Sexuality is one of the most fundamental values of life as it affects our behaviors, thoughts and emotions. Young people are an especially essential group for promoting sexual health as it is during adolescents the base for our sexuality is created. The aim of this study was to examine Chinese male and female medical university student’s knowledge and ideas of sexual behavior at Chongqing Medical University in Chongqing, China. An explorative quantitative survey study was conducted at place in Chongqing. The survey study’s result showed that ideas of sexual behavior were seem to be permissive and love-based, and also bi- and homosexuality to be mainly acceptable. The Internet, books and friends were seemed as important sources for knowledge whereas few believed to have received adequate knowledge from school. It was also seemed to be a major lack of knowledge regarding STD’s and how to protect yourself as “safe periods” was believed to be an important contraceptive method. The relationship between contraception and the protection against STD seems to be obscure. / 性行为是生活中最基本最重要的要素之一，它影响着我们的行为，思想及情感。年轻人是一个特别有必要促进健康性行为的群体。这项研究的目的是为了检测中国的重庆医科大学的男性，女性大学生对于性行为相关知识的认识及看法。于是在重庆进行了这项探索性的定量的调查研究。这项调查研究的结果表明被调查群体的性行为看似是以爱和自由为基础的，当然双性恋及同性恋也是被广泛接受的。性相关知识的大多数来源于网络，书籍以及朋友，而不是来自于学校。被调查的样本中大多数样本提示他们缺少对性病的认识，以及认识到在安全期保护自己是一项非常重要的避孕手段。所以他们对避孕以及保护自己远离性病之间的关系看起来是比较模糊的。 / Sexualitet utgör en av de mest grundläggande värden i livet då de påverkar såväl våra beteenden, tankar som känslor. Unga utgör en viktig grupp för främjande av sexuell hälsa då det är under denna tid grunden för vår sexualitet skapas. Studiens syftade till att undersöka manliga och kvinnliga kinesiska medicinstudenters kunskap och idéer om sexuellt beteende vid Chongqing Medical University i Chongqing, Kina. En explorativ enkätstudie genomfördes på plats i Chongqing. Studien visade på att idéer om sexuellt beteende verkar vara tillåtande och kärleksbaserande, med en övervägande acceptans för bi- och homosexualitet. Internet, böcker och vänner verkade utgöra viktiga källor till kunskap gällande sex samt preventivmetoder då få ansåg sig ha fått tillräcklig kunskap från skolan. Det verkade även finnas en stor brist gällande STD kunskap och hur man skyddar sig då ”safe periods” ansågs vara en viktig preventivmetod. Relationen mellan preventivmedel och skydd mot STD’s verkar vara otydlig.

<p>This study utilised secondary data from a larger study that looked at individuals that are already infected by HIV which is entitled Implicative personal dilemmas and cognitive conflicts in health decision making in HIV positive adults and adults with AIDS. The primary aim of the larger study was to examine the cognitive construction of the individual and how they utilised their individual resources to construct who they are and how they perceived the difficulties and challenges that they face and the decisions they make regarding their health. HIV and AIDS is a debilitating disease and it affects millions worldwide. South Africa, presently, has the largest burden of this disease with those between the ages of 15 &ndash / 49 years of age being most affected. As previously&nbsp / mentioned the decisions that individuals make can impact on their health. Decisions to take necessary precautions such as protected sex during sexual intercourse can decrease the&nbsp / progression of the disease. Decisions made regarding abstinence of risky behaviour as well as being committed to taking medication could also positively impact health. People living with HIV and AIDS find it&nbsp / difficult to adjust to the challenges that this disease presents. Depression is often experienced due to the changes in self image and perception. Studies show that&nbsp / females are twice more likely to experience depression than men. There has however been no conclusive evidence showing the reason for this, however, the perception of stress based on&nbsp / gender could shed some light on this matter and how these perceptions can increase the likelihood of women being more vulnerable to depression. Due to the limitation of this study, it will&nbsp / only look at depression as it relates to HIV and AIDS. Psychological problems such as depression can hamper the adjustment process and the effect of depression is evident in that it can lower the CD 4 + cells. Not only are those&nbsp / living with HIV and AIDS affected by depression, but they also have a lifetime prevalence to depression. It is important to have an effective screening tool for depression so that the detection of this&nbsp / disease can be made and effective treatment can be implemented to enhance health. The sample consisted of 113 adult participants that have already been diagnosed with HIV and AIDS. The&nbsp / primary aim of this study was to compare the Beck&rsquo / s Depression Inventory II (BDI II) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale &ndash / (the Depression component) (HADS-D) as a screening tool&nbsp / &nbsp / for depression. Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed a 5 factor structure which accounted for 60.14 % of the total variance. The HADS yielded one factor accounting for 14.33% of total variance. The BDI II has proven to be more a reliable measure of depression with 0.89 according to the Cronbach&rsquo / s Alpha co efficient opposed to 0.375 as per the HADS-D. The secondary aim was to establish&nbsp / the sociodemographic and disease profiles of the participants under study. </p>

