O trabalho tem por meta resgatar alguns aspectos relacionados à gestão da estrutura macroeconômica do Brasil e de Portugal entre 1850 e 1865, com especial enfoque às políticas monetária e cambial, intimamente relacionadas com a gestão do sistema de paridade internacional de moedas conhecido como o Padrão-ouro, que constitui o objeto principal desta análise. Os objetivos gerais desta tese tencionam, portanto, fornecer substratos a uma reflexão mais sistemática no que concerne a uma presumida conexão entre a dinâmica cíclica dos fluxos de capitais em escala global e os períodos de crises econômicas e pânicos financeiros observados no período, em íntima ligação com o mecanismo de integração financeira que se corporifica no Padrão-ouro, ao qual Brasil e Portugal aderiram em 1846 e 1854, respectivamente. O trabalho pretende, assim, avaliar as consequências da referida integração financeira, bem como das políticas monetárias empreendidas sobre o desenvolvimento do mercado financeiro de ambos os países ao longo do recorte temporal supracitado. / This research intends to examine some aspects related to Brazilian and Portuguese macroeconomic structures between 1850 and 1865, focusing monetary and trading policies, closely related to the management of Gold Standard, the main object of this research. Therefore, the main objectives of this research intends to provide substrates for a reflection about a connection between the cyclic dynamics of capital on global scales, and economic crisis and panics on the same period, closely related with financial integration externalized in Gold Standard, adopted by Brazilian monetary authorities in 1846, and by Portuguese in 1854. This research intends to evaluate the consequences of this financial integration and the consequences of monetary policies over the financial market from both countries along the same period.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. / Department of Government and Public Administration

Entre 193 et 324, l’Empire, l’empereur et l’armée romaine ont traversé une période difficile couramment qualifiée de « crise du IIIe siècle ». Mais si cette dernière a fait l’objet de nombreux débats et controverses, le phénomène de la révolte militaire, pourtant omniprésent, est resté inexploré. Or pendant cette période, l’empire romain n’a vraisemblablement jamais autant connu de révoltes militaires, ce qui signifie que jamais, sans doute, la construction politique impériale, reposant en grande partie sur un « pacte » implicite entre le prince et son armée, n’avait été à ce point contestée. Après avoir travaillé à la définition même de la notion de révolte et à la quantification réelle du phénomène, on s’attachera à l’étude des catalyseurs qui en ont favorisé l’apparition et des mécanismes qui sous-tendaient des enchaînements de faits pouvant rassembler d’importants effectifs et embraser des étendues géographiques considérables. On s’efforcera ensuite d’esquisser une « géopolitique » de la révolte militaire pour tenter de mieux identifier les rebelles, les meneurs, les mots d’ordre ou les programmes politiques volontiers dénigrés ou caricaturés par les auteurs anciens. Il s’agira enfin de voir comment le phénomène de la révolte a conduit le pouvoir impérial à réformer l’armée et à se réformer lui-même / From 193 to 324, the Empire, the Emperor and the Roman Army went through a difficult period usually qualified « Crises of the Third Century ». But if this latter has been the subject of many debate and controversies, the phenomenon of the military revolt, yet omnipresent, remains unexplored. But during this period, the Roman Empire has probably never known, so many military revolts, that means, that ever, without any doubt, the political process, based in a large part on an implicit « pact » between the Prince and his army, had never been so contested. After working on the very concept of the notion of revolt and on the real quantification of this phenomenon, we will study catalysts that have favored it and mecanisms underlying patterns of facts that could gather numbers and rise up large geographical areas. Then, we will seek to outline « geopolitics » of the military revolt in an attempt to better identify the rebels, the leaders, the wathwords or the political programs readily betittled or parodied by the Ancients. It will be finally seen how the phenomenon of the revolt led the imperial power to reconsider, or not, its relations with the army, or even to reform itself.