The name of the study means “The short arm - a study in diversity and arm’s length in the cultural collaboration model”. Right now there is a reform in the Swedish cultural administration where the responsibility for handing out state funds and grants to cultural organizations is changing from the state government to the local regional governments. The purpose of this study is to map the organisational changes caused by the reform and investigate how this affects the regional policies concerning cultural diversity and the arm’s length principle. The study has found that the regional governments have mainly adapted existing structures to incorporate the necessary changes for the cultural collaboration model. The exception being the non government organizations that have made considerable changes to their organizations. While cultural diversity is still strong in the model arm’s length principle has been hollowed out. / Just nu pågår en stor reform inom kulturpolitiken där ansvaret för fördelningen av statens medel till kultur förflyttas från staten till regionerna och landstingen. Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga den organisationsomvandling inom det kulturpolitiska fältet som sker på grund av reformen samt undersöka hur detta påverkar regionernas arbete med kulturell mångfald och armlängdsavstånd. Studien har funnit att inga större förändringar har skett i de regionala organisationerna, utan att de anpassat redan existerande organisationsstrukturer. Undantaget har varit intresseorganisationerna som gjort större förändringar i sina organisationer. Även om kulturell mångfald fortfarande är starkt i modellen har principen om armlängds avstånd blivit urholkad.

Cette thèse de géographie porte sur la mobilité internationale des artistes. Mes travaux ont consisté à étudier les pratiques et les discours des artistes rhônalpins, plus spécifiquement dans le domaine du spectacle vivant, au regard des politiques culturelles et de leurs dispositifs. J’ai questionné ces pratiques (déplacements, construction de projets, création, diffusion) dans leur relation à l’espace et aux territoires, non par le prisme de l’ancrage mais par celui d’une mobilité internationale qui paraissait tout autant normale que valorisée aux yeux des artistes. Sur un plan théorique, ces pratiques ont été interrogées à travers la notion de nomadisme, abondamment mobilisée tant par les analystes que par les artistes eux-mêmes. La thèse consiste à déconstruire la conception de la mobilité des artistes comme une pratique nomade en proposant une analyse en termes de spatialités et de territorialités, laquelle décline plusieurs modalités de relations à la distance, au mouvement, aux institutions et à l’altérité. De 2012 à 2014, j’ai bâti et appliqué un protocole méthodologique impliquant tout d’abord la construction d’un terrain mobile afin de capter et comprendre au mieux le mouvement dans l’espace. Cette méthodologie a consisté à articuler un point de vue fixe (étude des politiques culturelles à plusieurs niveaux, des données issues du dispositif de la Région et des discours d’opérateurs culturels) et un point de vu mobile (entretien avec des artistes mobiles à l’international et observation de projets d’artistes à Montréal, Ouagadougou et Barcelone). Cette thèse dessine une géographie de la mondialisation culturelle par les voyages des artistes. Découlant des déplacements, elle reflète les affinités des artistes mais aussi les espaces de projection des territoires dont ils sont issus ainsi que des dynamiques de développement des marchés du spectacle vivant. Cette géographie relativise le poids du cadre européen et met en lumière un jeu de territorialités qui articule les ici (composés des relations institutionnelles aux différents niveaux de territoires dans lesquels les artistes s’inscrivent) et les ailleurs (composés des différentes destinations et de leur poids symbolique, humain et matériel investi puis véhiculé artistiquement). Loin d’un nomadisme généralisé et généralisant, l’étude des territorialités mobiles des artistes est révélatrice d’un rôle politique et symbolique des territoires dans la mondialisation culturelle. / This dissertation deals with the international mobility of artists, especially about performing arts in relation with cultural policies. The object of my study is artistic practices (displacements, projects, creation, distribution) in connection with space and territories. This is not tackled from the angle of anchorage but from that of mobility, expressed by artists as a normal and valorised activity. These practices have been questioned through the prism of nomadism - a notion that has been massively used by mobility analysts as well as by mobility actors themselves and criticized in the context of the new mobilities paradigm. In accordance with this paradigm, the dissertation discusses this romantic reading of mobility by analysing artistic mobility in terms of spatialities and territories, in relation with distance, movement, institutions or otherness. From 2012 to 2014, I applied mobile methods by building a mobile field in order to focus on and understand spatial movement. This methodology articulates a static point of view (study of cultural policies, of data from institutions and of cultural operators’ speeches) and a mobile one (interviews with artists on the move, observations abroad). This dissertation draws a geography of cultural globalization based on artists’ travels. It shows places visited by French artists in the context of economic trends and geopolitical logics. This geography balances the weight of the European Union as a political framework for cultural policies and artistic cooperation. It also lays emphasis on the relation with territories articulating places here (a multi-level institutional relationship) and places elsewhere (a multi-located way of creating). Far from the generalising idea of nomadism, this territorial study by artistic mobility reveals a political and symbolic action of territories in cultural globalization.

