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Un des principaux obstacles à l'analyse complète des conversations naturelles demeure la présence de plusieurs chevauchements de parole. Lorsque trois locuteurs ou plus s'y trouvent impliqués, des conversations parallèles accroissent encore le défi. En effet, les signaux de parole mixtes qui en résultent ne peuvent être soumis à une analyse acoustique informatisée. La décision de n'étudier que les extraits conversationnels en signal de parole pur, pour permettre des analyses appuyées par l'informatique, nous prive, selon nos résultats, de la moitié des manifestations prosodiques réalisées en contexte naturel (hauteur et intensité de la voix, allongement des syllabes et pauses), puisqu'elles foisonnent dans les chevauchements de parole. Pour la conduite de recherches lexico-sémantiques et interactionnelles, nous préférons ne pas sacrifier l'aspect naturel des conversations. C'est pourquoi nous nous en remettons à une analyse complètement humaine, quoiqu'elle puisse être appuyée par la technologie dans la mesure où celle-ci ne prend pas le pas sur le jugement du transcripteur (par exemple pour mesurer des pauses ou des syllabes allongées). Au terme de ce mémoire, nous proposons un mode de transcription perceptuel amélioré par rapport à ce qui se fait déjà, susceptible de favoriser le marquage pertinent de la prosodie pour des analyses lexico-sémantiques et interactionnelles, ainsi qu'une haute fidélité aux données primaires. Par le fait même, aussi bien les extraits de conversation où un seul locuteur s'exprime que les moments de chevauchement ou de conversations parallèles peuvent être pris en considération par les chercheurs. Nous proposons également certaines innovations graphiques pour augmenter la lisibilité des transcriptions qui prévoient un tel marquage précis des proéminences prosodiques.

In the past few decades, the investigation of grammatical change using electronic corpora has made headway internationally. Although linguists previously believed that grammatical changes progress too slowly to observe, this method enables linguists to investigate even recent, or ongoing, changes. However, no comprehensive study of recent and ongoing grammatical changes in Afrikaans has appeared yet. Also, when comments about ongoing changes are made, it is usually based on anecdotal evidence, with a focus on English influence. In this study, the method of short-term diachronic comparable corpus linguistics is used to investigate grammatical changes in written Standard Afrikaans from 1911 to 2010. Four corpora were collected to this end, representing language use from 1911-1920, 1941-1950, 1971-1980 and 2001-2010. Additionally, quantitative grammaticography is used to take into account possible effects of prescriptive sources. Two research questions are adressed in this study: the first inquires into the nature and extent of grammatical changes in selected grammatical categories in written Standard Afrikaans from 1911 to 2010; the second wants to clarify the differences and similarities between internal and external language change, and in the light thereof establish to which extent external change, and specifically English influence, is relevant for grammatical changes in Standard Afrikaans during the past century. The theoretical framework within which language use and change is investigated in this study is cognitive linguistics, specifically emergent grammar and the exemplar model. Changes that become apparent from the data are described and explained in terms of processes of change and forces of change, and linked to the principles of cognitive linguistics. Three broad grammatical categories are investigated: temporal reference, pronouns and the genitive. Even though there is an extent of stability in each of the categories, there are also several bigger and smaller changes that give an overview of the nature of grammatical change in written Standard Afrikaans in the past century. These changes can be divided into different categories. The first type of change has to do with formalisation and colloquialisation – in broad strokes, there are signs of formalisation between the first two periods, during which the standard variety was being established, causing some features associated with formality to increase (e.g. passive constructions). However, at the end of the century there are signs of colloquialisation between the last two periods, where some formal features decrease (e.g. the formal second person pronoun u "you"), and some informal features increase (e.g. nou "now" as discourse marker). The second type of change is analogy, causing greater regularity and/or uniformity in a paradigm. For instance, obsolescent preterite forms (had "had", wis "knew") were replaced by regular forms (het/het gehad, het geweet). The last of the Dutch genitive was also replaced by the Afrikaans genitive with se "'s" and van "of". The third type of change is driven by speakers' desire to be expressive. Some of the pronouns specialise increasingly, meaning that they are used less and less for functions other than their main function, and other options are used less and less for that function. Examples of this is the third person pronoun dit "it", the shortened forms jul "you/your" and hul "they/their", and the indefinite pronouns almal "everybody", alles "everything" and elkeen "each one". A next type of change is actually a combination of different processes and forces: grammaticalisation. There are several instances of grammaticalisation: the use of gaan "go" for future reference, the use of dis "it's" rather than dit is "it is", the use of mens "human" rather than 'n mens "a human" as generic pronoun, the use of indefinite pronouns with enig- "any" like enigiets "anything", enigiemand "anybody", enigeen "anyone", and the use of the genitive particle se "'s". The last type of change is externally motivated change. Contrary to the view the Afrikaans literature in general promotes, there is only one instance of confirmed English influence in the data of this study: the increasing use of -self with reflexive pronouns, rather than the bare object form. However, there are instances of extra-linguistic influence, like standardisation that caused large scale variation reduction between the first and the second period, and the influence of feminism that can be seen in decreasing linguistic sexism, particularly with regard to generic pronouns. The conclusion in the end is that the process of internally motivated change and contact-induced change is not different – an innovation can originate from another language (overt transfer), or an internal innovation can be promoted through bi- or multilingualism (covert transfer); however, the same principles, processes and forces of change are at play, irrespective of how many languages are involved.

