Os projetos de construção civil são de modo geral impactantes na sociedade, uma vez que afetam a vida das pessoas envolvidas, tanto positiva quanto negativamente. Os benefícios de projetos deste tipo são inegáveis, visto que geram emprego, renda e desenvolvimento. Todavia, os aspectos negativos também são consideráveis, pois alteram dramaticamente o meio ambiente. Hoje, vários autores defendem a ideia de que os projetos de construção civil devem incorporar valores éticos e sociais, porque deste modo, podem manter os melhores funcionários, melhorar a produtividade e evitar problemas legais. Dentro desta visão, o objetivo desta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal entender como empresas ligadas a projetos de construção civil desenvolvem e operacionalizam o tema responsabilidade social em seus projetos. Traçando um panorama das ações desenvolvidas, das dificuldades encontradas e avaliando se o tema está inserido no planejamento e orçamento dos projetos. O desenvolvimento do trabalho foi realizado em três etapas: a primeira, uma revisão sistemática da literatura; a segunda, a aplicação de questionários online (survey) sobre o tema e a terceira etapa foi o tratamento análises estatísticas dos dados obtidos. Como resultado, foi identificado que as empresas ligadas a projetos de construção civil seguem a tendência empresarial geral, ou seja, atuam fortemente no entorno de suas obras. Em seus projetos, as ações de responsabilidade social são endereçadas aos funcionários e às comunidades locais, com grande atenção para questões de capacitação e educação; em seguida, há destaque para questões de direitos humanos; e, por último, questões de meio ambiente. As ações de responsabilidade social são contempladas no planejamento e orçamento de 51% dos projetos. Verificou-se que existem diferentes motivações iniciais para a atuação na área social dos projetos, variando de acordo com a localização geográfica do respondente. No Brasil, a grande maioria das empresas ligadas à projetos são motivadas pela crença de que as suas ações podem fazer a diferença nas comunidades dos entornos das obras. / Construction projects are generally impacting on society as they affect the lives of the people involved, both positively and negatively. The benefits of such projects are undeniable as they generate jobs, income and development. However, the negative aspects are also considerable, as they dramatically change the environment. Today, several authors defend the idea that civil construction projects must incorporate ethical and social values, because in this way, they can maintain the best employees, improve productivity and avoid legal problems. Within this vision, the main objective of this research was to understand how companies linked to civil construction projects develop and operationalize the theme social responsibility in their projects. Outlining the actions developed, the difficulties encountered and evaluating whether the theme is part of the planning and budgeting of the projects. The development of the work was carried out in three stages: the first, a systematic review of the literature; the second, the application of online questionnaires (survey) on the subject and the third stage was the statistical analysis of the data obtained through the survey. As a result, it was identified that the companies involved in civil construction projects follow the general business trend, that is, they act strongly in the surroundings of their works. In their projects, social responsibility actions are addressed to employees and local communities, with great attention to training and education issues; then there is a focus on human rights issues; and, finally, environmental issues. The social responsibility actions are contemplated in the planning and budgeting of 51% of the projects. It was verified that there are different initial motivations for the performance in the social area of the projects, varying according to the geographical location of the respondent. In Brazil, the great majority of the companies involved with projects are motivated by the belief that their actions can make a difference in the communities of the work environment.

This research addresses legislative impediments inherent to working in the government construction industry by investigating whether benefits exist when using alternative project delivery methods, and whether legislative limitations allowing the use of alternative project delivery methods impede any such benefits from being realized. The research begins by defining the project delivery method process, and explains in detail the four primary types and how they function. The research then provides a qualitative study that presents the perceived advantages and disadvantages of each method. Then, a second literature review provides an overview of previously published research in project delivery method selection, and examines federal and state legislative trends to establish the growing debate associated with alternative project delivery methods, focusing on the design-build method of project delivery. Finally, a quantitative analysis is presented to test whether federal and state legislative limitations influence the realization of any benefits of alternative project delivery methods, and specifically design-build, for federal projects. Project characteristics from the U.S. General Services Administration Capital Construction Project database are tested. The research suggests that when an alternative project delivery method, specifically design-build, is chosen, there are benefits in time and cost savings, and the ability to use the alternative project delivery method is affected by the removal of federal and state legislative impediments.