This study investigates the cultural policies of identity that were conducted by the culture public agencies of the State of Alagoas in two administrations: the Ronaldo Lessa Government (1999-2006) and the Teotônio Vilela Filho Government (2007-2014). It addresses the issue of identity in its inseparable relationship with the "cultural" and narratives of formation and orientation of the nation-state in Brazil - connections that mostly orbit in the sphere of cultural policies and which have been elaborated through a long Intergenerational process, full of conceptual displacements and political struggles. In this sense, it exposes the main moments in which, in the course of the 20th century, and at the beginning of the 21st century, the production of identity politics came together with the elaboration of cultural policies and materialized at the state level, highlighting their essential characteristics, agents and Movements responsible for their texture and the conditions of possibility that allowed their respective articulations. The Alagoan developments of this process were gathered from documentary research and interviews with state agents who participated actively in the elaboration of cultural policies in the mentioned period. From this juncture, the text presents the first policies of valorization of the identity that were conducted in the Lessa Government, its folkloristic outlines and the alienation of the cultural sector in the face of the large identity politics of valorization of the afroalagoanidade that were conducted by other state sectors. Similarly, the text outlines the institutional transformations and adaptation efforts conducted by SECULT to conform to the molds proposed by the Ministry of Culture in its most active period - a process that leads to a restricted assimilation of the UNESCO discourse repertoire, Professionalism in the sector, but that converts the Secretariat into a kind of local executor satellite of the cultural policies prescribed by the MinC. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Este trabalho investiga as políticas culturais de identidade que foram conduzidas pelos órgãos de cultura do Estado de Alagoas em duas gestões: o Governo Ronaldo Lessa (1999-2006) e o Governo Teotônio Vilela Filho (2007-2014). Aborda o tema da identidade em sua indissociável relação com o “cultural” e com as narrativas de formação e orientação do Estado-nação no Brasil - conexões que orbitam, em sua maioria, na esfera das políticas culturais e que foram elaboradas através de um longo processo intergeracional, repleto de deslocamentos conceituais e lutas políticas. Nesse sentido, expõe os principais momentos em que, no decorrer do século XX, e no início do século XXI, a produção de políticas de identidade confluiu com a elaboração de políticas culturais e se materializam no âmbito estatal, destacando suas características essenciais, agentes e movimentos responsáveis por sua tessitura e as condições de possibilidade que permitiram suas respectivas articulações. Os desdobramentos alagoanos desse processo foram recolhidos a partir de pesquisas documentais e entrevistas com os agentes estatais que participaram ativamente da elaboração de políticas culturais no citado período. A partir dessa conjuntura, o texto apresenta as primeiras políticas de valorização da identidade que foram conduzidas no Governo Lessa, seus contornos folcloristas e o alheamento do setor cultural em face às vultosas políticas de identidade de valorização da afroalagoanidade que foram conduzidas por outros setores estatais. De modo semelhante, o texto delineia as transformações institucionais e os esforços de adaptação, conduzidos pela SECULT, para se alinhar aos moldes propostos pelo Ministério da Cultura em seu período de maior atividade – processo que conduz uma restrita assimilação do repertório discursivo UNESCO, proporciona um impulso de profissionalização no setor, mas que converte a Secretaria em uma espécie de satélite executor local das políticas culturais prescritas pelo MinC.