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:27:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 450049.pdf: 621004 bytes, checksum: ad175c200f85d8e95acf15f2991d0bb2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / This essay aims to research the conceptual similarities and the differences between three "schools" of contemporary economic thought, namely the Regulation School, the School of Social Structure of Accumulation and Ign?cio Rangel. For such purpose, it was made an compulsory literature review of each studied "school", dealing with the main concepts and discussing their interpretation about the crises of capitalism. Finally, on the last chapter, it were discussed the impressions of each "school" on perceptions of capitalist mode of production, the institutions which will form socioeconomic structures and policies, besides the discussion on technical progress. These considerations bring the thoughts of the schools on the study of the crises of capitalism as well as the role of institutions in observed changes in recent economic history to resume profit rates. Therefore, it was realized that the arguments used to understand the crisis of the 1970s and its implications for the world economy from the perspective of Regulation Theory and Social Structure of Accumulation Theory, they had already been indicated by Ignacio Rangel since the early 1940s, from his considerations about Brazil. / Esta disserta??o tem por objetivo investigar as aproxima??es conceituais e as diverg?ncias existentes entre tr?s escolas do pensamento econ?mico contempor?neo, a saber: a Escola da Regula??o, a escola da Estrutura Social de Acumula??o e Ign?cio Rangel. Para tanto, foi feito uma revis?o da literatura basilar de cada escola estudada, abordando os principais conceitos e discutindo sua interpreta??o sobre as crises do capitalismo. Por fim, no ?ltimo cap?tulo, foram abordadas as impress?es de cada escola sobre as percep??es do modo de produ??o capitalista, quais as institui??es que ir?o compor as estruturas socioecon?micas e pol?ticas, al?m, da discuss?o sobre progresso t?cnico. Estas considera??es trazem as reflex?es das escolas no estudo das crises do capitalismo, bem como o papel das institui??es nas mudan?as observadas na hist?ria econ?mica recente para retomar as taxas de lucro. Percebeu-se, portanto, que os argumentos utilizados para compreender a crise da d?cada de 1970 e seus desdobramentos na economia mundial, a partir da ?tica da Escola da Regula??o e da Estrutura Social de Acumula??o j? haviam sido apontados por Ign?cio Rangel desde o in?cio da d?cada 1940, a partir de suas considera??es sobre o Brasil.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:19:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIANA SANTOS DE SOUZA HANNUM.pdf: 943345 bytes, checksum: e01f20b8b7c8cdbfd7ec222ca3c63ba9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-10 / The GC is defined as a clinical process dedicated to the understanding of the diagnosis of a genetic condition. The main objective of the GC is to guide individual comprehension of condition and its prognosis, though the risk of occurrence or recurrence of the disorder in the family to a final decision making regarding the genetic phenomenon. The current study aimed to analyze the model of Genetic Counseling (GC) performed by the staff of the Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon in the Department of Biology at the Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás. Methodologically, the study included the observation of case management and data collection, performed by a semi-structured interviews and session observations of GC. The participants were a team of three health care professional with doctorate degrees in human genetics and training in GC, including one female and two males, aged 37, 41, and 45 y.o. As a consultant , a 36-year mother, half illiterate, caregiver and responsible for a child of eleven y.o., diagnosed with 47, XYY Syndrome, characterized by an aneuploidy (abnormal number) of the sex chromosomes in which a human male receives an extra Y chromosome. It sems that the GC involves a complex and intersubjective relationship regarding the genetic information. Also, the genetic information is not emotionally neutral causing anxiety, fear, and guilt in those associated with the condition. On the effective aspects, the results of our observations indicated that at the specific moment of revelation of the diagnosis, two poles (professional / consultant-family) are crystallized in the relationship of GC. Thus, emotional, defensive, and denial behavior arouse as a vital crisis, just as reported in the literature, leading to anguish as the preponderant feeling. The feedback of information from the interview and the analysis oof the GC process with the counselors and the team manager indicated that: 1) there was a dissonance between the theoretical proposition supported by the counselor and the action taken during the AG; 2) The counselor followed strictly the protocol for the GC, which makes it more difficult to manage patient s