In the past few decades, the investigation of grammatical change using electronic corpora has made headway internationally. Although linguists previously believed that grammatical changes progress too slowly to observe, this method enables linguists to investigate even recent, or ongoing, changes. However, no comprehensive study of recent and ongoing grammatical changes in Afrikaans has appeared yet. Also, when comments about ongoing changes are made, it is usually based on anecdotal evidence, with a focus on English influence. In this study, the method of short-term diachronic comparable corpus linguistics is used to investigate grammatical changes in written Standard Afrikaans from 1911 to 2010. Four corpora were collected to this end, representing language use from 1911-1920, 1941-1950, 1971-1980 and 2001-2010. Additionally, quantitative grammaticography is used to take into account possible effects of prescriptive sources. Two research questions are adressed in this study: the first inquires into the nature and extent of grammatical changes in selected grammatical categories in written Standard Afrikaans from 1911 to 2010; the second wants to clarify the differences and similarities between internal and external language change, and in the light thereof establish to which extent external change, and specifically English influence, is relevant for grammatical changes in Standard Afrikaans during the past century. The theoretical framework within which language use and change is investigated in this study is cognitive linguistics, specifically emergent grammar and the exemplar model. Changes that become apparent from the data are described and explained in terms of processes of change and forces of change, and linked to the principles of cognitive linguistics. Three broad grammatical categories are investigated: temporal reference, pronouns and the genitive. Even though there is an extent of stability in each of the categories, there are also several bigger and smaller changes that give an overview of the nature of grammatical change in written Standard Afrikaans in the past century. These changes can be divided into different categories. The first type of change has to do with formalisation and colloquialisation – in broad strokes, there are signs of formalisation between the first two periods, during which the standard variety was being established, causing some features associated with formality to increase (e.g. passive constructions). However, at the end of the century there are signs of colloquialisation between the last two periods, where some formal features decrease (e.g. the formal second person pronoun u "you"), and some informal features increase (e.g. nou "now" as discourse marker). The second type of change is analogy, causing greater regularity and/or uniformity in a paradigm. For instance, obsolescent preterite forms (had "had", wis "knew") were replaced by regular forms (het/het gehad, het geweet). The last of the Dutch genitive was also replaced by the Afrikaans genitive with se "'s" and van "of". The third type of change is driven by speakers' desire to be expressive. Some of the pronouns specialise increasingly, meaning that they are used less and less for functions other than their main function, and other options are used less and less for that function. Examples of this is the third person pronoun dit "it", the shortened forms jul "you/your" and hul "they/their", and the indefinite pronouns almal "everybody", alles "everything" and elkeen "each one". A next type of change is actually a combination of different processes and forces: grammaticalisation. There are several instances of grammaticalisation: the use of gaan "go" for future reference, the use of dis "it's" rather than dit is "it is", the use of mens "human" rather than 'n mens "a human" as generic pronoun, the use of indefinite pronouns with enig- "any" like enigiets "anything", enigiemand "anybody", enigeen "anyone", and the use of the genitive particle se "'s". The last type of change is externally motivated change. Contrary to the view the Afrikaans literature in general promotes, there is only one instance of confirmed English influence in the data of this study: the increasing use of -self with reflexive pronouns, rather than the bare object form. However, there are instances of extra-linguistic influence, like standardisation that caused large scale variation reduction between the first and the second period, and the influence of feminism that can be seen in decreasing linguistic sexism, particularly with regard to generic pronouns. The conclusion in the end is that the process of internally motivated change and contact-induced change is not different – an innovation can originate from another language (overt transfer), or an internal innovation can be promoted through bi- or multilingualism (covert transfer); however, the same principles, processes and forces of change are at play, irrespective of how many languages are involved.