L’enjeu de cette recherche est celui de voir dans quelle mesure l’action culturelle s’intègre au processus de métropolisation, dans le sens d’un renforcement du poids des métropoles en tant qu’acteurs politiques de la mondialisation. Ainsi, il sera question de voir comment la culture prend part aux stratégies métropolitaines dans le contexte de mondialisation faisant peser différents impératifs à l’action publique (visibilité de l’action publique, cohésion des territoires urbains, transparence de l’action publique, intégration au système d’échange international entre métropoles…). Ainsi, essentiellement via la démarche de projet, nous pouvons parler d’une intégration de l’action culturelle métropolitaine dans le système de contraintes de la métropolisation, guidant partiellement les principes de l’action culturelle et ce qui en est attendu. Cela se traduit essentiellement à travers un processus d’hétéronomisation de l’action culturelle, sous la forme d’une intégration progressive de la culture dans une stratégie métropolitaine, achevant les processus d’instrumentalisation qui ont pu exister à partir des années 80 au profit du développement économique ou du développement social. Cette situation se traduit par ailleurs par l’évolution du jeu des acteurs de la politique culturelle métropolitaine. Il est en conséquence possible de parler d’une pluralisation de l’action culturelle. Suivant chaque contexte, cette pluralisation prend plus ou moins d’ampleur et s’effectue dans des directions différentes, requérant ainsi une forte prise en compte des logiques d’encastrement socioterritorial. In fine, cela met en exergue la constitution d’un nouveau modèle d’action publique culturelle pour les métropoles dont l’influence ne se décèle plus, comme c’était le cas des villes, dans la politique culturelle sectorisée d’inspiration d’un ministère de la culture étatique, mais dans l’action transversale et territorialisée de l’Union européenne. Dans une démarche comparative, nous nous appuyons sur l’étude de projets directement culturels ou ayant des répercussions sur ce secteur de l’action publique dans quatre villes européennes : Barcelone, Bordeaux, Strasbourg et Stuttgart. / The issue of this research is the one to analyze to what extent the cultural action is integrated to the metropolization process, in the sense of a reinforcement of the weight of Metropolis as political stakeholder of globalization. Thus, we will discuss the way culture takes part in the metropolitan strategies in a globalized context, having for consequence to weight on the different imperatives of public action (visibility for public policy, cohesion of urban territories, transparency of public policy, integration to the international exchange system of metropolises,…) Therefore, essentially through the set-up of project, we can evoke the integration of the metropolitan cultural action in a system of constraint due to globalization; system, which partially induces the principles of cultural action and what could be expected of it. This is mainly translated by a process of heteronomization of cultural action, by a progressive integration of cultural policy into the metropolitan strategies, completing the process of instrumentalization initiated in the 80’s in favor of economic and social development. This situation is also translated by an evolution of the strategies of actors, of the metropolitan cultural policy. As a consequence we can possibly talk about pluralization of the cultural action. According to each context, this pluralization is more or profound and is heading towards different directions, calling for an important consideration for socio-territorial embodiment logics. Finally, this stresses on the constitution of a new model of cultural public policy for metropolises whom influences is no more, as it was the case for cities, in a sector-based cultural policy inspired by the state-driven action of a ministry for culture, but is now anchored in the cross-sector and territorialized action of the European Union. In a comparative perspective, we are relying on the study of projects intrinsically cultural or impacting on this sector of public action in four european cities : Barcelona, Bordeaux, Strasbourg and Stuttgart.