anguish, helplessness, guilt, and inability to manage their vital crisis; 3) the communication was made in technical language not accessible to the understanding of the consultant; 4) the necessity of considering the time to understand how a logical, not chronological time. In general, one can see that you lose focus of the GC, ie, the host of the field's existential subject. It is inferred that the guard of the principle of nondirectiveness and affective factors, such as anxiety, identification, and psychological defense restricted the disclosure of the diagnosis affecting the vital context of clarifying the questions involved in the GC. We concluded that both family and professionals can be affected by the impact of a vital crisis and therefore need support, understanding, and time so they can experience and develop the vital context of crisis. Moreover, it is fundamental to include a multidisciplinary team to work and develop strategies to accommodate all aspects of the process of Genetic Counseling. / O AG é definido como um processo de investigação clínica, voltado para o diagnóstico de uma condição genética e que visa à orientação sobre o prognóstico e riscos de ocorrências/recorrências das doenças genéticas para as famílias e/ou para os consulentes. O presente estudo teve por objetivo a análise do modelo de Aconselhamento Genético (AG) realizado pela equipe do Núcleo de Pesquisa Replicon do Departamento de Biologia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás. O estudo contemplou o método de estudo de caso e a coleta foi realizada por meio de uma entrevista semi-estruturada e da observação de uma sessão de AG. Os participantes foram três profissionais biomédicos de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 40 e 45 anos e uma mãe de 36 anos, semi analfabeta, cuidadora responsável por uma criança de onze anos, com diagnóstico do 47, XYY, síndrome caracteriza do duplo Y. Verifica-se que o AG envolve uma relação intersubjetiva complexa e as informações de ordem genética não são emocionalmente neutras suscitam angústia, temores, culpas. Sobre os aspectos afetivos, os resultados indicam que no momento específico da revelação do diagnóstico, este cristaliza, nos dois pólos (profissional/consulente-familiar) da relação de AG, os aspectos emocionais e defensivos referidos na literatura das crises vitais, sendo a angústia o afeto preponderante. O cotejamento das informações da entrevista com o conselheiro e a análise do processo de AG indica que: 1) existe uma dissonância entre a proposição teórica sustentada pelo conselheiro e a ação praticada no AG; 2) percebe-se uma fixação ao protocolo do AG que implica em não acolhimento da angústia, do desamparo, da culpa e da inabilidade de gerir a crise vital; 3) a comunicação foi realizada em linguagem técnica não acessível à compreensão da responsável pelo consulente; 4) a necessidade de se pensar o tempo de compreender como um tempo lógico e não cronológico. De forma geral, percebe-se que perde-se o foco central do AG, ou seja, o acolher do campo existencial do sujeito. Infere-se que o resguardo do princípio da não-diretividade e os fatores afetivos (angústia, identificação) e a defesa psíquica (racionalização) restringiram a comunicação do diagnóstico comprometendo o esclarecimento do contexto vital do consulente. Conclui-se que as famílias e mesmo os profissionais podem ser afetados pelo impacto da crise vital, necessitando no caso da família de apoio, compreensão e tempo para que possam vivenciar e elaborar o contexto da crise vital e no caso dos conselheiros a inserção em uma equipe multidisciplinar que possa trabalhar e desenvolver estratégias que acomodem todos os aspectos envolvidos no processo de Aconselhamento Genético.

O objetivo desta dissertação é propor um modelo teórico de gerenciamento de desastres com vistas a minimizar o número total de óbitos e o impacto social negativo na vida da população afetada. Nesta direção, utilizou-se o método Strategic Options Development and Analysis para estruturar a situação problemática do Sistema de Defesa Civil do Estado de São Paulo, o que viabilizou a identificação de diversos óbices e o estabelecimento de uma compreensão holística acerca do mesmo. A partir de então, tomando-se como base a visão dos próprios agentes públicos, observou-se que os principais fatores responsáveis pela limitação da eficácia e da eficiência do referido Sistema são a ausência de mecanismos organizacionais adequados e de uma abordagem suficientemente apta a congregar diversos atores civis e militares numa única direção. Desta forma, partiu-se para a construção de uma arquitetura baseada na teoria de Comando e Controle e em conceitos oriundos dos domínios de pesquisa denominados Disaster Operations Management e Emergency Operational Research.