This study utilised secondary data from a larger study that looked at individuals that are already infected by HIV which is entitled Implicative personal dilemmas and cognitive conflicts in health decision making in HIV positive adults and adults with AIDS. The primary aim of the larger study was to examine the cognitive construction of the individual and how they utilised their individual resources to construct who they are and how they perceived the difficulties and challenges that they face and the decisions they make regarding their health. HIV and AIDS is a debilitating disease and it affects millions worldwide. South Africa, presently, has the largest burden of this disease with those between the ages of 15 – 49 years of age being most affected. As previously mentioned the decisions that individuals make can impact on their health. Decisions to take necessary precautions such as protected sex during sexual intercourse can decrease the progression of the disease. Decisions made regarding abstinence of risky behaviour as well as being committed to taking medication could also positively impact health. People living with HIV and AIDS find it difficult to adjust to the challenges that this disease presents. Depression is often experienced due to the changes in self image and perception. Studies show that females are twice more likely to experience depression than men. There has however been no conclusive evidence showing the reason for this, however, the perception of stress based on gender could shed some light on this matter and how these perceptions can increase the likelihood of women being more vulnerable to depression. Due to the limitation of this study, it will only look at depression as it relates to HIV and AIDS. Psychological problems such as depression can hamper the adjustment process and the effect of depression is evident in that it can lower the CD 4 + cells. Not only are those living with HIV and AIDS affected by depression, but they also have a lifetime prevalence to depression. It is important to have an effective screening tool for depression so that the detection of this disease can be made and effective treatment can be implemented to enhance health. The sample consisted of 113 adult participants that have already been diagnosed with HIV and AIDS. The primary aim of this study was to compare the Beck’s Depression Inventory II (BDI II) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale –(the Depression component) (HADS-D) as a screening tool for depression.Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed a 5 factor structure which accounted for 60.14 % of the total variance. The HADS yielded one factor accounting for 14.33% of total variance. The BDI II has proven to be more a reliable measure of depression with 0.89 according to the Cronbach’s Alpha co efficient opposed to 0.375 as per the HADS-D. The secondary aim was to establish the sociodemographic and disease profiles of the participants under study. / Magister Psychologiae - MPsych

Introduction: The study ‘Mental healthcare provision for adults with intellectual disability and a mental disorder’ (MEMENTA) is a cross-sectional epidemiological study carried out in three different regions of Germany. Its main aim is to assess the prevalence of mental disorders in adults with intellectual disability (ID) as well as quality of mental healthcare for this population. Methods and analysis: The target population are persons aged between 18 and 65 years with a mild or moderate ID. The study population will be recruited through service providers. A representative sample is realised by two-stage sampling. First, institutions providing services for people with ID (sheltered workshops) are selected in a stratified cluster sampling, with strata being (1) types of service-providing non-governmental organisations and (2) sizes of their sheltered workshops. Then persons working in selected sheltered workshops are selected by simple random sampling. An estimated number of 600 adults with ID will be included. Information will be obtained from the group leaders in the sheltered workshops, informal carers or staff members in sheltered housing institutions and the person with ID. Besides the main outcome parameter of psychiatric symptomatology and problem behaviour, other outcome parameters such as needs for care, quality of life, caregiver burden, health services utilisation and costs for care are assessed using well-established standardised instruments. If a comorbid mental disorder is diagnosed, quality of mental healthcare will be assessed with open questions to all interview partners and, in addition, problem-focused interviews with a small subgroup. Analyses will be carried out using quantitative and qualitative methods. Ethics and dissemination: Approval of all three local ethics committees was obtained. Research findings will add much needed empirical information in order to improve services provided to this vulnerable group of patients.