Vi lever i en ömtålig vardag. Vi gör den än ömtåligare genom vårt sätt att leva. Det är ingen idé att jag säger det med ord; jag har redan sagt det så många gånger att människorna runt omkring mig har slutat lyssna. Kanske är objekt en bättre ingång till samtal. I det här arbetet har jag, genom såväl text som praktiskt arbete inom corpuskonstfältet, undersökt vad som händer med oss när vardagen faller sönder och kaos utbryter. Genom en startpunkt i klimatkatastrofen år 536, som ledde till att närmare hälften av Nordens befolkning dog, har jag spekulerat kring om samma sak skulle hända idag, eller kanske att det händer idag. Resursbrist leder alltid till våld. Trots att vi vet det fortsätter vi knapra i oss jorden en liten bit i taget. Vad är tanken att vi ska göra när den tar slut? / We live in a fragile everyday. We make it even more fragile by the way we live it. There is no point in saying it with words any more, I've already tried that so many times that people have stopped listening. Maybe objects are a better way to start a conversation. In this project, that consists of this thesis and the physical body of work "Memories from a parallel future", I've been investigating what happens to us when the everyday falls apart and chaos erupts. With a starting point in the climate-crisis of the year 536, that led to the death of almost half of the Norse population, I've been speculating what would have happened today. Or maybe that it is actually happening today. Depletion of resources always results in violence. We know this, but still we keep nibbling at the earth, a little chunk at a time. What do we plan to do when there is nothing left? / <p>Bilder av verk av konstnärerna Iain Baxter&amp;, Naoko Ito och Luiana Rondolini har tagits bort av upphovsrättsliga skäl. Titlarna på verken står dock kvar. </p>

- EN The thesis analyzes the idiolect of the then-presidential candidate Barack Obama in the specific speech situation of the televized debates on the background of the utterances of other candidates in the years 2000, 2004 and 2008. The analysis uses corpus-driven methods to compare the Obama corpus with the reference corpus. The comparison is largely based on the analysis of keywords and their use in context, supplemented by the discussion of their collocations and associated clusters. The results of the analysis, i.e. the principal features Obama's idiolect, are presented in a structured summary, divided into specific areas. Keywords: Idiolect, individual textual profile, Obama, keywords, corpus, corpus-driven

L'expression « mouvement fictif »' désigne l'utilisation de verbes dits de mouvement ou de déplacement pour décrire une configuration spatiale statique. Ce sujet n'a jusqu'ici pas été traité de manière systématique à partir de données attestées, et son étude s'est généralement limitée au niveau phrastique. En nous appuyant sur les listes de verbes du Lexique-Grammaire, sur la base textuelle Frantext ainsi que sur le cadre théorique concernant la sémantique des verbes de mouvement développé par Aurnague (2011b), nous avons dégagé pratiquement 600 occurrences de mouvement fictif en discours, et ceci afin de comprendre les mécanismes et les motivations de ce type de construction.Bien loin des explications habituellement proposées en termes d'opposition entre Path et Manner, de forme de l'entité et de contraintes bloquant parfois la production d'énoncés de ce type, nos résultats pointent l'importance du Mode de discours, montrent l'utilité de l'adoption d'une sémantique de l'espace dépassant la simple géométrie et plaident pour une approche privilégiant la structure, la configuration de plusieurs entités.Par ailleurs, cette thèse propose une classification qui se veut complète des verbes de mouvement/déplacement du français mobilisant les notions de changement d'emplacement et de relation locative élémentaire, ainsi qu'un corpus d'exemples conséquent constituant une base de travail pour la communauté des linguistes.Au-delà des approfondissements que nous effectuerons, cette étude ouvre la voie à une nouvelle manière de considérer les emplois dits "figurés" des verbes de mouvement. / The term “fictive motion” refers to the uses of verbs of motion which describe a static space configuration. This topic has thus far not been addressed systematically on empirical data, and its study was restricted to the sentence level. Basing our work on the verb lists of the Lexique-Grammaire, on the Frantext database, and on the theoretical framework proposed by Aurnague (2011b) on the semantics of motion verbs, I have extracted up to 600 instances of verb use coded as fictive motion, in discourse, in order to understand the mechanisms and motivations of such constructions.This thesis attempts to go beyond proposed distinctions between Path and Manner, or explanations based on the shape of entities, or even constraints blocking fictive motion uses. Our results highlight the importance of the Mode of discourse, stress the need for a framework in space semantics which relies on functional properties, rather than plain geometry, and advocates an approach based on the structure and the configuration between several entities.Besides, this thesis provides a classification, intended to be complete, of motion verbs in French, which elaborates on the notions of change of location and basic locative relation ; it also makes available a significant corpus of « fictive motion » verb uses for further linguistic studies.This thesis introduces several in-depth studies and paves the way for a new understanding of the ''figurative'' use of motion verbs.

