O tratado de contraponto, Arte Explicada de Contraponto, do lisboeta André da Silva Gomes, destaca-se na produção teórico-musical brasileira como uma obra que articula o ensino musical europeu, especialmente o português, com aquele praticado no Brasil durante o período colonial. Seu autor, quarto mestre-de-capela da Sé de São Paulo desde 1774, certamente apropriou-se dos principais modelos pedagógicos em voga na segunda metade do século XVIII, em Portugal. A única cópia encontrada de seu tratado recebeu estudos que contribuíram para a divulgação e explicação da maior parte dos preceitos dessa obra, demonstrando seu possível alcance, adquirido ao longo do século XIX. Apesar disso, a questão sobre sua recepção teórica manteve-se aberta, contendo problemas referentes aos modelos teóricos que pudessem ser verificados na obra. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é primeiro, realizar uma consolidação bibliográfica a respeito do ensino teórico-musical em Portugal ao longo dos séculos XVII e XVIII, por um lado, e, vasculhar o caminho teórico encontrado nos tratados musicais europeus que versassem, de modo explícito, sobre as regras de contraponto e as regras do acompanhamento, a fim de se verificar quais desses modelos poderiam ser identificados na obra de Silva Gomes. Como metodologia e, também, delineamento da amplitude do trabalho, elencamos os principais tratados portugueses que se encaixam em uma dessas duas categorias mencionadas, complementados oportunamente por autores espanhóis e italianos, em sua maioria. Através de análises comparativas entre os discursos desses tratados e a obra teórica de Silva Gomes, pudemos verificar a manutenção de certos cânones do ensino de música, provenientes da tradição do contraponto, e enxergar novas possibilidades de interpretação do conteúdo da Arte Explicada, através dos manuais de acompanhamento. Estes, por sua vez, sugerem caminhos aos estudos sobre a recepção teórica brasileira, pautados na tradição de ensino napolitana, cujos modelos possuíram livre trânsito entre os compositores e professores portugueses desde o século XVIII / The treatise on counterpoint Arte Explicada de Contraponto, by Lisboan André da Silva Gomes, stands out in Brazilian theoretical writings as a work which articulates European music teaching, especially Portuguese, with that conducted in Brazil during colonial period. Its author, fourth chapel master of São Paulo\'s cathedral, since 1774, certainly absorbed the main pedagogic models of Portugal in the second half of the 18th century. The only copy found of his treatise has been analyzed in few studies, which contributed to the diffusion and offered explanations for most of its precepts, demonstrating its potential range, acquired along the 19th century. However, its theoretical reception was kept open, presenting some problems regarding the possible theoretical models that could be mapped within the work. The general objective of the present work is, at first, to achieve a bibliographic consolidation concerning music theory teaching in Portugal along 17th and 18th centuries, on one hand, and on the other, to scavenge the theoretical path found in European music treatises that discuss explicitly the rules of counterpoint and accompaniment, in order to verify what are the models which could be identified within the work by Silva Gomes. As methodology and also for bounding the reach of the work, we listed the central Portuguese treatises that fit in one of the above categories, further complemented, majorly, by Spanish and Italian authors. Through comparative analyses between the discourses of such treatises and the theoretical work by Silva Gomes, we were able to verify the abiding of certain canons of music teaching, originated from the tradition of counterpoint, and to look into new possibilities of interpreting the content of Arte Explicada through manuals on accompanying. Those, in turn, suggest directions to further studies about Brazilian theoretical reception, rooted in Neapolitan tradition of teaching models, which transited freely among Portuguese composers and music teachers since the 18th century.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Edinburgh, 1999.