Contexte Les programmes de promotion de la santé dans le milieu du travail sont des interventions complexes qui requièrent une compréhension des facteurs de risque pour l’identification des populations à cibler. Leur développement s’appuie souvent sur des méthodes de montage de projet qui ne tiennent pas compte de principes de promotion de la santé de la Charte d’Ottawa. Des approches méthodologiques adaptées sont nécessaires pour comprendre le fonctionnement de ces programmes. Objectifs Mener une réflexion autour de la promotion de la santé dans le milieu du travail à travers : (i) le développement de la « théorie de programme » d’une intervention de promotion de la santé intitulée « Plus Saine la Vie » réalisée à la Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français (SNCF) et (ii) l’identification des déterminants du diabète de type 2 et de l’hypertension artérielle que l’on peut mesurer en routine auprès d’une population de salariés en surpoids en milieu du travail. Méthodes L’outil de catégorisation des résultats de Promotion Santé Suisse a été utilisé pour développer la « théorie de programme » à l’aide d’une approche inductive fondée sur la documentation disponible sur l’intervention et l’observation de celle-ci sur le terrain. Vingt réunions itératives du comité de pilotage de l’intervention ont assuré la validation du processus qui a abouti au modèle final. Ensuite, nous avons utilisé la méthode de conception de programme proposée par Fry et Zask (2016) pour comprendre quels leviers d’action de la Charte d’Ottawa ont été mobilisés par l’intervention. L’identification des déterminants du diabète de type 2 et de l’hypertension artérielle a été réalisée par deux études transversales auprès des salariés en surpoids de la SNCF volontaires pour participer à un dépistage lors de la visite périodique de médecine du travail (janvier 2011- mars 2015). Résultats Une première « théorie de programme » a été développée avec des informations détaillées sur les activités, les résultats intermédiaires et les objectifs de l’intervention. Quatre axes stratégiques de la Charte d’Ottawa ont été mobilisés par l’intervention : création d’environnements favorables à la santé, renforcement de l’action communautaire, acquisition d’aptitudes individuelles et réorientation des services de santé. Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, les quatre déterminants suivants ont été identifiés pour expliquer une hyperglycémie chez les salariés en surpoids : le sexe masculin, un âge ≥50 ans, une pression artérielle élevée (≥140/90 mm Hg), et une consommation quotidienne de produits sucrés. De plus, six déterminants ont été identifiés pour expliquer une pression artérielle élevée : le sexe masculin, un âge ≥40 ans, un indice de masse corporelle compris entre 27,5 et 29,9 kg/m², une hyperglycémie (mesurée par la glycémie capillaire ≥ 7 mmol/L), un risque élevé d'apnée du sommeil, et le travail de nuit. À l'inverse, être cadre au sein de la SNCF a été identifié comme un facteur protecteur de pression artérielle élevée. Discussion Notre travail propose un cadre conceptuel pour modéliser les programmes de promotion de la santé dans le milieu du travail et relève ainsi, par l’exemple concret de l’action « Plus Saine la Vie », comment certains des axes stratégiques de la Charte d’Ottawa ont pu être mobilisés dans le milieu du travail. Enfin, l’identification de déterminants du diabète de type 2 et de l’hypertension artérielle au cours d’une visite systématique de médecine du travail des salariés en surpoids montre la faisabilité d’interventions ciblées de promotion de la santé dans le milieu du travail. / Background Workplace health promotion programmes are complex interventions that need a wide understanding of risk factors to target high risk populations. The implementation of these programmes often requires the mobilization of classical methods of programme design and planning. However, these methods usually are not based on the Ottawa Charter five priority areas which provides a framework ensuring programme effectiveness. Understanding how a specific program is supposed to work is a crucial point in health promotion and could contribute to the appropriate programme planning and implementation. Thus, programme theory is a practical tool which captures the complexity of a programme by clarifying its objectives, activities and expected outcomes. Objective The aim of this work was to provide a deep insight about workplace health promotion by (i) developping the underlying programme theory of a health promotion programme entitled “Plus Saine la Vie” (“Healthier Life”) carried out in the French National Railways Company (SNCF) and (ii) identifying the factors that are associated with type 2 diabetes and hypertension and can be