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The present study proposes a model, termed the hybrid model, to explain fiscal-policy responses to financial crises. Although it is applied throughout the present study to the Eurozone, the model’s geographic and substantive scope apply more broadly. Combining and building upon past approaches, the hybrid model proposes three independent variables: partisanship, political capacity, and external actors. The model builds on the literature’s three dominant approaches: partisan, domestic approaches; approaches that emphasize convergence; and approaches that emphasize divergence, represented here primarily by the Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) literature. The hybrid model integrates the domestic emphasis of the partisan approach with the international emphases of the convergence and, to some extent, VoC approaches. The hybrid model builds on the domestic politics of the partisan approach by integrating coalition logic and the tension between coalition partners into the partisan approach’s political landscape. The model also advances the convergence and VoC approaches by providing an explanation for variation in the pressure of financial markets, both over time and across countries, which mediates the influence of external actors in the domestic affairs of sample countries. In addition, with respect to the dependent variable, the present study develops a disaggregated measure that accounts for the diverse distributional implications of fiscal policies’ various dimensions. With respect to empirics, the present study employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Broadly, the large-N results provide support for the hybrid model, particularly as it pertains to partisanship. Event analyses and case studies support the role of external actors; the empirics show the degree to which financial-market pressure mediates the influence of external actors. Combined, the quantitative and qualitative approaches indicate problems with consonance, the particular dimension of political capacity considered in the present study. Both quantitative and qualitative results reveal that consonance, i.e., between-party tensions in coalition governments, provides an incomplete characterization of the factors influencing the political capacity of single-party and coalition governments. The case studies suggest that within-party tensions and party-system strength, as additional measures of political capacity, play key roles in shaping fiscal-policy responses. The empirics also confirm the importance of disaggregating fiscal policy, the dependent variable, beyond the broad measures of fiscal deficit, expenditure, and revenue adopted in the present literature.

INTRODUÇÃO: A classificação recente das Crises Hipercinéticas (CH) proposta por Rheims et al. (2008) sugere dois padrões de CH, baseado na semiologia ictal (Tipos I e II): no Tipo I, a zona epileptogênica foi identificada na região ventral pré-frontal, enquanto que no Tipo II, na região mesial pré-motora. Estudos com SPECT ictal em pacientes com CH evidenciaram hiperperfusão nas regiões frontais e extrafrontais, incluindo ínsula e lobo temporal, além de áreas subcorticais, tais como cerebelo, tálamo, gânglios da base e tronco encefálico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a rede neural ativada nas CH através do SPECT ictal, correlacionando-a aos dois subtipos de CH (Tipos I e II). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Uma amostra de 25 pacientes com idade entre 0 e 60 anos com CH que realizaram SPECT ictal foi submetida a análise do VEEG e das imagens do SPECT ictal a fim de determinar o tipo de CH e as áreas de hiperpefusão ativadas, bem como sua correlação. RESULTADOS: Nove pacientes (36%) tiveram CH do Tipo I, dez (40%), do Tipo II e seis (24%), do Tipo Misto. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tipos de CH e a presença de semiologia ictal não hipercinética durante as crises, bem como o tempo de doença, frequência das crises, história familiar positiva e exame de neuroimagem anormal. A duração média do tempo de injeção do RF foi de 32,2 segundos. O SPECT demonstrou ativação difusa, com predomínio nas regiões subcorticais, temporal lateral, occipital mesial e frontal dorsolateral. Não houve correlação entre os diferentes tipos de CH e as áreas hiperperfundidas, exceto pela região occipital mesial, que foi significativamente maior no Tipo II. CONCLUSÃO: A classificação proposta por Rheims et al. (2008) é útil porém simplista, já que as CH abrangem uma fenomenologia complexa, não sendo possível classificar todos os pacientes em somente dois tipos (I e II). O SPECT ictal nesta amostra demonstrou a presença de hiperperfusão em diferentes áreas cerebrais, reforçando a hipótese de que uma rede neural ampla, que engloba as regiões frontais e possivelmente extrafrontais, incluindo áreas subcorticais, está envolvida na gênese destas crises. / BACKGROUND: The recent classification of hyperkinetic seizures (HS) proposed by Reims et al (2008) suggests two patterns of HS based on ictal symptomatology (Type I and II), whereas in Type I epileptogenic zone was identified in the ventromesial frontal córtex while in Type II, in the mesial premotor córtex. Ictal SPECT studies in patients with HS showed hyperperfusion in frontal and extrafrontal regions, including insula and temporal lobe, and subcortical areas, such as cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia and brain stem. