Uppsatsens syfte är att bidra till en djupare förståelse för hur applåden fungerar som en ritual under den klassiska konserten samt hur praxis kring den traderas, då den klassiska konsertens ritualer och normer kan kännas underliga och avskräckande för den som aldrig närvarat vid en sådan. Med en kvalitativ intervjumetod har två informanter frågats om deras upplevelser och tankar kring applåder och den klassiska konserten. Det empiriska material som skapats används som grund för en analys med hjälp av Bourdieus sociologiska begrepp fält, habitus och kapital, Ronald L. Grimes tankar kring det rituella fältet, samt övergripande ritualteori för att bidra med en djupare förståelse kring applåden i samband med den klassiska konserten. Applåden som ritual skapar social mening, signalerar uppskattning för det som publiken upplevt och bildar även en känsla av grupptillhörighet och solidaritet. Applåden upplevs vara viktig för att de som deltagit under konserten ska få utlopp för sina känslor och kommunicera detta mellan publik och musiker, och även sinsemellan den sittande publiken, särskilt i en miljö som kan upplevas som disciplinerad och stram. Traderingen av applådens praxis sker delvis genom misstag då en individ prövar sig fram i konsertupplevelsen, samt genom observation av erfarna i publiken. Presentatörer och andra nyckelpersoner kan bidra med en förklaring av en konsert innan den börjar för att underlätta för deltagarna, och det rika material som finns på olika konserthus hemsidor bidrar med en chans att låta den nyfikna förbereda sig innan den tar klivet in i en ny miljö. Även om det kan applåderas fel under en konsert så kan detta under vissa förutsättningar leda till en delad positiv upplevelse som på sikt kan leda till en lättad syn på applåden under den klassiska konserten.

Vi è un ampio e diffuso consenso che suggerisce che il tirocinio (internship), come forma di apprendimento esperienziale, può essere uno strumento efficace per lo sviluppo delle competenze tecniche e trasferibili degli studenti e quindi come strumento di rafforzamento dell'occupabilità (employabiltiy) dei laureati. Numerosi studi hanno anche scoperto che le esperienze internazionali possono sviluppare le competenze più apprezzate dai datori di lavoro. Questa ricerca affronta una lacuna all'intersezione di questi due campi di studio. La maggior parte degli studi analizza le esperienze internazionali con un focus distintivo sull'aspetto internazionale e non sui diversi tipi di esperienze, ad es. studiare all’estero rispetto a fare un tirocinio (internship) all’estero. La domanda a cui questo studio si propone di rispondere è se il tirocinio (internship) e il contesto internazionale abbinati estendono l'esperienza di apprendimento oltre a quella sviluppata attraverso un tirocinio domestico da solo. Quando la progettazione di questo studio è stata inizialmente pianificata, è stato fatto un grande sforzo per identificare uno strumento per misurare l'occupabilità (employability) nel modo più obiettivo possibile. Le misurazioni basate sull’utilizzo di giochi digitali (digital game-based assessments) sono state identificate come lo strumento più appropriato per farlo in modo obiettivo. In questo studio i comportamenti che definiscono l’occupabilita’ (employability) degli studenti risultato in oltre 30 indicatori quantitativi. Questi indicatori convergono con le competenze trasferibili che sono state identificate come quelle richieste dal mercato del lavoro e ampiamente analizzate nella letteratura sull'occupabilità (employability). I dati per questo studio sono stati raccolti nel triennio 2017-19 e sono stati coinvolti un totale di 1315 studenti italiani. L'analisi fattoriale esplorativa ha esaminato la struttura alla base degli indicatori di occupabilità (employability) generati dalle valutazioni basate sul gioco digitale (digital game-based assessments). I risultati rivelano diversi temi significativi che contribuiscono ulteriormente alla conoscenza e comprensione di ciò che influenza l'occupabilità (employability) dei laureati. Il primo risultato che emerge dalle analisi di questo studio risponde alla domanda di ricerca. Quando un tirocinio (internship) si svolge all’estero, c'è un apprendimento esperienziale aggiuntivo dato dal contesto internazionale, che contribuisce ulteriormente all'apprendimento esperienziale e trasformativo già sviluppato attraverso un tirocinio (internship) domestico. Inoltre, risulta anche che questo elemento aggiuntivo sia associato a comportamenti di occupabilità (employability) legati a fattori cognitivi e non sociali. Ciò contrasta con gli studi precedenti sull'impatto delle esperienze internazionali, che generalmente associano questo tipo di esperienze allo sviluppo di competenze di tipo sociale e interpersonale. Questo studio rileva infine che quando sembra esserci una superiorità degli studenti maschi nei comportamenti di occupabilità (employability) legati dalle capacità cognitive, questa superiorità scompare quando associata a stage internazionali. / There is a large and widespread consensus suggesting that internships, as one form of experiential learning, can be an effective instrument for the development of students’ technical and transferable skills and therefore as enhancing graduate employability. Separately, studies have found that international experiences can develop the skills most valued by employers. This research addresses a gap at the intersection of these two fields of study. Most studies analyze international experiences with a distinctive focus on the international and not on the different types of experiences, e.g. study abroad versus internships. The question this study aims to answer is whether an internship and an international context combine to extend the learning experience beyond that developed through a domestic internship alone. When the design of this study was initially planned, much effort was put into identifying a tool to measure employability in the most objective way possible. Digital game-based assessments were identified as the most appropriate tool to do this objectively. Insights into behaviors in this study result in over 30 quantitative descriptors of employability, which converge with the lists of transferable skills that have been identified as those demanded by the labor market and extensively analyzed in the employability literature. The data for this study was collected over three years 2017-19, and a total of 1315 Italian students were involved. Exploratory factor analysis examined the structure underlying the employability descriptors generated by the digital game-based assessments. The findings reveal several significant themes that further contribute to our current knowledge and understanding of what influences graduates’ employability. The first finding answers the research question. When an internship takes place in a country different from that of the student’s home, there is additional experiential learning from the international context, which contributes further to the experiential and transformative learning already developed through the internship. It also appears that this additional element is associated with employability behaviors predicted by Cognitive and not Social factors. This contrasts with earlier studies on the impact of international experiences, which generally find that social and interpersonal skills are developed. This study also finds that when there appears to be a gender bias toward male students in employability behaviors predicted by cognitive abilities, this bias disappears when associated with international internships.