Best value is becoming one of the most commonly used procurement methods in the facility construction industry. The Federal Government and the Air Force Reserve predominant project delivery approach has been via the low-bid award. This process has not been successful, documented by large numbers of construction modifications, as well as project cost and schedule growth over the past sixteen years. Recently, federal procurement agencies have attempted to move toward construction awards based upon best value principles relative to performance and price. The United States Army Corps of Engineers best value procurement vehicle known as Military Transformation fails to deliver true best value. This pseudo best value delivery process: (1) fails to objectively rate and apply contractor past performance; (2) lacks the means to monetarily quantify contractor proposal risks; and (3) provides no means of transferring control and responsibility for risks and risk minimization to the contractor. Only a true best value project delivery system can provide the urgently required increased efficiency necessary for Air Force Reserve Command to remain a dependable military institution capable of erecting facilities contributory to our nation's defense by perpetually adding value to the project delivery process.

In Stockholm multiple road construction projects are ongoing and the projects magnitude varies. A sustainable infrastructure is fundamental for the requirements put on the city traffic. Three road construction projects with the same building contractor have been studied for this degree project. Two larger and one smaller construction projects. One of Sweden’s largest construction companies is in the frontline on safety and health matter. It is of interest to compare the larger and the small project from a safety perspective. Large construction companies have developed own regulations concerning safety on the construction site. For the safety of the coworkers, differences between the projects, should be identified. If there is a violation of the safety-rules, there should be consequences, according to the company rules. It is of interest to study if there is differences between the taken measures between the studied projects. The method use to conclude the degree project have been; case study and qualitative research. All interviewed respondents’ feels that the prime risk filled activity they are exposed to in their daily work is surrounding civilians. One major difference between the projects is that the workers in the large construction projects considers that the most common near-accident occur in connection with lifting objects with heavy machines. 7 out of 13 respondents recalls that they at some point have had an unsafe behavior at the site that could have risk their own safety. 7 out of 8 of the respondents at the small construction project recalls that they do not used personal protective equipment, this is a major difference from the larger construction project.  Reprimands are more commonly given to skilled workers than to supervisors and site managers.

In Stockholm multiple road construction projects are ongoing and the projects magnitude varies. A sustainable infrastructure is fundamental for the requirements put on the city traffic. Three road construction projects with the same building contractor have been studied for this degree project. Two larger and one smaller construction projects. One of Sweden’s largest construction companies is in the frontline on safety and health matter. It is of interest to compare the larger and the small project from a safety perspective. Large construction companies have developed own regulations concerning safety on the construction site. For the safety of the coworkers, differences between the projects, should be identified. If there is a violation of the safety-rules, there should be consequences, according to the company rules. It is of interest to study if there is differences between the taken measures between the studied projects. The method use to conclude the degree project have been; case study and qualitative research. All interviewed respondents’ feels that the prime risk filled activity they are exposed to in their daily work is surrounding civilians. One major difference between the projects is that the workers in the large construction projects considers that the most common near-accident occur in connection with lifting objects with heavy machines. 7 out of 13 respondents recalls that they at some point have had an unsafe behavior at the site that could have risk their own safety. 7 out of 8 of the respondents at the small construction project recalls that they do not used personal protective equipment, this is a major difference from the larger construction project.  Reprimands are more commonly given to skilled workers than to supervisors and site managers.

The purpose of this study was to evolve how to reduce the manifestation of poor decisions that always produce defects and rework. The purpose of the study is predicated on the fact that good decision-making is a fundamental element of improved project delivery in the construction industry. Such decisions determine the accomplishment of performance parameters in each project. However, suboptimal performance, which is pervasive in the construction industry, is often linked to team decisions. To remedy decision-making pitfalls, the concept of Choosing by Advantages (CBA) is promoted by lean construction researchers. CBA is a decision-making system that assists project parties in deciding a course of action among competing alternatives. Case study research design was used for this project to discover the decision-making process adopted by project teams. The results from the study achieved through cross-case analysis shows that concrete defects and rework is often caused by the project team’s decision-making process, which is influenced by the members of the project team because of lack of experience, poor working conditions, and lack of education. The results also show that the decision-making mechanism of the project teams is influenced by the construction method, specification, cost, quality and time. The outcome of the project team’s decision-making process when choosing a concrete type often causes the concrete defects and rework, which can be eliminated through the application of CBA when choosing a concrete type. The application of CBA when choosing concrete type from two alternatives, ready mixed concrete and site batched concrete is driven by the project team. It was discovered from all three cases that ready-mixed concrete had a better score than site-batched concrete when using CBA to compare these two alternatives. The results show that ready-mixed concrete had less chances of causing concrete defects and rework when used or applied per the correct specifications or methods which are detailed in the engineering drawings of the structure. The study proposes that the project team should adopt CBA to improve their decision-making process on site especially when working with concrete.