La majorité des systèmes de reconnaissance d'états affectifs est entrainée sur des données artificielles hors contexte applicatif et les évaluations sont effectuées sur des données pré-enregistrées de même qualité. Cette thèse porte sur les différents défis résultant de la confrontation de ces systèmes à des situations et des utilisateurs réels.Pour disposer de données émotionnelles spontanées au plus proche de la réalité, un système de collecte simulant une interaction naturelle et mettant en oeuvre un agent virtuel expressif a été développé. Il a été mis en oeuvre pour recueillir deux corpus émotionnels, avec la participation de près de 80 patients de centres médicaux de la région de Montpellier, dans le cadre du projet ANR ARMEN.Ces données ont été utilisées dans l'exploration d'approches pour la résolution du problème de la généralisation des performances des systèmes de détection des émotions à d'autres données. Dans cette optique, une grande partie des travaux menés a porté sur des stratégies cross-corpus ainsi que la sélection automatique des meilleurs paramètres. Un algorithme hybride combinant des techniques de sélection flottante avec des métriques de similitudes et des heuristiques multi-échelles a été proposé et appliqué notamment dans le cadre d'un challenge (InterSpeech 2012). Les résultats de l'application de cet algorithme offrent des pistes pour différencier des corpus émotionnels à partir des paramètres les plus pertinents pour les représenter.Un prototype du système de dialogue complet, incluant le module de détection des émotions et l'agent virtuel a également été implémenté. / Most of the affective states recognition systems are trained on artificial data, without any realistic context. Moreover the evaluations are done with pre-recorded data of the same quality. This thesis seeks to tackle the various challenges resulting from the confrontation of these systems with real situations and users.In order to obtain close-to-reality spontaneous emotional data, a data-collection system simulating a natural interaction was developed. It uses an expressive virtual character to conduct the interaction. Two emotional corpora where gathered with this system, with almost 80 patients from medical centers of the region of Montpellier, France, participating in. This work was carried out as part of the French ANR ARMEN collaborative project.This data was used to explore approaches to solve the problem of performance generalization for emotion detection systems. Most of the work in this part deals with cross-corpus strategies and automatic selection of the best features. An hybrid algorithm combining floating selection techniques with similarity measures and multi-scale heuristics was proposed and used in the frame of the InterSpeech 2012 Emotino Challenge. The results and insights gained with the help of this algorithm suggest ways of distinguishing between emotional corpora using their most relevant features.A prototype of the complete dialog system, including the emotion detection module and the virtual agent was also implemented.

Ao analisar o material hoje disponível sobre os advérbios em inglês e em português observa-se, em especial naqueles baseados em corpus e aqui referimo-nos mais especificamente às gramáticas , que o estudo dessa classe gramatical vem ganhando espaço. Além de abordar questões morfológicas, sintáticas, pragmáticas, semânticas e em alguns casos discursivas, essas obras de referência têm procurado conscientizar o consulente sobre a imprecisão dessa classe gramatical, chamando a atenção para seu uso em contexto. Mesmo com esses avanços significativos, no entanto, observa-se que não há dados sobre o uso dos advérbios, mais especificamente aqueles terminados em ly e mente, em linguagens especializadas, principalmente no que tange o levantamento de padrões linguísticos que venham a caracterizar essas áreas e tenham, em sua composição, esse grupo de advérbios. Partindo de dois corpora de estudo, um composto de receitas culinárias em inglês e em português e outro de instrumentos contratuais no mesmo par de línguas, levantamos os cinco advérbios terminados em ly e mente mais chave em cada tipologia e língua e extraímos os padrões linguísticos em que ocorriam. Considerando a extração e análise dos dados coletados, pudemos comprovar a nossa tese de que esse grupo de advérbios apresenta características próprias e fraseologias típicas da área em que se inserem, ajustando-se a cada contexto de uso. Inclusive, tal fato é evidenciado quando analisamos immediately, advérbio com alto índice de chavicidade e comum às receitas culinárias e contratos em inglês, e imediatamente e juntamente nessas tipologias em português. Descrevemos também todo o processo para o levantamento de formas equivalentes de algumas fraseologias na direção inglês-português, com o objetivo de enfatizar a necessidade de incluir os resultados obtidos em diferentes obras de referência, especialmente em gramáticas e dicionários especializados, o que contribuiria de modo significativo para o trabalho do produtor de textos, principalmente o tradutor. / When analyzing the material available nowadays about adverbs in English and in Portuguese