The aim of this paper is exploring questions regarding the problem of absenteeism among high-school students in Sweden. Fifteen students attending an urban high-school have been interviewed about their views and experiences of absenteeism. The author analyzes the students’ answers by taking into account two different sociological approaches which give two different explanations about the way young people experience and estimate education. The French sociologist Bourdieu theorized that differences in cultural capital influence the permanent internalization of patterns of thought and behavior. Bourdieu defined as habitus the result of the process of internalization of cultural and social structures which affects the way individuals think and act. The German pedagogue Thomas Ziehe explored the changes in norms and tradition connected with the modernization of society. Ziehe argued that we are witnessing a period of cultural release and erosion crisis that have deeply affected and changed the lives of young people today.  What does influence students’ attitude towards absenteeism? Does absenteeism reflect different possession of cultural resources or may be explained by the changes in norms that have occurred over recent decades? The findings of this study show that the students’ socio-economical background still matters in affecting their opinions and attitude towards absenteeism, but that is not an exhaustive argument in explaining all the reasons why students do not go till school. The students’ answer suggested that the relation to the teacher may be a determining factor in explaining absenteeism.

Diploma thesis "Lifestyle and Social Capital 'active young generation'" discusses the background of the relevant theoretical anchor, the two dimensions of individual life in society - the lifestyle that is in this work conceived as a space for identity formation (through the dimension of consumerism) and it operationalize the concept of leisure sports and related sportive activities, the second dimension is the theme of social capital, in accordance with its structural components (egocentric individual networks) and cultural aspects (defined by degree of tolerance and social trust ). The aim of this work is through the empirical sociological analysis of representative survey ISSP 2007 Volný cas a sport and Distinkce a hodnoty 2008, map to the active lifestyle of the individual in its socio-demographic and socio-economic determinants, monitors the process of sport socialization within the family and close friends and value preferences and orientation, the which may be active in leisure sports potential impact. In conclusion, this work deals with effects of sports on the components of social capital.

The diploma thesis Economic and social interaction during Normalization era is is based on qualitative research. It deals with issues of system of return services and barter exchange in non - cash market in 1970's and 1980's in Czechoslovakia. The centrally planned economy was not able to produce enough consumer goods and meet the demand of the population. Employees, who worked in department stores, took easier approach to consumer goods than others. They excercised power over distribution and they traded some commodities for another services. As a research method applied is oral history. The primary sources used are narrative interview and secondary history literature.

The purpose of this study was to examine teachers' perceived changes in cultural, human, and social capital as a result of professional development. Research in the area of effective professional development is substantial. Similarly, the body of research on cultural, human, and social networks is extensive. This research is significant in that it aims to marry the body of research surrounding professional development and the bodies of research in cultural, human, and social capital. A case study approach was used to conduct an in-depth look at teachers' practices through teacher interviews and classroom observations. All teachers in the study participated in a high school level college-access program aimed at increasing the college-going rate of under-served youth. Further, each participant had at least three years' experience in the program. The research suggests that there may be a teacher typology even within a voluntary college preparatory program. This typology is not limited to the suggested categories of this study. Nor does this typology suggest that teachers are stagnant categories of this study. Nor does this typology suggest that teachers are stagnant within their assigned typology. Rather, the research suggests that there is a continuum of teacher ability with regards to implementation of practices and ideas around cultural, human, and social capital. Outcomes suggest that school administrators should examine their practices in monitoring and supporting the implementation of professional development. Further, school administrators should consider matching school reform initiative with teacher type. Recommendations for future research include expanding the research both within the college-preparatory program and with teachers not involved in a college-preparatory program. Future research may also want to analyze how professional development influences the development of other forms of capital.