M.Phil. / The foundation of Earned Value Performance Management (EVPM) was the cost/Schedule Control Systems Criteria originally defined in the USA in 1967. Earned Value Performance Management has traditionally been used in Defense projects with budgets in excess of R100M. Private industry is now implementing EVPM for major projects, which are large, complex or geographically dispersed. It is the objective of this dissertation to determine whether the Earned Value concept as developed over the years to the form it is in today is being used in the South African construction industry or not. As part of this dissertation the author devised and distributed a questionnaire to a limited and targeted demographic of Project Management practitioners. The results found that the concept of Earned value is being used in some form or other in selected few companies within the South African Construction industry. While it has been recognized, it's benefits are not being fully utilized. The benefit of the Earned Value concept contributing to the successful completion of a project is being acknowledged and more and more construction companies are slowly making Earned Value an intricate part of their Project Management system

Syftet med denna magisteruppsats är att undersöka vad som menas med ett lyckat projekt, vilka är de kritiska framgångsfaktorer för anläggningsprojekt och hur utvärderas anläggningsprojekt i praktiken.     Detta syfte prövades genom kvalitativa intervjuundersökningar i form av inledande studie som utgörs av personliga strukturerade intervjuer med öppna/ fria svarsalternativ baserat på mina kollegor ifrån Fastighet- och serviceförvaltningen, med fokus på anläggningsprojekt där beställaren är Gislaveds kommun och dels genom telefonintervjuer med projektledare och chefer ifrån PEAB, NCC, Accent Arkitekter, Weedo Tech med mera. Empiriskt erhållna data analyseras utifrån tre analysmodeller; vad är ett lyckat projekt (fråga 1,2), kritiska framgångsfaktorer (fråga 3,4,5,6 och 9) och analysmodell för hur utvärderas projekt (7,8).   Det framkom att hälften av respondenterna definierade ett lyckat anläggningsprojekt enligt projekttriangeln. Medan hälften av svarande definierade ett lyckat anläggningsprojekt enligt en vidareutveckling av projekttriangeln med kundnöjdhet. Det framhålls att kompetens, engagemang, tydligt uppdrag, god planering, tillräcklig budget, bra förstudie och projektering, organisation och ledning är de faktorer som främjar ett lyckat projekt. Härvidlag framhålls det att det unika för denna studie, dvs det som avviker ifrån vetenskapliga teorier och analysmodellen är det har tillkommit nya faktorer såsom samsyn, partnering, bra förstudie och projektering. Gällande dem kritiska framgångsfaktorer så är det enligt respondenter förstudie, kompetens, engagemang, ekonomi, tidsplaner, tydligt uppdrag, kommunikation och ledarskap. Det framkom i denna studie att det som avviker ifrån vetenskapliga teorier och analysmodellen är utökning med andra kritiska framgångsfaktorer har såsom förstudie, tidsplaner och kommunikation. Min slutsats är att det stämmer så som flera studier tyder på att det inte går att identifiera några generella allmängiltiga framgångsfaktorer (L. Ljung 2011) utan det är fallspecifikt som i det här fallet där det fallspecifika för bygg- och anläggningsprojekt som utkristalliserats är partnering och projektering. Slutsatsen är också att framgångsfaktorer varierar beroende på projektets storlek, komplexitet och tekniska osäkerhet. Beträffande hur anläggningsprojekt utvärderas i praktiken så framhålls det att projekt utvärderas i stort sett utifrån projekttriangel men med en modifierad och utökad variant enligt analysmodellen ovan, där kundnöjdhetsindex har lagts till. Gällande den kontinuerliga utvärderingen under projektets gång så framkom det i denna studie att även funktionskrav, ÄTA (ändrings och tilläggsarbeten) och arbetsmiljöplan följs upp och utvärderas. Min slutsats är att projekttriangeln har lämnat starka avtryck även i utvärderingen av projekt med viss modifiering där det tagits hänsyn till kvalitetsarbetet. / The purpose of this master's thesis is to investigate what is meant by a successful project, which are the critical success factors for construction projects and how evaluated construction projects are in practice. This purpose was tested through qualitative interview studies in the form of an initial study consisting of personal structured interviews with open / free answer options based on my colleagues from the Real Estate and Service Administration, focusing on construction projects where the client is Gislaved municipality and partly by telephone interviews with project managers and managers from PEAB, NCC, Accent Architects, Weedo Tech and more. Empirically obtained data is analyzed on the basis of three analysis models; What is a successful project (question 1.2), critical success factors (questions 3,4,5,6 and 9) and analysis model for evaluating projects (7.8). It was found that half of respondents defined a successful construction project according to the project triangle. While half of respondents defined a successful construction project according to a further development of the project triangle with customer satisfaction. It is emphasized that skills, dedication, clear assignments, good planning, adequate budget, good study and design, organization and management are the factors that promote a successful project. In this respect, it is emphasized that the unique nature of this study, ie, which differs from scientific theories and the analysis model, has brought about new factors such as consensus, partnering, good study and design. Concerning them, critical success factors, according to the respondents, are preliminary studies, skills, commitment, economics, schedules, clear assignments, communication and leadership. It was found in this study that what differs from scientific theories and the analysis model is expansion with other critical success factors such as preliminary studies, schedules and communication. My conclusion is that several studies suggest that it is not possible to identify any general all-important success factors (L. Ljung 2011), but case-specific as in this case where case-specific for construction projects that have been crystallized is partnering and design. The conclusion is also that success factors vary depending on the size, complexity and technical uncertainty of the project. In terms of how the projects are evaluated in practice, it is emphasized that projects are evaluated largely on the basis of a project triangle but with a modified and expanded variant according to the analysis model above, where customer satisfaction index has been added. Regarding the continuous evaluation during the course of the project, it was found in this study that functional requirements, ÄTA (Changes and additional work) and work environment plan are also monitored and evaluated. My conclusion is that the project triangle has given strong impression even in the evaluation of projects with some modification taking account of quality work.