L’hypothèse d’une théorie musicale du sujet postule que l’on peut éclairer certaines problématiques de l’existence humaine à la lumière de la fugue musicale, et inversement. A partir du sens technique et musical du «sujet» de fugue, nous opérons dans la première partie une relecture (étymologique, sémantique et historique) de la fugue et du fait musical en lien avec l’émergence de la conscience européenne moderne, au tournant du 16ème siècle. En retour, les enjeux culturels, psychologiques et sociaux de la fugue s’éclairent grâce à l’injonction éthique de faire de sa vie une œuvre d’art - une fugue, dans la vie comme dans l’art. Cette hypothèse, énoncée au terme de la première partie, est explorée dans la troisième partie. La deuxième partie est consacrée à une esthétique comparée des arts de la fugue visant à faire apparaître la transversalité des enjeux et des principes de cette forme particulière. La prégnance de ces manifestations artistiques renforce l’hypothèse selon laquelle la subjectivité de fugue peut fonctionner comme un modèle de compréhension du sujet humain. La troisième partie s’ouvre sur une analyse de la psychopathologie de fugue. Ainsi la description de l’Homo Fugiens, figure anthropologique de l’homme en fugue, s’adosse in fine à une axiologie du sujet : le sujet humain, aux sens psychologique, social et éthique, évolue entre le sens positif (esthétique) de la fugue (œuvre d’un sujet absolu, créateur, en quête de lui-même) et le sens passif (voire pathologique) de la fuite (appauvrissement du sujet, qui peut aller jusqu’à la perte). / The hypothesis of a musical theory of the subject postulates that the musical fugue partly explains human existence, and conversely. Considering the technical and musical significations of the fugue «subject», in the first part we reassess the musical fugue (through etymology, semantics and history) in its relation to the emergence of modern consciousness in Europe, at the turn of the sixteenth century. On the other hand, what is at stake with the cultural, psychological and social aspects of the fugue can be explained through the ethical injunction of making your life a work of art - a fugue, in life, as in art. This hypothesis emerges at the end of the first part and is directly addressed in the third part. The second part is dedicated to a comparative aesthetics of the arts of the fugue aimed at underlining the transversality of the principles specific to this artform. The omnipresent manifestations of the fugue in art reinforce the idea that the subjectivity of / in the fugue can operate as a model of understanding of the human subject. The third part develops from an analysis of the psychopathology of fugue. Accordingly, we show that the description of the Homo Fugiens (the anthropological figure of « man in (the) fugue ») rests on an axiology of the subject : the human subject, psychological, social and ethical, evolves between the positive (aesthetic) meaning of the fugue (the human subject, absolute, in quest of himself, creating his life) and the passive meaning of fugue-as-flight (ranking from the impoverishment to the loss of the subject, which is the pathology of the fugue).

O tratado de contraponto, Arte Explicada de Contraponto, do lisboeta André da Silva Gomes, destaca-se na produção teórico-musical brasileira como uma obra que articula o ensino musical europeu, especialmente o português, com aquele praticado no Brasil durante o período colonial. Seu autor, quarto mestre-de-capela da Sé de São Paulo desde 1774, certamente apropriou-se dos principais modelos pedagógicos em voga na segunda metade do século XVIII, em Portugal. A única cópia encontrada de seu tratado recebeu estudos que contribuíram para a divulgação e explicação da maior parte dos preceitos dessa obra, demonstrando seu possível alcance, adquirido ao longo do século XIX. Apesar disso, a questão sobre sua recepção teórica manteve-se aberta, contendo problemas referentes aos modelos teóricos que pudessem ser verificados na obra. