothesis should be true: that pupils who succeed in mathematics also will achieve high grades in other school subjects. A statistical analysis was conducted of the grades data for the approximately 124,000 pupils who completed compulsory school in Sweden 2006. The analyses provide support for the indication hypothesis. Those pupils who manage to achieve the highest grades in mathematics often achieve high grades in other school subjects as well. This applies to both the purely theoretical and to the more practically oriented subjects. In the last phase of the study it was assumed that a possible explanation for the results could lie in the reading comprehension hypothesis; that pupils who are successful in mathematics in their ninth year of compulsory school also have good reading comprehension. This hypothesis was tested with data from the pupils’ results in the reading comprehension test that was included in the national exam in Swedish in 2006. The results provided strong support for the hypothesis. Pupils with high final grades in mathematics also have good reading comprehension. However the reverse did not apply. A good result in the reading comprehension test was not a reliable predictor of a high final grade in mathematics.

The aim of this thesis is to study and problematize the concepts of entrepreneurship and enterprise in Swed-ish compulsory schools. The studies presented in this thesis focus both on scientific publications and official documents that deal with entrepreneurship and enterprise in compulsory schools and on school projects that have been carried out in years 4 to 6 in the county of Västerbotten. The main questions of the study are: • How did the discourse on entrepreneurship and enterprise in school arise? • What do concepts of entrepreneurship and enterprise mean in Swedish nine-year compulsory schools? • How is discursive practice concerning Entrepreneurship and Enterprise in schools expressed? Michel Foucault’s theories of discourse, power and discipline have been used as analytical tools, together with gender theories. Characteristic for the research on entrepreneurship is that it is multidisciplinary. There are difficulties, both nationally and internationally, to explicitly define the concept of ”entrepreneur”. The entrepreneur is described as an individual with abilities to take action, initiative and risks but also as being creative, innovative and cooperative. These are characteristics that both society and school can make use of. Unemployment among young people and changing needs in society are reasons why the concept “enter-prise” is present on most of the agendas of the OECD countries today. Society requires individuals who can take responsibility and initiative and who are creative. Training in and about entrepreneurship has devel-oped and therefore it has been possible to stress its relevance for the entire educational system. Training for entrepreneurship is directed towards economics, i e a discourse about enterprise while training about entre-preneurship turns against training in general by relating to up-bringing and human inner qualities. A dis-course in enterprise has been formed, whose aim is to develop pupils into responsible, creative, active, cooperative and enterprising members of society. This is where a new discourse is created and it is a dis-course in enterprise and schools. Even so, the road into school is via economics because the main aim of entrepreneurship is economic growth and increased employment rate. Throughout the different texts about entrepreneurship and enterprise in school there is a tendency to use dichotomies. In this case it concerns what is the right or the wrong way of teaching. Enterprise teaching, as it is used in entrepreneurship and enterprise in schools, is considered the right and true way of teaching, while the practice in schools is de-scribed as the opposite. A struggle between two discourses appears; the struggle between the entrepreneurial school discourse and the official school discourse, the latter with its origin in the national curriculum from 1994, Lpo 94. At the end of the 1990s a number of school projects were initiated, both nationally and inter-nationally, aiming at stimulating pupils’ enterprising skills. In the county of Västerbotten school projects were initiated under the overarching project PRIO1, Priority Enterprise County of Västerbotten and in-cluded students of all ages. The schools could choose either an entrepreneurial or an enterprising approach to their projects. The enterprise approach was more invisible, less concrete and more difficult to evaluate and measure. The work with entrepreneurship and enterprise in school in the investigated schools show that well-established and current discourses in the schools were transferred to the ”new” discourse. Instead of transferring the “new aspects” that the project was expected to contribute to the current discourse, the ”old” and already well-known aspects were transferred to the new discourse. Consequently, the projects themselves did not result in a comprehensive change of the discourse in practice.

Attityder i samhället till personer som har funktionsnedsättning är ofta negativa. Det finns både lärarstuderande och verksamma lärare som har dyslexi, denna undersöknings syfte är att belysa lärares attityder till kollegor som har dyslexi. Även erfarenheter samt upplevd kunskap om dyslexi ska belysas. Använder enkät av likertskaletyp som datainsamlingsmetod för en deskriptiv surveyundersökning som riktar sig till kommunala grundskollärare i en kommun. Urvalet omfattar fem skolor med 62 respondenter. Ett 50 -procentigt bortfall innebär att resultaten bygger på 31 svarande. Data bearbetas i Excel och resultaten visar större upplevd kunskap än erfarenhet. Respondenternas indexerade värde för erfarenhet och kunskap motsvarar hälften av den möjliga skalan. Resultaten visar mycket positiv attityd till kollegor som har dyslexi och tenderar att öka ju närmare arbetsrelationen är. En tredjedel har haft tidigare kontakt med kollegor som har dyslexi men inget samband finns mellan högt värde på erfarenhet och kunskap och höga attitydpoäng. Resultaten överensstämmer inte med litteraturen där interaktion och information anses viktigt för positiva attityder. Dessa positiva attityder och att så många träffat en kollega som har dyslexi överraskar, eftersom litteraturen påstår att det finns negativa attityder till funktionsnedsättning och att möten sällan sker mellan personer som har funktionsnedsättning och andra på arbetsmarknaden. Undersökningen säger inget om respondenternas handlande eller beteende i autentiska situationer.

This study deals with how the subjects Gardening, Handicraft, Domestic Science and Temperance Instruction were introduced and developed in elementary school (compulsory school) in Sweden during the period 1842-1919. During this same period a capitalist mode of production replaced the feudal one with consequent changes in home life for the people. The school subjects dealt with have been selected to throw light on whether and to what extent the elementary school was used to bring about a reorganization in the lives of wage earner families.The official argument, curricula and school enquiries have been examined. Teaching content in relation to workers' family conditions has been studied in the parish of Skön in the sawmill region of northern Sweden.The main official argument was that the miserable conditions of working class life were caused just as much by ignorant housewives and drunken fathers as by low wages and poor housing. The cure was therefore seen to lie in education, and the introduction of the subjects in question can be seen in the light of this.The study shows how the state gradually took over more and more of the responsibility for child upbringing, and how the schools of the sawmill companies played a part in this process. The results, however, indicate that the actual effect of elementary school teaching on the home lives of sawmill workers was insignificant. Working class poverty was ol course caused primarily by economic and structural factors, but defining the problems in pedagogical terms meant that responsibility could be apportioned at an individual level - and thereby the bourgeoisie reaped considerable ideological profits.Key word: history of education, Swedish compulsory school, Gardening, Handicraft, Domestic Science, Temperance Instruction, working class family, sawmill region. / digitalisering@umu

What amount of knowledge of guitar playing can be expected after completing upper compulsory school? A qualitative research involving three different music teachers provides their view of knowledge. Their expectations have been compared to a quantitative research involving 58 upper secondary students from the social sciences programme. The idea is to compare their pedagogic intentions to the pedagogic realities of music teachings. The study shows a clear advantage for students who has attended some form of external music tuition as well as for those students who have someone in their families who play an instrument If the knowledge primarily is due to extracurricular activities perhaps there is time for a reformation of the music subject so that all may enjoy the education, not merely those who already possesses a curtain amount of knowledge... The experience must not be allowed to submit to the vast forests of chords, by doing so one misses the purpose entirely