A pesquisa partiu da seguinte pergunta matriz: Existem políticas públicas para a cultura do campo no Brasil? O trabalho exigiu um entendimento de natureza teórico-conceitual sobre as políticas culturais e a cultura do campo, partindo de referenciais dispersos que possibilitariam um olhar crítico para o que pudesse ser encontrado em um trabalho empírico. Os referenciais utilizados foram articulados na perspectiva de uma consciência das relações de poder e dominação que influenciam e desafiam a realidade analisada. Por sua vez, o trabalho empírico procurou levantar e discutir as ações culturais do Estado brasileiro que abrangem ou estão voltadas para as populações rurais. A pesquisa verificou que não há no país nenhuma política sistemática pensada especificamente para a cultura do campo. O que existe são ações e programas com objetivos de outra natureza que acabam abrangendo o desenvolvimento cultural das populações campesinas. Considerando que cerca de 30 milhões de pessoas vivem no campo, pode-se afirmar que: i) os apoios existentes às práticas culturais rurais são escassos perto da demanda existente e enfrentam inúmeras dificuldades para se desenvolver; ii) as políticas culturais predominantes em geral as leis de incentivo à cultura são distantes da realidade das populações rurais; iii) há caminhos consistentes para o desenvolvimento da dimensão cultural do campo, que precisam ser crescentemente e continuamente aprofundados na perspectiva de promover mudanças culturais com capacidade de transformar as estruturas de dominação e exploração da realidade brasileira / The research started from the following matrix question: Arte there public policies for the countryside culture in Brazil? The work required an understanding of theoretical-conceptual nature of cultural policies and the rural culture, from scattered references that would enable a critical look at what could be found in an empirical research . The references it used were articulated from the perspective of an awareness of the relations of power and domination that influence and challenge the reality analyzed. In turn, the empirical research sought to raise and discuss the cultural actions of Brazilian State that include or are focused on rural populations. The research found that there is no systematic policy in the country designed specifically for the rural culture. There are only actions and programs, with other goals, that end up covering the cultural development of peasant populations. Considering that around 30 million people live in the countryside, it can be stated that: i) the existing support to rural cultural practices are scarce in relation to the existing demand and face many difficulties to be developed; ii) the prevailing cultural policies in general - laws to encourage culture - are far from the reality of rural communities; iii) there is consistent paths for the development of the cultural dimension of the countryside which need to be increasingly and continuously deepened so as to promote cultural changes with the capacity to transform structures of domination and exploitation within Brazilian reality

This article presents theoretical and empirical insights into how Ljubljana is integrated into the discourse of a creative city through top-down discourses and practices, and how bottom-up activists and stakeholders actively position themselves towards this development. The phenomenon described is an example for the realization of European cultural policy in a local context on the geopolitical and imaginative periphery of “EU-rope”: Slovenia.

Som en följd av att det ekonomiska och kulturella fältet förts samman i större grad, har en ekonomisk logik och terminologi gjort sitt intåg i kultursektorn. Kulturen har kommit att uppmärksammas och erkännas som en viktig ingrediens för ekonomisk tillväxt och samhällsutveckling, något som påverkar vad den förväntas leda till. Kulturpolitiken har bidragit med att sprida idéer om kulturen, samt ställa högre krav på kulturfältet vad gäller mätning, styrning och redovisning. Att kulturen ekonomiserats och behövt anpassa sig till en managementdiskurs blir allt tydligare. Frågan är hur dessa idéer kommit att påverka kulturbidragsorganisationer i deras syn på kultur, då dessa har en nyckelroll i att bestämma vilken typ av kultur som skapas. Uppsatsen syftar till att öka förståelsen kring vad den ökade ekonomiseringen kan ha haft för inverkan på kulturen, närmare bestämt vad kulturen förväntas leda till för att få bidrag. Detta undersöktes genom en flerfallsstudie av två kulturbidrags-organisationer: Kulturbryggan och Postkodlotteriets kulturstiftelse, samt genom kompletterande röster från kulturutövare. Studien visar att inga av samtliga respondenter anser att kulturen bör förväntas leda till ekonomisk tillväxt. Däremot behöver den visa på ett ekonomiskt värde för att kunna legitimeras. I studien går det även att utläsa ökade ekonomiska krav på mätbarhet, redovisning och utvärdering samt ett användande av ett ekonomiskt språkbruk bland respondenterna. Den ökade ekonomiseringen har även medfört ett större administrativt arbete för kulturorganisationer och kulturutövare, vilket påverkar arbetet med kärnverksamheten.