Syfte: Undersökningens syfte är att undersöka kommunikationen mellan entreprenör, byggledaren och projektör i ett anläggningsprojekt där en generalentreprenad genomförts. Kommunikation ses bristande mellan dessa aktörer i tidigare forskning vilket har bidragit till negativa aspekter i form av ekonomi och tid. Denna undersökning skall resultera i förbättringsförslag för att minska kommunikationsproblemen.Metod: Undersökningens problematik grundades genom en insamling av primär- och sekundärdata om kommunikationsproblem inom anläggningsprojekt och generalentreprenad. Den primära datan består utav semistrukturerade intervjuer och den sekundära utav tidigare forskning. Detta ligger till grund för att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar.Resultat: Undersökningen resulterar i att kommunikationsproblem mellan entreprenör och konsult finns och att problemen påverkar projekten negativt. Undersökningen fann även att andelen generalentreprenad minskar.Konsekvenser: Slutsatsen i undersökningen visar att genom en ökad möjlighet för tvåvägskommunikation bidrar detta till förbättrade kommunikationsmöjligheter mellan de deltagande aktörerna. Rekommendationer för att öka möjligheten är: Användning av videosamtal ger parterna en tvåvägskommunikation. Direktkontakt mellan entreprenör och projektör vid tekniska problem (generalentreprenad) ger effektivare tekniska lösningar samt minskar risken för feltolkningar. Mer vikt vid erfarenhetsåterföring till alla parter. Tillåta projektören att vara delaktig under hela produktions skedet ger möjlighet till bättre kommande handlingar. Begränsningar: Arbetet begränsas till kommunikation mellan entreprenör och konsult i en generalentreprenad. Intervjuerna begränsades till Pontarius AB och NCC Construction med hänsyn till arbetets tidsram. Undersökningen är generellt anpassad till andra företag inom branschen. / Purpose: The purpose of the survey is to investigate the communication between the contractor and the consultant in a construction project with general contract as a procurement form. Communication is lacking in previous research, which has contributed to negative aspects in terms of economics and time. This survey will result in improvement proposals to reduce communication problems.Method: The problem of the study was based on a literature study on communication problems in construction projects. The literature study has also been used to build the theoretical framework. Semi-structured interviews formed the basis for answering the questions in depth. In order to strengthen the interview response.Findings: The survey results in communication problems between the contractor and the consultant and the problems affect the projects negatively. The survey also found that the proportion of general contracts is decreasing.Implications: The conclusion of the survey is that through an increased opportunity for a two-way communication that contributes to improved communication opportunities between the participating players. Recommendations to increase the opportunity are: Use of video calls gives the parties a two way communication. Direct contact between contractor and consultant on technical issues (general contract) provides more efficient technical solutions and reduces the risk of misinterpretation. More importance in providing feedback to all parties. Allow the consultant (projector) to participate throughout the production phase allows for better upcoming actions. Limitations: The work is limited to communication between contractor and consultant in a general contract. Interviews were limited to Pontarius AB and NCC Construction with regard to the work time frame. The survey is generally adapted to other companies in the industry.