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The Swedish television game show series På spåret has aired since 1987. Participation in På spåret has been connected to prestige and status, where a display of knowledge is seen as admirable, but unsuccessful performances are stigmatized. This is a possible result of the television show’s representations of cultural capital. The aim of this study is to examine how cultural capital is represented in På spåret, and how these representations have changed over time. The study is grounded in Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of embodied, objectified, and institutionalized cultural capital. Furthermore, Stuart Hall and Roland Barthes are used to explain representations in media and their meaning. A multimodal critical discourse analysis was used on three episodes from three seasons: 1987, 2004/2005 and 2022/2023. The analysis concerned linguistic aspects, where connotations, modality and authority were analyzed, as well as visual aspects, where objects and settings were examined through the lens of denotation and connotation. It was found that both linguistic and visual aspects mattered in the representation of cultural capital. The linguistic aspects mostly concerned words with connotations to formal situations or knowledge, and expressions of authority through knowledge, while the visual aspects included pictures of architecture and art or objects such as books and clothing. Some representations changed over time, primarily the studio and the tonality, as well as the distance between audience and participants which increased throughout the seasons. The study provides a new perspective on cultural capital in television and shows how television affects power relations and symbolic violence.

Med tanke på den variationsrikedom som finns bland svenska medborgare är det relevant att arbeta för en ökad mångfald på arbetsplatserna i samhället. Att öka mångfalden och attraktiviteten för polisyrket är ett aktuellt ämne då Polismyndigheten har som ambition att bibehålla den kompetens som mångfald tillför samt för att spegla det samhälle de verkar i. Antagningsstatistik visar att individer med utländsk bakgrund har svårare att klara antagningsprocessen till polisutbildningen till skillnad från individer med svensk bakgrund. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka om individer med utländsk bakgrund har svårare att klara prövningen till polisutbildningen i Sverige samt jämföra och studera individernfrågeställningas bakgrund för att bilda kunskap och få en ökad förståelse om vad som kan vara meriterande utöver de formella behörighetskraven. Med en huvudfrågeställning samt två underfrågor har empirin formats av en kvantitativ enkätundersökning som bygger på en positivistisk metodansats. Resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av teorier och begrepp som antar ett sociologiskt perspektiv; Pierre Bourdieus habitus, kulturellt- och socialt kapital samt Paulina De los Reyes och Diana Mulinaris intersektionalitet. Utifrån den insamlade empirin visar studien att individer med utländsk bakgrund har liknande möjligheter att klara prövningen till polisutbildningen i Sverige, som en individ med svensk bakgrund. Respondenterna har liknande bakgrunder, ett liknande habitus, sociala- samt kulturella kapitaltillgångar. Det är svårt att se hur prövningen till polisutbildningen i Sverige förhåller sig till individens multipla identiteter och till begreppet mångfald, då man utifrån ett intersektionellt perspektiv på antagningsprocessen inte kan synliggöra en ojämlikhet mellan individer med svensk- och utländsk bakgrund där man bortsett från att ta hänsyn till att respondenterna kan tillhöra flera kategorier samtidigt. / It is relevant to work towards increased diversity in the society ́s workplaces due to the substantial variation of ethnicities among Swedish citizens. To increase the diversity and attraction towards the police profession is a current subject because Polismyndigheten embodies certain ambitions to withhold the competence that diversity brings, as well as reflecting the society they provide in. Admission statistics shows that individuals with foreign background have a harder time during the admission process in comparison to people with Swedish background. The purpose of this study have been to research why individuals with foreign background have a tougher time to complete that trails of Swedish police education, along with comparing and studying individuals background to gain an improved understanding about what appears to bo admirable in addition to the formal eligibility requirements. The empirical have been formed by a quantitative survey that builds on a positivistic method comprised of a main issue together with two follow-up questions. The results have been analyzed using theories and concepts that assumes a sociological perspective; Pierre Bourdieus habitus, cultural- and social capital, along Paulina De los Reyes and Diana Mulinaris intersectionality. The study shows that individuals with foreign background have similar possibilities regarding completing the trails of Swedish police education in comparison to those of Swedish background, based on the collected empiricism. The respondents have similar backgrounds, similar habitus, social- and cultural capital assets. It is difficult to understand how the trails of police education in Sweden relate to individuals multiple identities in addition to the concept diversity, because of the inability to see an inequality between people with Swedish or foreign background during the admission process based on an intersectional perspective where the respondents could potentially belong to more categories simultaneously.

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