Au delà des principes généraux de la responsabilité sociétale, comme application des principes du développement durable, ses enjeux managériaux auxquels font face les entreprises demeurent rarement étudiés. La présente recherche s'intéresse précisément à cette question, en mobilisant le courant de la Corporate Social Responsiveness qui propose de porter une attention particulière aux changements organisationnels. Une réponse à ces problématiques managériales semble passer par les stratégies de coopération. Au regard de la littérature, les stratégies de coopération sont un moyen d'obtenir des ressources, des compétences complémentaires et de développer des capacités dynamiques. L'objet de cette thèse porte sur l'étude les stratégies de coopération comme réponse aux enjeux du développement durable, au travers de l'analyse des associations thématiques d'entreprises, dans une perspective fondée sur les ressources. La méthodologie est qualitative et vise à décrire de la manière la plus fine possible les phénomènes et processus à l'œuvre dans les associations thématiques d'entreprises, à travers deux phases d'étude. L'étude exploratoire, basée sur l'analyse des dix-sept associations thématiques recensées sur le territoire français, permet d'identifier différents profils de stratégies de coopération et d'en dresser une typologie. Ils sont définis à partir des représentations du développement durable et du rôle que se donne l'association d'entreprises. Par ailleurs, l'étude de cas explore les mécanismes de coordination à l'œuvre dans ces associations thématiques et permet d'identifier les besoins des entreprises et la nature de la réponse collective.La recherche montre en particulier une diversité d'enjeux vis-à-vis du développement durable, qui va conditionner les besoins des entreprises en termes de ressources et de compétences. Le contexte révèle une complexité de management du fait que le Développement Durable invite à considérer des valeurs et des convictions liées aux personnes qui peuvent entrer en contradiction. Une analyse précise des ressources et des compétences nécessaires aux entreprises pour opérationnaliser une démarche responsable est envisagée. Les principaux résultats sont discutés au regard des recherches antérieures. / There is a relative paucity of studies on the managerial challenges encountered by firms when achieving corporate social responsibility. The present work seeks to fill this void by mobilizing literature on Corporate Social Responsiveness (CSR) and exploring propositions that help explain the organizational changes brought about by the application of CSR. Cooperation strategy seems to be a solution for firms to overcome their managerial challenges. According to the literature, cooperation strategies constitute a “mean” to obtain resources, skills and to develop dynamic capabilities. Hence, the aim of this research is to study strategies of cooperation as a response to the managerial challenges given by the stakes of sustainable development. This is done by analyzing theme-based corporate associations, using a resource-based view. The exploratory nature of the study entails a qualitative methodology which prioritizes the description of an ongoing phenomena and processes. The present work develops in two research stages : First an exploratory phase and subsequently an in-depth case study. The exploratory phase was based on the analysis of seventeen theme-based associations identified throughout France. This initial work allowed identifying a variety of cooperation strategies, which was used to define a typology of theme-based associations. Hereafter distinctive profiles within this typology were drawn and based on : The particular representations of “sustainable development” hold by the members of these associations and on the role assumed by each firm within it. In addition, the in-depth case study allowed us to explore the mechanisms of coordination within these associations, the different motivations for firms to take part in these particular forms and the nature of the collective response. The findings show a wide range of views on “sustainable development” which will determine the needs of any given firm in terms of resources and skills. In addition, the results show that in this particular context, the management of cooperative corporate strategies proves to be a complex and challenging process. As the sustainable development principle, around which these corporative associations are formed, may reveal conflictive values and personal beliefs. The present work contributes with a detailed analysis on the resources and skills required for firms when operationalizing their social responsibility. The results are subsequently discussed in light of existing literature.