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é primeiro, realizar uma consolidação bibliográfica a respeito do ensino teórico-musical em Portugal ao longo dos séculos XVII e XVIII, por um lado, e, vasculhar o caminho teórico encontrado nos tratados musicais europeus que versassem, de modo explícito, sobre as regras de contraponto e as regras do acompanhamento, a fim de se verificar quais desses modelos poderiam ser identificados na obra de Silva Gomes. Como metodologia e, também, delineamento da amplitude do trabalho, elencamos os principais tratados portugueses que se encaixam em uma dessas duas categorias mencionadas, complementados oportunamente por autores espanhóis e italianos, em sua maioria. Através de análises comparativas entre os discursos desses tratados e a obra teórica de Silva Gomes, pudemos verificar a manutenção de certos cânones do ensino de música, provenientes da tradição do contraponto, e enxergar novas possibilidades de interpretação do conteúdo da Arte Explicada, através dos manuais de acompanhamento. Estes, por sua vez, sugerem caminhos aos estudos sobre a recepção teórica brasileira, pautados na tradição de ensino napolitana, cujos modelos possuíram livre trânsito entre os compositores e professores portugueses desde o século XVIII / The treatise on counterpoint Arte Explicada de Contraponto, by Lisboan André da Silva Gomes, stands out in Brazilian theoretical writings as a work which articulates European music teaching, especially Portuguese, with that conducted in Brazil during colonial period. Its author, fourth chapel master of São Paulo\'s cathedral, since 1774, certainly absorbed the main pedagogic models of Portugal in the second half of the 18th century. The only copy found of his treatise has been analyzed in few studies, which contributed to the diffusion and offered explanations for most of its precepts, demonstrating its potential range, acquired along the 19th century. However, its theoretical reception was kept open, presenting some problems regarding the possible theoretical models that could be mapped within the work. The general objective of the present work is, at first, to achieve a bibliographic consolidation concerning music theory teaching in Portugal along 17th and 18th centuries, on one hand, and on the other, to scavenge the theoretical path found in European music treatises that discuss explicitly the rules of counterpoint and accompaniment, in order to verify what are the models which could be identified within the work by Silva Gomes. As methodology and also for bounding the reach of the work, we listed the central Portuguese treatises that fit in one of the above categories, further complemented, majorly, by Spanish and Italian authors. Through comparative analyses between the discourses of such treatises and the theoretical work by Silva Gomes, we were able to verify the abiding of certain canons of music teaching, originated from the tradition of counterpoint, and to look into new possibilities of interpreting the content of Arte Explicada through manuals on accompanying. Those, in turn, suggest directions to further studies about Brazilian theoretical reception, rooted in Neapolitan tradition of teaching models, which transited freely among Portuguese composers and music teachers since the 18th century.

This study intends to analyze the many different conections between music and literature that exist in the works of the brazilian writer Erico Verissimo. Music acquired a diversity of uses in his work, as a vehicle for social criticism, as long as the psychological portrait of characters. The desire to expand the conections between music and literature led the writer to search for interfaces between the areas, and the use of the counterpoint technique, in a personal approach, has developed new uses for it. Also the faith in better days for humanity led him to use music as a vehicle to humanism in his literary works. / Esta tese se propõe a analisar o papel desempenhado pela música na obra do escritor Erico Versissimo. A diversidade de usos que ela adquiriu ao longo da carreira do escritor, e o espaço que ocupa dentro de sua obra são objetos deste estudo. A música como veículo para a crítica social, assim como para a caracterização psicológica de personagens, de cidades e situações. O desejo de expandir as conexões entre a música e a literatura levou o escritor à busca de interfaces entre as duas áreas, e à utilização da técnica do contraponto, que ele desenvolveu numa abordagem pessoal e à qual deu novos usos e possibilidades. Também a fé que o escritor possuía em dias melhores para a humanidade proporciona outro tipo de análise, do uso da música como veículo para a expressão do humanismo em sua obra.