Cette thèse porte sur la genèse de la Politique Nationale des Musées au Brésil dans les années 2000. L’expérience consolide des espaces de mémoire en tant qu’objets d’une politique publique dans le pays et impact le développement de démarches similaires en Amérique du Sud, marquées par les idées de la muséologie sociale. Cette recherche analyse, à la lumière de l’approche cognitive, les variables permettant d’expliquer l’émergence de cette politique muséale, qui configure l’ensemble des actions étatiques envers les musées et leurs collections. Elle s’appuie sur des données issues d'entretiens auprès des décideurs politiques et membres de la communauté muséale, de l'analyse de sources primaires et secondaires sur l’activité des institutions de gestion muséale nationales, des discours, lois et plans stratégiques. Cette étude démontre que l’effort vers le développement des solutions locales pour la gouvernance mémorielle sous l’influence du mouvement de la « nouvelle muséologie », dans le cadre de la montée d’une démarche de reconnaissance de la diversité culturelle, trouve sa place dans l’agenda, lors de l’alternance politique qui permet l’arrivée au sommet de l'État du premier gouvernement de gauche dans le pays. La politique muséale apporte une re-signification symbolique majeure des discours et pratiques mémorielles au Brésil et fonctionne comme un élément de légitimation du nouveau gouvernement, élu grâce à un programme ciblé sur la démocratisation de la structure publique au nom de la « justice sociale ». / This thesis examines the genesis of the National Museums Policy in Brazil in the 2000s. The Brazilian model consolidated memory spaces as objects of public policy and served as a starting point for the development of similar initiatives elsewhere in South America, influenced by the theories of social museology. In order to explain the emergence of this museum policy, which encompassed all state actions towards museums and their collections, this research analyzes a combination of political, social, and cultural factors in the light of the cognitive approach. It draws on data from interviews with policy makers and members of the museum community, and analysis of primary and secondary sources related to the activities of national institutions of museum management, including speeches, legislation, and strategic plans. This thesis demonstrates that efforts towards the development of local solutions to memorial governance – under the influence of the movement of the "new museology," and as part of the rise of a process of recognition of cultural diversity – found its place on the political agenda due to a change of administration that led to the country’s first leftist government. The museum policy marked a major symbolic resignification of memorial discourses and practices in Brazil, and served as a means to legitimate the new government, which had been elected on a platform of democratizing public structures in the name of "social justice".

Comment se construisent, se structurent et s’organisent les filières des industries culturelles et créatives au Burkina Faso ? Quel est leur niveau de développement ? Quels sont les défis actuels auxquels elles sont confrontées et quelles sont les stratégies des acteurs. Ce sont-là les questions que se propose de répondre notre travail de recherche.Le développement des industries culturelles au Burkina Faso est en marche depuis les indépendances et s’est accentué lors de ces dix dernières années. Cette dynamique connait des hauts et des bas au gré des circonstances (environnement), des acteurs et des politiques publiques. Malgré les efforts et les avancées dans le secteur, on note la faible industrialisation de la culture et le caractère dit embryonnaire des filières. Pendant ce temps les espoirs des acteurs placés en ces industries culturelles et créatives pour leurs capacités à créer des richesses et des emplois sont grands et relatifs. Les discours et les pratiques sont souvent contradictoires et les politiques publiques manquent de pragmatisme.Face à cette situation, couplée avec les mutations qui atteignent aujourd’hui les industries culturelles, notre travail s’est évertué à montrer l’état ou l’environnement dans lequel a évolué et évoluent actuellement l’industrialisation de la culture et comment les acteurs à chaque niveau des filières industrielles (Livre, Musique enregistrée, Cinéma et audiovisuel, Jeux vidéo) et des filières dites créatives (Mode et textile et Design & artisanat d’art) s’organisent et structurent leurs secteurs pour continuer d’exister dans un contexte d’ouverture, de mondialisation des œuvres artistiques et culturelles. Enfin, le travail se conclut en s’ouvrant sur les mutations actuelles qui caractérisent les filières industrielles de la culture, tant au niveau des facteurs de production que des stratégies des acteurs.Mots-clésIndustries culturelles ; Industries culturelles et créatives ; Développement culturel ; Filières ; Stratégies d’acteurs ; Politiques culturelles ; Politiques publiques ; Economie de la culture ; Economie politique. / How are built, to structure and organize courses cultural industries and creative in Burkina Faso? What is their level of development? What are the current challenges they are facing and what are the strategies actors? These are just issues that sets out to answer our research work.The development of cultural industries in Burkina Faso is in operation since independence and has intensified over the past ten years. This dynamic knows the ups and downs depending on the circumstances (environment), actors and public policy.Despite the efforts and progress in the sector there is the low industrialization of culture and embryonic chains character. Meanwhile the hopes of the actors placed in them (cultural industries and creative) for their ability to create wealth and jobs are large and related. Discourses and practices are often contradictory and public policy lack of pragmatism.Faced with this situation, our work is striven is to show the State or the environment in which evolved and are currently changing the industrialization of culture and how the actors at each level of the streams industrial (Book, Music, Cinema and audiovisual, Video games) and the so-called creative industries (Fashion and textile design & Arts and crafts) are organized and structure their sectors to continue to exist in a context of openness, globalization of artistic and cultural works.Finally, the work closes by opening up the current changes that characterize the industrial sectors of culture both at the level of production factors in the strategies of the actors.KeywordsCultural industries ; Cultural and creative industries ; Cultural development ; Dies ; Stakeholder strategies ; Cultural policies ; Public policies ; Economy of culture ; Political economics.

