Orientador: Raul Borges Guimarães / Resumo: Esta investigação tem o propósito de discutir o papel da educação do campo no enfrentamento dos conflitos de uso da terra em assentamentos rurais, a partir da visão dos jovens estudantes sobre as práticas agroquímicas e agroecológicas. Para isto, o ponto de partida e de chegada da análise dessa realidade foi o conflito entre esses dois modelos de agricultura expresso no descontentamento dos jovens estudantes da Escola Camponesa, cujo projeto político-pedagógico se opõe ao modelo do capitalismo no campo e defende a agroecologia. Trata-se de um debate que nasce do enfrentamento de três questões cruciais para os educadores e educadoras da Reforma Agrária: a primeira diz respeito à relação entre a Educação do Campo e a Saúde Ambiental; a segunda, a relação entre a utilização de práticas agroquímicas no assentamento e suas consequências; a terceira a relação entre a práxis pedagógica desenvolvida pela escola do assentamento e o projeto agroecológico defendido pelo MST. Para buscar possíveis respostas, o estudo teve por base uma pesquisa de campo de base qualitativa vivenciada no cotidiano do Assentamento Córrego da Areia, localizado no Município de São Mateus, norte do Espírito Santo, com o objetivo de compreender os alcances e os limites da práxis educativa, cultural e sociopolítica no contexto da escola do campo e seus reflexos no trabalho dos assentados na agricultura camponesa, mais especificamente com o manuseio de agrotóxicos e seus reflexos na saúde da família e no ambiente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research has as aim to discuss of countryside education role at confrontations of conflicts about the usage of land at the rural settlements. It was considered from the young student’s point of view about agrochemical and agroecological techniques. The methodology chooses as starting and ending point of this reality was between two models of agriculture expressed at the discontent of the Young students of Peasant School, whose political pedagogical project is against to the capitalism model at the countryside, defending the agroecology. It is about a debate which starts at the of three crucial topics for the Agrarian Reform teachers. The first is about Countryside Education and Environment Health. The second is there lotion between the agrochemical techniques at the settlements and its consequences. The thirst is the relation between pedagogical practice developed by the settlement school and the agroecological Project defended by MST (Movimento Sem Terra, in portuguese, which means Landless Movement). In order to find possible answers, this study had as methodology a qualitative field surveys lived at routine of Córrego de Areia Settlement, located at countryside of São Mateus, north of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Its objective is to understand how long the educative, cultural and socio political praxis can be and what are its limits. It intends also to reflect about its impacts on the settlement work at peasant agriculture, more specifically at the application of agrotoxic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumen: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo discutir el papel de la educación del campo para hacer frente a los conflictos del uso de la tierra en asentamientos rurales a partir de la visión de jóvenes estudiantes sobre las prácticas agroquímicas y agroecológicas. Para eso, el punto de partida y de llegada del análisis de esa realidad fue el conflicto entre esos dos modelos de agricultura visible en el descontento de los jóvenes estudiantes de la Escuela Campesina, cuyo proyecto político-pedagógico se opone al modelo del capitalismo en el campo y defiende la agroecología. Se trata de un debate que nace del enfrentamiento de tres cuestiones cruciales para los educadores de la Reforma Agraria: la primera dice respecto a la relación entre Educación del Campo y Salud Ambiental; la segunda, la relación entre la utilización de prácticas agroquímicas en el asentamiento y sus consecuencias; la tercera, la relación entre la praxis pedagógica desarrollada por la escuela del asentamiento y el proyecto agroecológico defendido por el Movimiento de los Trabajadores Rurales Sin Tierra - MST. Para buscar posibles respuestas, el estudio tuvo como base una investigación de campo, de base cualitativa, vivida en el día-a- día del Asentamiento Córrego da Areia‟, localizado en el municipio de São Mateus, norte del Estado de Espírito Santo, con el objetivo de comprender los alcances y límites de la praxis educativa, cultural y socio-política en el contexto de la escuela del campo y sus reflejos en el tr... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo) / Mestre

<p>Car usage is determined by several facts, e.g. living conditions determined by geographical matters. There is a political will to control car usage with different kinds of incentives since car usage generates environmental problems. This essay analyses the differences between car usage in urban areas as opposed to thinly populated areas in Sweden and their significance on governmental incentives. By using statistics differences in car ownership during ten years between thinly populated areas, areas in the countryside and urban areas is studied. Among other things living conditions determined by geographical matters that can explain the differences and problems with fuel taxes and road pricing is being discussed in the analyse.</p>