routinely measured in French overweight employees to develop targeted preventive strategies in the workplace. Methods The “Swiss Model for Outcome Classification in Health Promotion and Prevention” was used to develop the programme theory. Then, we used the design process proposed by Fry and Zask (2016) to understand which levers of action from the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion had been mobilised in the programme. Secondly, two cross-sectional studies were conducted to identify the determinants of type 2 diabetes and hypertension among SNCF overweight employees who participated in a health screening conducted during their regular occupational health check-up (January 2011-March 2015). Results Our work provides a programme theory with detailed information regarding how this health promotion programme was supposed to work and what it was expected to be implemented in the workplace setting. Moreover, the programme design analysis showed that the programme had mobilised the following Ottawa Charter’s action areas in the workplace setting: “creating supportive environments”, “strengthening community action”, “developing personal skills” and “reorienting health services”. Significant predictors of hyperglycaemia were male sex, age ≥50 years, high blood pressure, and daily intake of sugary food. In addition, male sex, older age (age ≥40), body mass index between 27.5 and 29.9 kg/m², hyperglycaemia, high risk of sleep apnoea, and night work schedule were significantly associated with high blood pressure. Conversely, high job position was identified as a protective factor for high blood pressure. Discussion Our work provides an example of a programme theory which can be used as a framework to develop health promotion programmes in the workplace setting. Moreover, our work presents an analysis of the programme concerning the mobilisation of the Ottawa Charter’s action areas for health promotion in the workplace. Our findings could be used by occupational health professionals to design specific health promotion interventions in the workplace setting to target individuals at high risk for developing hypertension and type 2 diabetes.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os miomas uterinos (MU) são considerados os tumores mais comuns do sistema reprodutor feminino. Estudos norte-americanos demonstram que mulheres negras são mais acometidas pelos MU que as de outros grupos étnico-raciais. No entanto, as causas da desigualdade racial na ocorrência dos tumores permanecem desconhecidas e possíveis mecanismos são pouco explorados na literatura. Em outra direção, devido às características dos MU (crescimento lento e longo período de latência) parte considerável dos estudos epidemiológicos utilizam um delineamento transversal, o que pode gerar problemas metodológicos, como os relacionados à utilização da idade coletada transversalmente (posteriormente a ocorrência dos MU) como proxy da idade do surgimento dos tumores. Assim, este trabalho de tese foi dividido em três partes, como se segue. A primeira, com características descritivas, teve por objetivo estimar a ocorrência de MU autorelatados segundo categorias demográficas e sócio-econômicas na população de estudo (compôs o artigo 1). A segunda, com componente analítico, propôs-se a avaliar o papel da PSE ao longo da vida como mediadora do efeito da cor/raça na ocorrência de MU auto-relatados (compôs o artigo 2). A terceira, com caráter metodológico, teve por objetivo comparar medidas de associação, entre variáveis aferidas transversalmente, em análises que incluem a co-variável idade no momento da coleta de dados e análises que consideram a idade ao diagnóstico dos MU (compôs o artigo 3). Para tanto, foram analisados dados transversais da população feminina participante das duas etapas da linha de base do Estudo Pró-Saúde, referentes à história auto-relatada de diagnóstico médico de MU e ainda a características sócio-demográficas, da vida reprodutiva e de acesso a serviços de saúde. Os resultados evidenciaram o aumento de ocorrência de MU em mulheres de maior idade e com a cor da pele mais escura (artigo 1); que a PSE ao longo da vida não medeia as associações entre cor/raça e MU (artigo 2); e que apesar das diferenças de pequena magnitude, a idade referida no momento da coleta de dados parece ser menos indicada para fins de especificação dos modelos analíticos do que a idade ao diagnóstico dos MU(artigo 3). / The uterine myomas (UM) are considered the most frequent benign neoplasm of the female reproductive system. U.S. studies showed that UM occur more frequently among black women, but the nature of this association remains largely unexplained in the literature. In another direction, due to the characteristics of the UM (slow growth and