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:51:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 61060100569.pdf.jpg: 17543 bytes, checksum: c74bd00a0544b092b58dd92225ec6217 (MD5) 61060100569.pdf: 945451 bytes, checksum: bf42d9d92ec8d894f559f7b80215246d (MD5) 61060100569.pdf.txt: 258557 bytes, checksum: 41c9acc62d81302fbf794736cd068df6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-01T00:00:00Z / The choice of strategic alliances as a way to survive in the market is more common each day, more often since the 80's. Among all these alliances, one special type calls up our attention: the strategic alliances among competitors. Inside these alliances, also known as Horizontal Alliances, there is an element of simultaneous cooperation and competition, creating an apparent paradox. An interesting issue is to know how managers deals with this duality, carrying us to travel throughout an specter of different strategic relationships going from extreme competition till the open cooperation, passing through a co-opetitive vision, where market’s relationships may be, at same time, competitive and cooperative, composing a complex game of perceptions and impressions where the boundaries of competition become more and more unclear. This research tried to understand the sensemaking process in creating and managing strategic alliances between competitors through the phases purposed by Daft and Weick (1984): scanning, interpretation and learning. For this purpose, this thesis investigates the concepts of Strategic Alliance and Sensemaking, as well the way which this meaning is created about alliances opportunities. Also was investigated if these alliances are instrumentals and short term, or strategic and long term. The research strategy used in this thesis is based on multiple case studies, using ante narrative analysis and critical incident method as tools to construct the cases. Ante narrative analysis try to construct a narrative story through fragments of speeches and news. These analyses provided a valuable source of information used to construct the cases because they are focused in manager’s cognition issues and it is too difficult to capture this directly. The alliances studied in this research are the code-share operation between Varig and TAM, during approximately 2.5 years; and Credicard, a Brazilian credit card joint venture created by Itaú, Unibanco and Citibank in the early 70’s. Two major reasons justifies the choice of these alliances: both cases provide complete cycles of alliances life, but in different industries; and also both cases are well known Brazilian cases occurred recently. These cases show that the alliance’s meaning changes along the time, also changing the actions taken by the partners in response of the change of perceptions about the environment and the partners itself. While the perception and interpretation changes, the alliance’s game change too. So, it’s possible suppose while the meaning of alliances changes, also changes the goals and perception of the alliance, going from instrumentals to strategic, and vice-versa during the life time of an alliance. / A opção pelas alianças estratégicas como forma de sobrevivência empresarial tem se tornado cada vez mais comum, principalmente a partir da década de 1980. Dentre as alianças que vêm sendo formadas, um modelo chama a atenção por suas características peculiares: as alianças estratégicas entre empresas concorrentes. Essas alianças, também conhecidas como Alianças Horizontais, trazem em si um elemento de cooperação e competição simultâneos, criando um aparente paradoxo. Compreender como os gestores lidam com essa dualidade é uma tarefa interessante que nos leva a trafegar em um espectro de posições estratégicas que vão desde a competição extrema até a irrestrita cooperação, passando por uma visão co-opetitiva, onde as relações de mercado podem ser, ao mesmo tempo, de competição e cooperação, em um complexo jogo de percepções e impressões onde a fronteira da concorrência torna-se cada vez mais nebulosa. Esta pesquisa buscou compreender como se dá a criação de sentido (sensemaking) nos processos de formação e gestão de alianças estratégicas entre empresas concorrentes através das etapas de busca, percepção e interpretação propostas por Daft e Weick (1984). Para tal, foi necessário compreender os conceitos de Alianças Estratégicas e de criação de sentido (sensemaking), bem como entender o processo de criação de sentido acerca dessas oportunidades de alianças. Foi também importante investigar se essas alianças são formadas com intuitos instrumentais e imediatos ou se são vistas como estratégicas para a organização e de longo prazo. Utilizou-se neste trabalho uma estratégia de pesquisa com base em Estudo de Casos Múltiplos, valendo-se para tal de Análises de Antenarrativas e utilizou-se o Método do Incidente Crítico para orientar a análise. Análises de Antenarrativas buscam construir a narrativa dos casos através de fragmentos de falas e notícias. Por se tratar de uma construção focada na cognição dos gestores e reconhecendo a dificuldade de se captar essas questões, as antenarrativas forneceram um arcabouço material valioso para a construção dos casos. Foram estudadas as alianças entre TAM e Varig, quando realizaram operações de code-share durante cerca de 2,5 anos no início da década, e a Credicard, joint venture formada na década de 70 por Itaú, Unibanco e Citibank, para a expansão do mercado de cartões de crédito no país. Os casos utilizados foram escolhidos por duas razões principais: fornecem um ciclo completo de duas alianças diferentes, em setores diferentes, porém realizadas entre concorrentes; são casos emblemáticos na economia brasileira, com desfecho recente. Foi possível verificar que, para os casos citados, o sentido da aliança se altera ao longo do tempo, alterando também as ações tomadas por cada um dos parceiros em função da percepção que eles têm do ambiente e dos próprios parceiros. Enquanto muda a percepção, muda o próprio jogo da aliança. Dessa forma, é possível supor que o significado das alianças que vai mudando ao longo do tempo pode ser, em dado momento, instrumental e, em outro, estratégico.