we observe, especially in those that are corpus-based more specifically grammar books , that the study of this grammatical class has gained ground. Besides covering topics such as morphology, syntax, pragmatics, semantics and sometimes discourse, these reference books have tried to make the reader aware of the lack of precision when referring to this grammatical class, emphasizing its use in context. However, despite these significant advances we observe that adverbs, especially those ending in ly in English and mente in Portuguese, are not mentioned as far as specialized languages are concerned, especially when referring to linguistic patterns that may characterize their use in specific areas, in both languages. Based on two study corpora, one with recipes (Culinary) in English and in Portuguese and the other with agreements (Contract Law) in these two languages, we extracted the five adverbs (ending in ly and mente) with the highest keyness index in each text typology and language, also identifying the linguistic patterns in which they occurred. Considering the extraction and analysis of the collected data, we could confirm our thesis that these adverbs have their own characteristics and specific phraseologies in the area in which they occur, adjusting to each context of use. This was also observed when we analyzed immediately, an adverb with a high keyness index that was common to both areas of study, i.e., culinary recipes and agreements in English, and imediatamente and juntamente in the same text typologies in Portuguese. We have also described the whole process to extract the equivalent forms of some phraseologies in the English-Portuguese direction, with the objective of emphasizing the need to include the results obtained so far in different reference books, especially grammar books and specialized dictionaries which would contribute significantly to the job of the text producer, mainly the translator.

Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de propor a construção de um glossário bilíngue (inglêsportuguês) de colocações especializadas com a palavra acorde, relacionadas à área de Harmonia Musical. Ela se justifica pela falta de estudos terminológicos relacionados às colocações especializadas do campo da Teoria Musical. Os alicerces teóricos que sustentam a pesquisa são: os Estudos da Tradução Baseados em corpus, que vincula a metodologia da Linguística de Corpus (LC) aos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução; a Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (TCT) que orienta a análise terminológica e a elaboração de glossários especializados; e a Fraseologia, que fornece respaldo à análise das colocações. Para este estudo foi construído um corpus comparável de textos escritos em Inglês (EUA) e Português (BR), com publicações ou reedições a partir de 1990, abrangendo os seguintes gêneros: instrucionais (livros-textos, apostilas) e acadêmico-científicos (artigos científicos, dissertações e teses). Os materiais, coletados de meio eletrônico e impresso, provém de sites de revistas especializadas, periódicos, congressos, conservatórios e faculdades de Música. A análise descritiva do corpus de estudo conta com a ajuda do software Wordsmith Tools (Scott, 2016) que gera listas de palavras-chave, colocados, clusters e concordâncias. A partir da análise das listas e comparação entre contextos nas duas línguas, foi elaborado um glossário, cujos verbetes estão organizados em ordem alfabética, com exemplos de uso retirados do corpus. O produto final tem, como público alvo, tradutores e músicos. / This research aims to propose the construction of a bilingual English-Portuguese glossary of specialized collocations related to the term chord from the area of Musical Harmony. The reason for this study is the lack of terminological researches about specialized collocations from Musical Theory. This research is based on the following theoretical foundations: Corpus-based Translation Studies that links the methodology of Corpus Linguistics (CL) to Descriptive Translation Studies; The Communicative Theory of Terminology (TCT) which guides the terminological analysis and the elaboration of specialized glossaries; and Phraseology, which gives support to the analysis of collocations. A comparable corpus of texts written in English (USA) and Portuguese (BR) was compiled for this study. The texts published from 1990 are subdivided into two text genres: instructional texts (textbooks, study manuals) and scientific research (scientific articles, dissertations and theses). These materials, collected from electronic and print media, were obtained from the websites of specialized magazines, periodicals, conferences, conservatories and music colleges. The descriptive analysis of the study corpus was accomplished from the data provided by the software Wordsmith Tools (SCOTT, 2016) that generates wordlists, keywords, clusters and concordances. From the analysis of the lists and the comparison between contexts in both languages, we elaborated a glossary, whose entries are organized alphabetically, with examples of usage extracted from the corpus. The final product is intended to assist translators and musicians.