Trata do processo de criação e desenvolvimento do Centro Cultural da Juventude Ruth Cardoso (CCJ) e do impacto causado por suas ações junto à comunidade, particularmente junto ao seu público-alvo, utilizando para esta reflexão os conceitos de desenvolvimento cultural e de direitos culturais. O CCJ foi criado em 2006 com objetivo de atender as demandas dos jovens moradores das regiões de Brasilândia, Cachoeirinha, Freguesia do Ó e de toda a cidade de São Paulo. Partiu da criação de um equipamento cultural que tem como público-alvo os jovens entre 18 a 29 anos, que em geral não são o foco principal dos outros equipamentos mantidos pela prefeitura da cidade de São Paulo. Foi analisada a relação entre a cultura e a cidade, a partir da presença e distribuição dos equipamentos culturais no âmbito da Secretaria de Cultura da cidade de São Paulo, descritos aqui como pano de fundo. Apresenta o histórico do CCJ, sua criação, suas redes, objetivos, propostas e funcionamento, tendo como fonte de informação depoimentos colhidos junto aos gestores do CCJ, documentos e observação. Para analisar o público-alvo do CCJ, aborda-se o conceito de juventude, seus valores e suas expectativas. Traz uma pesquisa de usuários do CCJ que ajuda a traçar seu perfil, analisar o uso que fazem do equipamento e avaliar sua satisfação com as atividades e os acessos oferecidos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram mudanças no perfil cultural destes jovens, a partir da freqüência ao CCJ, podendo-se admitir que espaços culturais próximos à comunidade contribuem de forma eficaz para o desenvolvimento cultural de seu público e para a democratização do acesso aos bens culturais. / This dissertation aims to analyze the process of creation and development of the Cultural Center for Youth Ruth Cardoso (Centro Cultural para a Juventude Ruth Cardoso, CCJ) and the impact caused by the actions of the CCJ in the community, particularly among its target audience, using in this reflection the concepts of \"cultural development\" and \"cultural rights\". The CCJ was established in 2006 in order to meet the demands of the young residents of the regions of Brasilândia, Cachoeirinha, Freguesia do Ó and of the city of São Paulo as a whole. The CCJ involved the creation of differentiated cultural facilities, focusing on the population aged 18 to 29 years, the general public that is not the main focus of the other facilities maintained by the Municipal Government of São Paulo. We analyze initially the relationship between culture and cities, focusing specially on the presence and distribution of cultural facilities within the Department of Culture (Secretaria de Cultura) of São Paulo, in order to achieve an overview of the characteristics of each of them. Subsequently we present the history of the CCJ, its creation, its networks, objectives and operation. These information were obtained from testimonies collected from the managers of the CCJ, documents and observation. Afterwards we make a discussion on the concept of youth and its expectations, and finally we deal with the analysis of the interviews applied to users of the CCJ, checking its characteristics, the uses of the facilities, and the evaluation of satisfaction, which indicates changes in the cultural profile of these young people in relation to their attendance of the CCJ. The results showed that differentiated cultural spaces and decentralization contribute effectively to the cultural development of its public and to the democratization of the access to cultural goods.