Kaimo turizmas – viena perspektyviausių veiklų šiuolaikiniuose kai kurių Europos sąjungos valstybių kaimuose, teikianti gyventojams ne tiktai alternatyvios, skirtingos nuo daugelio metų bėgyje nusistovėjusios ir tapusios įprasta, veiklos vystymo, bet ir papildomų pajamų gavimo galimybes. Kaimo turizmas apima visas turizmo rūšis, susietas su kaimo aplinkos pažinimu ir poilsiu joje. Kaimo turizmo esmę sudaro poilsio paslaugų, kurių įvairovė susijusi ne tik su konkrečios sodybos šeimininkų nuosavų išteklių panaudojimu, bet ir su visa kaimo infrastruktūra bei socialine aplinka, kaip prekės visuma. Darbo tikslas - Įvertinti Raseinių rajono kaimo turizmo potencialo panaudojimą rajono darnaus vystymo programose, bei pasiūlyti jo plėtros, optimizavimo galimybes. Darbo objektas – Raseinių rajono kaimo turizmo potencialas. Baigiamojo magistro darbo dėstomąją dalį sudaro 3 skyriai. Pirmajame skyriuje apibūdinta dabartinė kaimo turizmo situacija Lietuvoje, atskleista valstybės politika šio verslo reglamentavimo srityje bei darnaus kaimo turizmo samprata. Antrajame skyriuje įvertintas Raseinių rajono kaimo turizmo potencialas, atliktas tyrimas, kurio metu išsiaiškintas specialistų požiūris į kaimo turizmo verslą ir jo plėtros galimybes rajone. Trečiajame skyriuje pateikiamos kaimo turizmo plėtros ir optimizavimo galimybės darnaus vystymosi programų kontekste, numatytos priemonės, kryptys, vykdytojai. Siekiant darbo tikslo tyrimui panaudota literatūros, dokumentų, duomenų analizės metodai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Rural tourism - one of the most promising activities in some of the modern villages of European Union , providing not only the alternatives different from many well-established throughout the year and become a normal, operational development, but also additional revenue opportunities. Rural tourism covers all types of tourism that is associated with the rural environment and the rest in it. Rural tourism constitute the essence of leisure services, a variety not only with the specific homestead owners own the use of resources, but also to the whole rural infrastructure and social environment as a whole goods The goal – to evaluate the potential of rural tourism in Raseiniai District for the area’s sustainable development programs, and to propose the optimizing and developing opportunities. The object - Raseiniai District Rural tourism potential. The final Master's work consists of 3 sections. The first section described the current situation of rural tourism in Lithuania, disclosed the policy of the business regulatory environment and sustainable rural tourism concept. The second section: estimated Raseiniai District Rural tourism potential, a study with a professional approach to clarify the rural tourism business and its opportunities for the development of the area. The third section presents the rural tourism development and optimizing opportunities for the sustainable development programs context, the instruments, directions, principals. There were used the literature... [to full text]

The aim of the thesis is to describe and analyse socio-economic changes in northern Sweden. Focus is on the period 1985-2000. Population development, restructuring of economic activities, political and cultural changes are related to a theoretical discussion on the transformation of sparsely populated areas as an outcome of multi-dimensional and interrelated processes. Besides an introductory and concluding section, the thesis contains four papers. The first paper deals with forestry's changed role in the local economy of four municipalities located in the inland areas of upper Norrland. The changes within forestry have been driven by adaptation to global competition and rapid technical development. Even though timber production has increased in some of the municipalities, job losses have greatly reduced the importance of forestry in the local economies. Many employees have left forestry for work in other branches, unemployment or retirement However, relatively few have moved from the area. A multiplier model was employed in order to analyse the impact on the local economy. The second paper deals with population changes in the six northernmost counties. During the 1990s, most municipalities and rural areas in northern Sweden have experienced renewed depopulation. At the same time, some rural areas have shown significant population growth. Three types of rural areas with population growth have been identified. Firstly, there are rural areas within daily commuting distance from regional centres. Secondly, there is a group of rural areas, mainly a number of mountain villages close to the border with Norway, which has benefited from the tourist industry. Finally, there are a few rural areas characterised by attractive residential environments and leisure housing. The third paper is based on a classification of 500 residential areas and villages in the county of Västerbotten into seven types of housing environments. In this way, the county is broken down into a mosaic of housing environments characterised by very different prerequisites for consumption and economic development A complex and dispersed pattern of disadvantaged residential areas all over the county indicates the difficulty in treating counties