Данная научная работа посвящена исследованию конфликтной и кооперативной стратегий в миграционном медиадискурсе. Анализ проводился на материале французских средств массовой информации, газет и интернет-источников. Кооперативная стратегия призвана вызвать положительную реакцию адресата, эмпатию по отношению к мигрантам, конфликтная же выражает негативные эмоции, чувства или намерения. / This scientific paper is devoted to the study of conflict and cooperative strategies in migration media discourse. The analysis was carried out using the French media data, newspapers and Internet resources. A cooperative strategy is aimed to evoke a positive reaction of the addressee and empathy towards migrants, while a conflict strategy expresses negative emotions, feelings or intentions.

Syftet med arbete är att undersöka hur pedagoger arbetar med barns konflikter med andra barn där frågeställningarna är följande: Hur berättar pedagogerna utifrån sina erfarenheter om sin hantering av barns konflikter? samt Hur görs barnen delaktiga i konflikthanteringen enligt intervjupersonernas berättelser? Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i studien är socialkonstruktionismen, där språket ses som en social handling där vår verklighet är socialt konstruerad och utvecklas i sociala interaktioner med andra, samt det sociokulturella perspektivet. Insamlingen av empiri skedde i form av intervjuer med 4 pedagoger. Resultatet är uppdelat i två teman som lyder: Verbal kommunikation och Icke-verbal kommunikation. Slutsatsen i studien är att pedagoger ofta vill stötta och hjälpa barnen i konflikthanteringen genom att prata med dem och lyfta fram problemet tillsammans. Men också att vid enstaka fall så använder pedagoger strategiersom separerar eller distraherar barnen när de riskerar att skada sig. Det kan även dras slutsatsen att barn gör delaktiga i konflikthanteringen genom att pedagoger ger barnen möjligheten att framföra sina tankar, känslor och perspektiv på konfliktsituationer. / The purpose of this study is to acknowledge educators’ conflict resolutions strategies in children’s conflicts with other children. The questions at issue are the following: Based on their experiences, how do educators tell about their handling of children's conflicts? and How are children made involved in conflict management through the interviewers’ stories? The theoretical framework of this study is social constructionism, where language is seen as a social act and our reality is socially constructed in interactions with others, as well as the sociocultural perspective where human social experiences is formed in the reality that we are living in. The data in this study was collectedthrough interviews. The results are divided into three themes wish are the following: verbal communication, stop the conflict and non-verbal communication. The conclusion of this study is that educators more often want to scaffold children through cooperative strategies. But in some cases, educators need to use cessation strategies when children are at risk. There is also the conclusion that children are given the ability to be involved in conflict resolution when educators give them the ability to bring forth their own perspective during conflicts.