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans la continuité du travail poursuivi en Master 2 dans cette même université, dont le mémoire, soutenu en 2009, s’intitule « Du théâtre d’après un texte vers le texte d’après un théâtre ; dramaturgie et collectivité ». Son but est de problématiser la dichotomie texte-scène ainsi que la pensée binaire qui persiste encore derrière cette opposition. Pour cela, il s’agira d’interroger l’évolution et les différentes acceptions des concepts de dramaturgie ainsi que les changements qu’ont subi la place et les fonctions du dramaturge au sein de la création théâtrale actuelle. La définition/proposition des termes dramaturgisme et dramaturgiste – aussi bien au sein de l’institution qu’à celui de la création théâtrale – aideront à mieux distinguer ces concepts tout en les relativisant à la lumière des nouvelles manières de concevoir la création dramaturgique et les nouveaux paradigmes relationnels au sein des compagnies depuis une vingtaine d’années. L’idée de composition,tout comme celles de contrepoint et cartographie, nous seront, ici, autant d’outils pour mieux comprendre ces nouveaux territoires dramaturgiques.Il s’agit d’identifier, comparer et analyser les processus structurels et organisationnels de quelques compagnies théâtrales – notamment la création collective et surtout le processus collaboratif, surgi au Brésil dès la seconde moitié des années 1990 – qui,contrairement à la tendance actuelle (vérifiable au cours des vingt dernières années) tournent le dos au texte dramatique préexistant, à savoir le fait d’un auteur dramatique considéré comme tel, et construisent leur propre dramaturgie, issue de l’improvisation, de la recherche immédiate sur le plateau et du travail collectif. La dramaturgie prend ainsi un « troisième sens » qu’il convient de définir et théoriser à l’aide d’exemples concrets et d’un travail de terrain approfondi auprès de metteurs en scène, dramaturges et comédiens qui pratiquent une écriture plurielle et présentielle, sans cesse renouvelée. Quelle place possible pour la création textuelle, affranchie de tout rapport de force ou « dictature de sens » ? À quel point ces nouveaux processus déjouent ou rejouent le binarisme texte-scène ? / This research is the continuity of the Master’s work undertaken in this University and moreover of a dissertation defended in 2009 entitled « From Theatre from Text to Text fromTheatre ; dramaturgy and collectivity ». The aim is to question the dichotomy between the text and the stage as well as the generally binary thinking behind it. In order to do so we will inquire into the different pre-established concepts of dramaturgy and their evolution, and the changes in the functions and position of the dramaturge in contemporary theatre. The definition/suggestion of the terms dramaturgism and dramaturgist, in both contexts of theatrical institution and stage creation, will help better distinguish these ideas that we shall place in the perspective of new dramaturgical concepts as well as new paradigms of relationships within theatre companies in the past 20 years. The terms « composition »,« counterpoint » and « cartography » shall help us to understand these new dramaturgical territories.The aim is to identify, analyze and compare the structural and organizational processes (notably collective creation and specifically the collaborative process, as it emerged in Brazil in the second half of the 90’s) of a few theatre companies that (against thecurrent of the last twenty years) have veered away from pre-existing dramaturgical text and the idea of a theatrical author regarded as such, and have constructed their own unique dramaturgy from improvisation, immediate research within the space and the collective work. Dramaturgy is thus given a « third meaning » that needs to be defined and theorized with specific examples and extensive research with directors, dramaturges and actors who practice this present, plural and continuously renewed writing. What space is this where « the invention of writing » can exist free from binary thinking or « dictatorship of meaning » ? To what extent can these new processes redo or undo the dichotomous pair : text and stage ?

No description available.

No description available.