El tema de la presente tesis atiende la necesidad de las micro y pequeñas empresas (MYPE) del sector construcción, de aplicar el modelado de la información de la construcción (BIM) en todas las etapas de un proyecto, mediante procedimientos que faciliten su implementación. El BIM es un requerimiento cada vez más frecuente en los proyectos de construcción en las empresas del ámbito privado y en las entidades del estado en varios países del mundo. De acuerdo a lo indicado por el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, en marzo del 2020, el estado peruano prepara su normalización técnica y contractual para implementarlo progresivamente, y aplicarlo en todos los proyectos públicos de infraestructura desde julo del 2024, mientras que, en el año 2025, será obligatorio su aplicación en el sector público. Por otro lado, de acuerdo al estudio estadístico de Lima Metropolitana y Callao para medir el nivel de implementación de BIM hasta el año 2017 en el ámbito privado, muestra que el 63% y 91% corresponde a empresas medianas y grandes respectivamente, que lo han implementado; mientras que las micro y pequeñas empresas, corresponden al 6% y 22% respectivamente. Esta medición muestra que existe una desventaja competitiva en las empresas que conforman la mayor fracción del conglomerado empresarial, considerando que estas albergan la mayor fuerza laboral tanto profesional, técnica y obrera, así como su representación numérica en la oferta que brindan en el sector de la construcción; además de su significancia como consultores y ejecutores admitidos con registro de proveedores del estado. El presente trabajo de investigación, propone un manual de procedimientos de implementación del modelado de la información de la edificación adecuado a la capacidad de inversión de las pequeñas y medianas empresas del sector construcción, que especifique los objetivos y la finalidad de la implementación, el ámbito de aplicación, las definiciones y consideraciones previas para obtener el modelo BIM; además, desarrollar el plan de ejecución BIM, especificar los niveles de desarrollo de los elementos BIM, seleccionar la plataforma BIM, y definir las funciones y responsabilidades de los actores para el uso del BIM. La implementación de BIM permitirá competir a las MYPE con las empresas grandes, que tienen un nivel de implementación y desarrollo superior en la industria de la construcción. / The subject of this thesis addresses the need of micro and small enterprises (MYPE) in the construction sector, to apply the construction information modeling (BIM) at all stages of a project, through procedures that facilitate its implementation. BIM is an increasingly frequent requirement in construction projects in private companies and in state entities in several countries of the world. As indicated by the Ministry of Economy and Finance, in March 2020, the Peruvian state prepares its technical and contractual standardization to implement progressively, and apply it in all public infrastructure projects since July 2024, while, in the year 2025, its application in the public sector will be mandatory. On the other hand, according to the statistical study of Metropolitan Lima and Callao to measure the level of implementation of BIM until 2017 in the private sector, it shows that 63% and 91% correspond to medium and large companies respectively, which have implemented; while micro and small businesses, correspond to 6% and 22% respectively. This measurement shows that there is a competitive disadvantage in the companies that make up the largest fraction of the business conglomerate, determined that they house the largest professional, technical and labor force, as well as their numerical representation in the offer they offer in the sector of the building; In addition to its meaning as consultants and executives admitted with registration of state suppliers. This research paper proposes a manual of procedures for the implementation of building information modeling appropriate to the investment capacity of small and medium-sized companies in the construction sector, specifying the objectives and implementation of the implementation, scope of application, the complications and previous considerations to obtain the BIM model; In addition, develop the BIM execution plan, specify the levels of development of the BIM elements, select the BIM platform, and define the roles and connections of the actors for the use of the BIM. The implementation of BIM will allow MYPES to compete with large companies, which have a higher level of implementation and development in the construction industry. / Tesis