and municipalities as homogeneous regions. In the fourth paper, focus is on young peoples' attitudes towards staying in or moving to small communities within a local labour market region in northern Sweden. The study is based on telephone interviews with 400 young men and women in the Umeå region. Half the interviewees lived in the university city of Umeå while the others were residents in five rural municipalities surrounding Umeå. In general, the males and females aged 19-25 had a much more positive attitude towards living in rural communities than did those aged 15-18. Nevertheless, only half of the young people already living in the rural municipalities wanted to stay there. Among the young people living in the city, slightly less than 50% showed an interest in moving to the surrounding rural areas, mainly the countryside within commuting distance from the city. The connection between higher education and out-migration of young people from rural areas is also highlighted. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2002</p> / digitalisering@umu

Moterų socialinė-ekonominė situacija Lietuvos kaime Santrauka Šiame magistro darbe atkreipiamas dėmesys į moterų situaciją teritoriniu aspektu, t. y. į kaimo vietovėse gyvenančias moteris. Gyvenimas kaime turi tam tikrą specifiką: nors kaime mažesnė oro tarša, vaizdingesnis kraštovaizdis, platesnė erdvė, visgi šioms vietovėms būdinga prastesnė socialinė infrastruktūra, mažesnės profesinės karjeros ir užimtumo galimybės, labiau komplikuotas susisiekimas ir pan. Kaimo moterų tema dar nėra plačiai išnagrinėta mokslinėje literatūroje, tad pateikiami duomenys yra nepakankamai išsamūs, gana fragmentiški. Dažniausiai minimas gilesnis kaimo moterų skurdas, prastesnės gyvenimo sąlygos, didesni darbo krūviai, pasyvesnis dalyvavimas socialinėje bei kultūrinėje veikloje, didesni jaunų, labiau išsilavinusių moterų migracija į miestą. Dėl šių priežasčių kaime gyvenančioms moterims kyla didesnis pavojus atsidurti socialinėje atskirtyje. Pagrindinis darbe keliamas tikslas – išanalizuoti Širvintų rajono kaimo moterų socialinę-ekonominę situaciją atskleidžiant socialinius-ekonominius veiksnius turinčius didžiausią poveikį kaimo moterų padėčiai bei labiausiai sąlygojančius socialinę atskirtį. Siekiant įgyvendinti iškeltą tikslą Širvintų rajone buvo vykdomas tyrimas apklausiant kaime gyvenančias darbingo amžiaus moteris. Apklausai atlikti buvo sudaryta anketa. Siekiant išsiaiškinti kaimo moterų socialinę-ekonominę situaciją buvo naudojami 7 ją charakterizuojantys veiksniai: užimtumas, pajamų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Socio-Economic Situation of Women in Countryside of Lithuania Summary This master‘s dissertation is focused on the situation of women from the territorial point of view, therefore women living in rural areas are emphasized here. Life in such areas has it‘s own particularity: air pollution is extended to a lesser degree, landscape is more picturesque and wider spread of nature – all those factors are typical of countryside. On the other hand, worse social facilities, less employment and career possibilities, complicated means of communication are more applicable in rural than in urban areas. The subject of rural women is not fully explored in scientific literature yet that’s why given information is not enough circumstantial and quite fragmentary. Topical issues usually dealt are poverty among rural women, bad living conditions, high workload, passive participation in social and cultural activities, increased young and educated women migration to cities. Because of these reasons women living in rural areas are facing a bigger probability to experience social exclusion. The main objective in this dissertation is to analyze socio-economic situation of rural women in Širvintos region revealing socio-economic factors which have a big impact on situation of rural women and determine a social exclusion. With the view of implementation of proposed object, there was an empirical research carried out and employable rural women were polled in Širvintai region. There was a questionnaire... [to full text]

Nourrir les oiseaux dans les jardins privés est une activité très répandue en Occident. Elle fournit une remarquable opportunité de recherche et de suivi des populations d’oiseaux en hiver sur de larges échelles spatio-temporelles, en impliquant les citoyens dans des programmes de science participative. Nous avons utilisé le programme Oiseaux des Jardins, un programme de science participative coordonné par la Ligue de Protection des Oiseaux, pour étudier sur une grande échelle spatiale les variations d’abondance d’oiseaux en hiver dans les jardins qui fournissent de la nourriture. Le but de cette thèse est de comprendre quels paramètres peuvent expliquer les visites des oiseaux dans les jardins en hiver, saison traditionnellement considérée comme la plus décisive pour leur survie. Nous montrons que les jardins distribuant de la nourriture, proches de milieux agricoles intensifs, attirent les oiseaux en réponse à une raréfaction des ressources alimentaires naturelles, causée par l’intensité des pratiques agricoles. Cette relation est encore plus forte pour les espèces spécialistes des milieux agricoles. Les variations d’abondance d’oiseaux dans les jardins fluctuent selon les années et les conditions météorologiques, sans présenter de pattern