Genau wie Borges’ Bibliothekar, der in den Meilen sinnloser Kakophonien, sprachlichen Kauderwelschs, zusammenhanglosen Zeugs von aus 25 orthografischen Symbolen zufällig zusammengestellten Kombinationen in den physisch normierten Büchern einer zyklisch und periodisch gedachten Bibliothek nach Sinn sucht, bewegt sich ein Musiker beim Komponieren auch in einem endlichen System von Kombinationsmöglichkeiten musikalischer Zeichen. Jede Menge an Tönen, sei sie durch die Schranken des Tonraums von Γ–ee oder die Hörgrenzen des Rezipienten definiert, ist endlich, wodurch die Anzahl der einzelnen Kombinationsmöglichkeiten dieser Klänge an sich – und durch einen zugrundeliegenden Regelkanon verschärft – beschränkt ist. Was negativ als Einschränkung gedeutet werden könnte, wurde als Chance zur vollständigen Darstellung kompositorischer Handlungsoptionen in Kompositionslehren genutzt. Auf der Grundlage des endlichen Systems an Kombinationsmöglichkeiten wurden Modelle entwickelt, die einen im Sinne des zugrundeliegenden Regelkanons richtigen Satz garantieren. Im Hinblick auf die Vermittlung endlicher Kombinationsmöglichkeiten scheint dabei die Evolution von der Idee einer ›Tavola del Contrapunto‹ über die Lehre von Intervallklassen über bestimmten Solmisationsstufen im Bass zur Oktavregel nur folgerichtig und die Entwicklung einer Generalbass-Maschine bzw. die Aussage, dass eine Vielzahl von Kompositionen, die an verschiedenen Orten Europas von unterschiedlichen Personen komponiert wurden, sich in Hinblick auf die ›Modulation‹ genau glichen, nur konsequent. / Similar to Borges’ librarian, who searches for meaning in the miles of meaningless cacophonies, linguistic gibberish and incoherent stuff that consists of 25 randomly combined orthographic symbols within the physically normed books of a library thought to be cyclic and periodic, a musician also moves inside a finite system of possible combinations of musical characters during the act of composing. Every quantity of tones – no matter if defined by the barriers of tonal space from Γ to ee or by the recipient’s auditory threshold – is finite. Hence, the amount of individual possible combinations of these tones – additionally tightened by an underlying canon of rules – is also limited. What could be negatively interpreted as a limitation was rather understood as a chance for an exposition of all possible compositional actions within contemporary treatises. Ultimately, models were developed that were built upon this concept of a finite system of possible combinations and ensured a correct composition in terms of an underlying canon of rules. Regarding the finite possibilities of combinations, the evolution starting with the idea of a »Tavola del Contrapunto« via the doctrine of classes of intervals above particular steps of solmization to the rule of the octave seems to be logical. The development of a »thorough-bass-machine« or the statement that a multitude of compositions, composed in different places in Europe by different people, resemble each other exactly with regard to their »modulation« is only consequent.

Vermittelnd zwischen Konvention und dem im Notentext kaum dokumentierbaren Klang sind spätestens seit dem Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts Wendungen zu finden, die eine Vertiefung von satztechnischem Regelwerk im Orchesterklang annehmen lassen. Greifbar wird dies an zwar in der historischen Kompositionslehre, aber kaum in der Instrumentationslehre erfassten Topoi. Sei es, dass Trugschlüsse durch instrumentale Oberton-Effekte dissonanter, dass Dissonanzen in der klanglichen Entwicklung weicher, dass konsonante Klänge durch die Instrumentation dissonant klingen oder dass Dissonanzen eher ausgeblendet als konturiert aufgelöst werden, in all diesen Fällen erfahren musiktheoretische Problemstellungen erst jenseits des Notentextes ihre eigentliche Prägung. Solche ›Phantom-Kontrapunkte‹ sind in tonaler Musik selten Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Betrachtung. An Beispielen von Beethoven, Mendelssohn und Haydn wird versucht, die Spannung zwischen satztechnischen und instrumentalen Konventionen und der klanglichen Gestaltung höranalytisch als musiktheoretisches Problem und künstlerische Intention zu rekonstruieren und der Lehre zugänglich zu machen. / Since the late 1790s, some features of orchestral music may have been understood as intensifying links between the conventions of musical composition and the rather fluid elements of the sound itself. In the history of music theory, those links can be found in literature about composition rather than in schools or textbooks for instrumentation. When a false cadence is made more dissonant by the effects of harmonics, when dissonant sounds seem to become softer during their development in the orchestral sound, when consonant sounds are made dissonant by means of the instrumentation, or finally, when dissonances are not properly resolved but rather faded out, we are confronted with problems of music theory that go beyond the score. Such a ›phantom counterpoint‹ as an issue of tonal music has not yet been examined in musicology. This article will approach the tension between conventions of composition, voiceleading, style, and instrumentation in order to reconstruct the musical ideas as theoretical background and creative intention and to develop a new tool for music analysis.