latency period) considerable amount of epidemiological studies use a cross-sectional design, which can lead to methodological problems such as those related to the use of age collected transversally (later the occurrence of UM) as a proxy for age of onset of tumors. This thesis was divided into three parts, as follows. The first, descriptive, aimed to estimate the occurrence of self-reported UM by demographic and socio-economic characteristics in the study population (article 1). The second, whit an analytical component, aimed to evaluate the role of life-course SEP like mediator of the effect of color/race in the occurrence of self-reported UM (article 2). The third, with a methodological nature, aimed comparing measures of association between variables collected transversally, in analysis that include the covariate age at the time of data collection and analysis that considered the age at diagnosis of UM (article 3).For this, we analyzed cross-sectional data from selfadministered questionnaires completed by female civil servants at a Rio de Janeiro university during the baseline data collection of the Pró-Saúde Study. The analyzed variables were: self-reported history of medical diagnosis of UM, UM with symptoms prior to diagnosis, hysterectomy due to UM and also the socio-demographic characteristics, reproductive life and health care access variables. The results showed that UM risk increased with the age and darkening of skin color, and the lifecourse SEP did not mediate this association (articles 1 and 2); and that despite differences of small magnitude, it seems that the age at the time of data collection is less recommended than the age at diagnosis in cross-sectional analysis (article 3).

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os miomas uterinos (MU) são considerados os tumores mais comuns do sistema reprodutor feminino. Estudos norte-americanos demonstram que mulheres negras são mais acometidas pelos MU que as de outros grupos étnico-raciais. No entanto, as causas da desigualdade racial na ocorrência dos tumores permanecem desconhecidas e possíveis mecanismos são pouco explorados na literatura. Em outra direção, devido às características dos MU (crescimento lento e longo período de latência) parte considerável dos estudos epidemiológicos utilizam um delineamento transversal, o que pode gerar problemas metodológicos, como os relacionados à utilização da idade coletada transversalmente (posteriormente a ocorrência dos MU) como proxy da idade do surgimento dos tumores. Assim, este trabalho de tese foi dividido em três partes, como se segue. A primeira, com características descritivas, teve por objetivo estimar a ocorrência de MU autorelatados segundo categorias demográficas e sócio-econômicas na população de estudo (compôs o artigo 1). A segunda, com componente analítico, propôs-se a avaliar o papel da PSE ao longo da vida como mediadora do efeito da cor/raça na ocorrência de MU auto-relatados (compôs o artigo 2). A terceira, com caráter metodológico, teve por objetivo comparar medidas de associação, entre variáveis aferidas transversalmente, em análises que incluem a co-variável idade no momento da coleta de dados e análises que consideram a idade ao diagnóstico dos MU (compôs o artigo 3). Para tanto, foram analisados dados transversais da população feminina participante das duas etapas da linha de base do Estudo Pró-Saúde, referentes à história auto-relatada de diagnóstico médico de MU e ainda a características sócio-demográficas, da vida reprodutiva e de acesso a serviços de saúde. Os resultados evidenciaram o aumento de ocorrência de MU em mulheres de maior idade e com a cor da pele mais escura (artigo 1); que a PSE ao longo da vida não medeia as associações entre cor/raça e MU (artigo 2); e que apesar das diferenças de pequena magnitude, a idade referida no momento da coleta de dados parece ser menos indicada para fins de especificação dos modelos analíticos do que a idade ao diagnóstico dos MU(artigo 3). / The uterine myomas (UM) are considered the most frequent benign neoplasm of the female reproductive system. U.S. studies showed that UM occur more frequently among black women, but the nature of this association remains largely unexplained in the literature. In another direction, due to the characteristics of the UM (slow growth and latency period) considerable amount of epidemiological studies use a cross-sectional design, which can lead to methodological problems such as those related to the use of age collected transversally (later the occurrence of UM) as a proxy for age of onset of tumors. This thesis was divided into three parts, as follows. The first, descriptive, aimed to estimate the occurrence of self-reported UM by demographic and socio-economic characteristics in the study