de réponse commun entre espèces, en raison de leur biologie et écologie différentes. Ce suivi des oiseaux en hiver reflète également la tendance négative de population de plusieurs granivores, connue en France ou en Europe en période de reproduction, confirmant que l’utilisation des jardins avec mangeoires est un bon moyen de suivre les tendances des populations d’oiseaux. Nous suspectons que les variations d’abondances à l’échelle spatiale peuvent également refléter l’effet d’activités humaines, telles que le braconnage des passereaux, mais un travail supplémentaire est nécessaire pour confirmer cette hypothèse. Les résultats de cette thèse peuvent également aider au maintien des espèces granivores en déclin, en apportant des conseils adaptés à la distribution de nourriture de substitution pour les oiseaux dans les paysages agricoles intensifs, tout en continuant à engager le public dans le suivi et la protection de la nature. / Supplementary feeding of wild birds in private backyards is a globally widespread pastime. It provides a wonderful opportunity for research and survey of winter bird populations at spatial and temporal large-scales by involving householders in citizen science programs. We used data from the French national garden birdwatch scheme, a citizen science program operated by the Ligue de Protection des Oiseaux, to study winter bird abundance variations in gardens which provided food supply, at a large spatial scale. This thesis aims to understand which factors influence the visit of gardens by birds during winter, a season traditionally pointed out to have the greatest impact on passerine survival. We highlighted that gardens with feeders located close to intensively cultivated farmland attract birds as a response of the countryside natural resource scarcity leads by intensive agricultural practices. This relationship being stronger for farmland seedeater species. Variations in the use of garden by birds also fluctuate between years and with weather conditions, but the variations were not similar among species. This being consistent with the expected influence of their ecological and biological differences. This garden bird survey in winter also reflected the global negative trends observed for some granivorous species in France or Europe during the breeding season, confirming that the use of garden bird feeders by wild bird species offers a new tool to survey the global population trends. We also suspect that variation in abundance could mirror spatial differences, and maybe mirror human activities impacts such as poaching, but this part requires further investigation. Finally, our work could be beneficial for maintaining declining seedeater species, by advising to supply birds with winter food in garden located in intensive agricultural landscape, while continuing to engage the public with nature.

The Master thesis analyses rural areas in terms of employment, discusses the structure of businesses and assesses overall situation of the population. For data collection, documents, statistics, interviews with selected important personality and questionnaires for public were used. Českobudějovický district, especially the village Ševětín, became the model area.

Esta dissertação trata da reprodução social dos agricultores familiares do município de Praia Grande, região do Extremo-Sul Catarinense, diante do avanço da mercantilização da agricultura familiar e as transformações socioeconômicas derivadas. Foca-se à queda de renda e emprego agrícola, conformadas principalmente a partir de meados da década de 1980, dentro da concepção do que nos estudos rurais denomina-se Nova Ruralidade ou “Novo Rural”. Caracteriza-se por uma agropecuária baseada em commodities ligada às agroindústrias, um conjunto de atividades não agrícolas e “novas” atividades/ocupações localizadas em nichos de mercados. Quadro que reduziu a mão-de-obra ocupada no campo e faz os agricultores familiares depender cada vez menos da renda proveniente da agricultura, bem como despender menos tempo ocupados nestas atividades. Há um novo leque de fontes de rendas como aposentadorias e outras rendas não-agrícolas que consolidam a pluriatividade como estratégia entre os membros das famílias rurais. Dinâmicas estas determinadas por uma nova configuração do espaço rural/urbano onde cresce a urbanização em municípios como Praia Grande eminentemente rurais no passado. O corte temporal da pesquisa parte da década de 1970 aos dias de hoje, correspondendo ao período marcado pela modernização conservadora da agricultura no Brasil às novas dinâmicas atualmente gestadas. Modernização esta que afetou o modo de produzir e viver destes agricultores familiares, pois se aumentou os vínculos mercantis, afetando o mercado de trabalho, modificando as atividades/ocupações exercidas e, sobretudo, suas estratégias de reprodução. Mercantilização neste estudo define-se como o processo de redução de autonomia das famílias rurais e sua inserção crescente, em circuitos que predominam as trocas mercantis. Nesse processo, as estratégias de reprodução social tornaram-se cada vez mais subordinadas e dependentes, ampliando-se a interação mercantil de acordo com as características do ambiente social e econômico externo. Nesse sentido, em Praia Grande gerou-se intenso êxodo rural entre as décadas de 1970 e 1990 que tinha a característica de expulsar toda família, dada