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the neural network activated in HS through the ictal SPECT and to correlate it to the two subtypes of HS (Type I and II). METHODS: We retrospective analyzed ictal signs and ictal SPECT data in 25 patients with HS aged between 0 and 60 years in order to determine the type of HS and the hyperperfused areas, as well as their correlation. RESULTS: Nine patients (36%) were classified as Type I, ten (40%) as Type II and 6 (24%) as a mixed type. There were no significant differences between the types of HS and the presence of non-hyperkinetic ictal semiology, as well as epilepsy duration, frequency of seizures, positive family history and abnormal neuroimage. The average injection duration time was 32.2 seconds. The ictal SPECT showed diffuse activation, predominantly in subcortical regions and the following areas: lateral temporal, mesial occipital and dorsolateral frontal cortex. There was no correlation between the different types of HS and the hyperperfused areas but the mesial occipital region that was significantly higher in Type II. CONCLUSION: The classification proposed by Rheims et al (2008) is useful but simplistic. Since the HS consists of a complex phenomenology, it is not possible to classify all patients in only two types (I and II). The ictal SPECT in this sample showed the presence of hyperperfusion in different brain areas, reinforcing the hypothesis that a broad neural network, which includes the frontal and possibly extrafrontal regions, including subcortical areas, are involved in the genesis of these seizures.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo, demonstrar a evolução e a expansão do conceito de acesso à justiça, ocorrida principalmente a partir da metade do século XX, além de elucidar os impactos gerados na sociedade e no Poder Judiciário. Ademais, propõe soluções alternativas a fim de alcançar a pacificação social e de contribuir para o fim da atual crise Judiciária. Para isso, analisa minuciosamente, o conceito universal de acesso à justiça, bem como todos os aspectos que originaram a sua expansão, tais como: os movimentos políticos, sociais, o crescimento da ideologia de cidadania, a introdução de inúmeros mecanismos e instrumentos legais (questões ambientais, consumeristas, eletrônicas) a ideologia do Estado como principal provedor do bem estar social. Buscou-se contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma inovadora visão sobre o acesso à justiça, demonstrando que a autonomia privada deve ser respeitada e incentivada pelo Estado-Juiz. Sabe-se que os cidadãos têm o livre arbítrio de renunciar ao tradicional exercício de ação, optando por um acesso à justiça por via alternativa para solucionar seus conflitos, e é essa ideologia que se quer disseminar. O presente tema é de suma importância para o aperfeiçoamento do direito brasileiro, pois, se o conceito de acesso à justiça for devidamente interpretado, pode-se evitar grande parte dos problemas enfrentados hoje pelo Poder judiciário pátrio. Serão propostas novas formas de operacionalização dos métodos alternativos de resolução de conflitos. Demonstrando que a via judicial deverá ser tratada como mais uma opção de alcance da pacificação social e não como a única forma de atingi-la. / The objective of the current study is to demonstrate the expansion of the access to justice concept and its relevant impacts on society and the judiciary branch, especially around the second half period of century XX. Although the concept of access to justice encourages the access to the legal system it still keeps the alternative methods to reach social peace and contribute to the end of the current legal system crises. Therefore, this paper will analize the universe concept of access to justice, as well as all the aspects that contributed to its creation and expansion such as: political and social movements, the meaning of the citizenship ideology, the introduction to a number of mechanisms and legal tools (environmental, consumer and electronic legal issues) and the theory of the State as the main provider of the social well-being. The present paper will reveal how the access to justice has been considered, especially by the judiciary branch, as well as the solutions that have been applied internationally in order to avoid or minimize the regular crises of the legal power. Therefore, this research will help make it possible to suggest adjustments in the Brazilians legal system in order to try to achieve the desired level of efficient in the legal services of Brazil. This research will try to contribute to develop an innovative perspective regarding the access to justice, demonstrating that the initiative and pro activeness of the private individuals shall be respected and motivated by the State. It is well known that every citizen has the right of free choice either to file a lawsuit or to reject the traditional path of the legal public system. Since the matter is related to an assets or property rights the citizen has the choice to use the assistance of private entities to solve the existing conflict and it is this option that this paper seeks to disseminate. The chosen subject is extremely important to the improvement of Brazilian legal system, due to the fact that if the access to justice concept be interpreted as it should be a significant part of the current issues that Brazil is currently dealing with will be solved, and consequently the burden of the judiciary branch will be greatly minimized.