population (article 1). The second, whit an analytical component, aimed to evaluate the role of life-course SEP like mediator of the effect of color/race in the occurrence of self-reported UM (article 2). The third, with a methodological nature, aimed comparing measures of association between variables collected transversally, in analysis that include the covariate age at the time of data collection and analysis that considered the age at diagnosis of UM (article 3).For this, we analyzed cross-sectional data from selfadministered questionnaires completed by female civil servants at a Rio de Janeiro university during the baseline data collection of the Pró-Saúde Study. The analyzed variables were: self-reported history of medical diagnosis of UM, UM with symptoms prior to diagnosis, hysterectomy due to UM and also the socio-demographic characteristics, reproductive life and health care access variables. The results showed that UM risk increased with the age and darkening of skin color, and the lifecourse SEP did not mediate this association (articles 1 and 2); and that despite differences of small magnitude, it seems that the age at the time of data collection is less recommended than the age at diagnosis in cross-sectional analysis (article 3).

Objectives Different studies have reported the association between perceived stress and unhealthy diet choices. We aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between perceived stress and fat intake among undergraduate medical students. Methods/Principal findings A cross-sectional study was performed including first-year medical students. The outcome of interest was the self-report of fat intake assessed using the Block Screening Questionnaire for Fat Intake (high vs. low intake), whereas the exposure was perceived stress (low/ normal vs. high levels). The prevalence of high fat intake was estimated and the association of interest was determined using prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Models were created utilizing Poisson regression with robust standard errors. Data from 523 students were analyzed, 52.0% female, mean age 19.0 (SD 1.7) years. The prevalence of high fat intake was 42.4% (CI: 38.2%–46.7%). In multivariate model and compared with those with lowest levels of stress, those in the middle (PR = 1.59; 95%CI: 1.20–2.12) and highest (PR = 1.92; 95%CI: 1.46–2.53) categories of perceived stress had greater prevalence of fat intake. Gender was an effect modifier of this association (p = 0.008). Conclusions Greater levels of perceived stress were associated with higher fat intake, and this association was stronger among males. More than 40% of students reported having high fat consumption. Our results suggest the need to implement strategies that promote decreased fat intake.

Introduction: The study ‘Mental healthcare provision for adults with intellectual disability and a mental disorder’ (MEMENTA) is a cross-sectional epidemiological study carried out in three different regions of Germany. Its main aim is to assess the prevalence of mental disorders in adults with intellectual disability (ID) as well as quality of mental healthcare for this population. Methods and analysis: The target population are persons aged between 18 and 65 years with a mild or moderate ID. The study population will be recruited through service providers. A representative sample is realised by two-stage sampling. First, institutions providing services for people with ID (sheltered workshops) are selected in a stratified cluster sampling, with strata being (1) types of service-providing non-governmental organisations and (2) sizes of their sheltered workshops. Then persons working in selected sheltered workshops are selected by simple random sampling. An estimated number of 600 adults with ID will be included. Information will be obtained from the group leaders in the sheltered workshops, informal carers or staff members in sheltered housing institutions and the person with ID. Besides the main outcome parameter of psychiatric symptomatology and problem behaviour, other outcome parameters such as needs for care, quality of life, caregiver burden, health services utilisation and costs for care are assessed using well-established standardised instruments. If a comorbid mental disorder is diagnosed, quality of mental healthcare will be assessed with open questions to all interview partners and, in addition, problem-focused interviews with a small subgroup. Analyses will be carried out using quantitative and qualitative methods. Ethics and dissemination: Approval of all three local ethics committees was obtained. Research findings will add much needed empirical information in order to improve services provided to this vulnerable group of patients.

No description available.