a queda crescente de emprego rural, dinamizadas por uma especialização produtiva, principalmente na formação da cadeia produtiva baseada no cultivo de arroz. Já nas últimas décadas, (1990 a 2010) traz consigo novos arranjos em busca de emprego e renda. Gera-se um êxodo “seletivo” que remete às cidades a população mais jovem (idade ativa), prevalecendo a feminina, gerando-se os fenômenos da masculinização, envelhecimento no campo, e individualização do processo produtivo. Neste escopo se enquadra a contribuição deste trabalho a fim de compreender a reprodução social destes agricultores familiares neste padrão de desenvolvimento. Tanto numa perspectiva estrutural a partir das tendências impostas por esse ambiente mercantilizado, e na perspectiva orientada aos atores, identificando-se as reações engendradas por estes, dada a diversidade da agricultura familiar e seu repertório de estratégias. Além disso, pretende-se, deste estudo, fornecer subsídios para implementação de políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento desta região. / This dissertation covers the social reproduction of family farmers in the community of Praia Grande, Southern region of Santa Catarina, facing the trade expansion of family agriculture and the socioeconomic transformations derived. Focus is given on the fall in income and agricultural employment, shaped mainly from mid-1980 on, within the concept that in rural studies it is called “New Rural” or "New Countryside". It is characterized by an agriculture based in commodities linked to agribusiness, a set of non-agricultural activities and "new" activities / occupations located in niche markets. A framework which reduced the manpower employed in the field and makes the farmers less dependent on income from agriculture, as well as spending less time engaged in these activities. There is a wide range of new income sources, such as pension and other non-agricultural sources that consolidate multi-activity as a strategy among members of rural families. Such dynamics are determined by a new configuration of rural / urban space, where urbanization grows in cities such as Playa Grande, predominantly rural in the past. The starting point of the research is in the 1970s to today, corresponding to the period marked by conservative modernization of agriculture in Brazil to the new dynamics carried currently. That modernization affected the way those farmers lived and worked, because there was an increase on the commercial ties, affecting the labor market, changing activities / occupations performed, and, especially, their reproductive strategies. Commodification in this study is defined as the process of reducing the autonomy of rural families and increasing their insertion in circuits that deal with commercial exchanges. In this process, the strategies of social reproduction have become increasingly dependent and subordinate, expanding commercial interaction according to the characteristics of the social and external economic environment. Thus, in Praia Grande, an intense rural exodus was generated between 1970 and 1990 which presented the feature of expelling entire families, given the increasing fall of rural employment, empowered by a specialization production, especially in the formation of supply chain based on rice cultivation. Yet, in recent decades (1990 to 2010), new arrangements are made in search of employment and income. This has generated a "selective" exodus which sends to towns the younger population (working age), favoring the female ones, generating the phenomena of masculinization, aging in the field, and individualization of the production process. In this scope, the contribution of this work fits in order to understand the social reproduction of family farmers, in this pattern of development. Both from a structural perspective of the trends imposed by this environment commodified, and of goal-oriented actors, identifying the reactions engendered by them, given the diversity of family farming and its repertoire of strategies. In addition, this study aims to provide support for implementation of public policies for the development of this region.

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The presented thesis deals with the progress of life in the small village of Týnec nad Sázavou in connection with the formation and development of tourist interest in the region of Lower Posázaví. The progress, which was the outcome of local tourism, was reflected in the lifestyle changes made by the rural population. The important elements included new building projects and developmental opportunities in the region of Lower Posázaví, which included the construction of railways, repairing and building of road, electrification, installation of water supply and reconstruction of the state hotel in Týnec nad Sázavou. Included among the summer visitors were important and significant personalities of that period: successful entrepreneurs, scientists, politicians, writers, doctors and artists. One of the main personalities was Frantisek Janecek, who chose this township not only to spend his summer leisure time, but also for his business aims. His intentions had a great positive impact on the life of the population of Týnec nad Sázavou and its surroundings. The reflection of prosperity seen during the period of the first republic in this region remains evident till today.