「合作策略」已是近年來實務界頗為流行的風潮,也因此引起學術界的廣 泛討論;然而過去的研究多未將環境特質與各種合作策略間的關係加以釐 清;本研究的目的,即嘗試以資源依賴論為基礎,將廠商所面對的產業環境 對其合作策略型態選擇的影響作一有系統的整理,期能找出每一種產業環 境下最適當的合作策略。自變數包括產業成長率、需求波動性等，中介變 數為廠商所面對的互賴關係,應變數則為合作策略之型態。由於相關課題 尚無十分成熟的架構,同時許多變項資料難以結構化或量化的問卷訪談蒐 集,本研究係採個案撰寫的方式進行,依不同的產業環境特色,分別選擇汽 車業、水泥業、旅行業與微電腦業為研究對象,在觀察各產業的產業環境 特性與具代表性的合作策略型態後,歸納產業環境與一般廠商可採行的合 作策略間之關聯,並利用中介變項推論其可能原因,將此類現象化約為較具 一般性的通則。本研究之發現為:當廠商間的競食性互賴與共生性互賴均 強時,以採用「垂直分工」型的合作較佳,以汽車業為代表;二者均弱時,「 聚沙成塔」型的合作較佳,以微電腦業為代表。前者強而後者弱時,以「波 動網路」型合作較適合,此以旅行業為代表;反之,當後者強而前者弱時,則 以「免戰協議」型的合作為佳,水泥業是代表性之產業。

近年來，大陸政經環境的逐漸改善，以及我政府兩岸政策的漸漸開放，使得「大陸投資」與「根留台灣」成為產業的熱門話題。 所以，是否大陸的環境適合所有產業的發展， 哪些產業適合外移？倘若廠商決定赴大陸投資，又該如何外移？這些問題都值得廠商再三思考。 因此，本研究之主旨， 希望藉由對電子業三個子產業的探討，以回答下列問題：1.電子業的競爭優勢有哪些， 相對大陸的優勢如何？個別產業之間是否有所不同？其深層的原因為何？ 2.競爭優勢如何影響產業的兩岸分工策略？個別產業間有何差異？3.電子業在兩岸分工過程中， 與政府政策的關係如何？個別產業間有何差異？本研究係採取探索性個案研究， 由現象中發現問題，經由理論與文獻的探討，建立適當的思考架構。 經由架構的建立，進一步由產業專家的深入訪談，發掘與問題相關的變數。 然後，將變數與問題經由理論的推演，探討出變數與變數之間，變數與問題之間的因果關係。 在深入分析文獻之後，發展出本研究的命題並加以說明。研究結論如下：1.不同的產業在不同的價值活動上， 有不同的相對優弱勢。 2.不同的產業，各價值活動對競爭優勢的貢獻不同，亦即，不同的產業有不同的關鍵活動。 3.不同的產業，應採取不同的兩岸分工策略，其策略目標在於發揮已掌握的關鍵優勢，或是補強未掌握的關鍵優勢。4.不同的產業，對政府政策的需求不同。 政府政策的目標，在於維持產業的關鍵優勢，或是扭轉產業的關鍵劣勢。 5.政府的兩岸政策與產業的競爭態勢，應是相互影響､相互改變的動態關係。

Les alliances stratégiques sont devenues autant une nécessité qu'un choix pour les entreprises afin d'être compétitif sur les marchés d'aujourd'hui. Toutefois, faire fonctionner les alliances stratégiques n'est pas une évidence. Des taux de défaillance entre 30% et jusqu'à 70% ont été régulièrement signalés. Un nombre important de recherches a examiné comment ces chiffres pouvaient être améliorés. La sélection de partenaires a été identifiée comme l'un des facteurs clés de la réussite. En fait, les attributs spécifiques de chaque partenaire, influant même sur la sélection de ces mêmes partenaires, ont tendance à avoir des effets boule de neige au-delà de la phase de formation, jusqu'aux phases de conception et de post-formation. S'appuyant sur des recherches antérieures étudiant l'attribut « réputation », cette thèse vient combler une lacune en explorant le rôle que peut jouer la réputation pour la performance environnementale dans la détermination des avantages individuels et communs dans les différentes phases des alliances stratégiques. Dans quatre essais indépendants mais interconnectés, des questions de recherche spécifiques sont théoriquement examinées sous la « Natural-Resource-Based View (NRBV) » et la « Strategic Cognition Perspective ». Les hypothèses de l'étude sont testées empiriquement à partir des données recueillies auprès des PDG et des cadres supérieurs dans 176 entreprises manufacturières norvégiennes. / Strategic alliances have become as much a necessity as a choice for companies to be competitive in today's markets. However, making strategic alliances work is not evident. Failure rates between 30% and as high as 70% have been regularly reported. A substantial stream of research has examined how these numbers can be improved. Partner selection has been identified as a key success factor. In fact, partner-specific attributes, affecting which partners are selected, tend to have snowball effects beyond the formation phase to the design and postformation phases. Building on previous studies investigating the attribute of reputation, this thesis fills a gap by exploring the role reputation for environmental performance can play in determining firm-specific and joint competitive advantages in the different phases of strategic alliances. In four individual but connected Essays, specific research questions are theoretically examined under the Natural-Resource-Based View (NRBV) and Strategic Cognition Perspective. The study's hypotheses are empirically tested using data collected from CEOs and top managers in 176 Norwegian manufacturing firms.